The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and EditorsThe Oxford English Dictionary DepartmentCONTENTS Table of Contents =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Title Page TITLE Edition Notice EDITION Security Notice SECURITY Notices NOTICES Table of Contents CONTENTS Figures FIGURES Conventions used in the Dictionary FRONT_1 Abbreviations FRONT_2 Proprietary terms FRONT_3 Plates FRONT_4 A 1.0 A... 1.1 AA... 1.2 AB... 1.3 AC... 1.4 AD... 1.5 A.E.... 1.6 AF... 1.7 AG... 1.8 AH... 1.9 AI... 1.10 Ajaccio... 1.11 AK... 1.12 AL... 1.13 AM... 1.14 AN... 1.15 AO... 1.16 AP... 1.17 aqua... 1.18 AR... 1.19 AS... 1.20 AT... 1.21 AU... 1.22 AV... 1.23 a/w... 1.24 ax.... 1.25 ay... 1.26 AZ... 1.27 B 2.0 B... 2.1 BA... 2.2 BB... 2.3 BC... 2.4 BD... 2.5 BE... 2.6 b.f.... 2.7 BGC 2.8 Bhagavadgita... 2.9 Bi... 2.10 Bk... 2.11 BL... 2.12 BM... 2.13 bn.... 2.14 BO... 2.15 BP... 2.16 Bq 2.17 BR... 2.18 BS... 2.19 Bt.... 2.20 BU... 2.21 BV... 2.22 BWI... 2.23 by... 2.24 bzw. 2.25 C 3.0 C... 3.1 CA... 3.2 CB... 3.3 CC... 3.4 CD... 3.5 CE... 3.6 CF... 3.7 CG... 3.8 CH... 3.9 CI... 3.10 CJ 3.11 Cl... 3.12 CM... 3.13 CNAA... 3.14 CO... 3.15 CP... 3.16 CR... 3.17 CS... 3.18 CT... 3.19 CU... 3.20 cv.... 3.21 Cwlth... 3.22 cybernetics... 3.23 CZ... 3.24 D 4.0 D... 4.1 DA... 4.2 DB... 4.3 DC... 4.4 DD... 4.5 DE... 4.6 DF... 4.7 DG... 4.8 Dhaka... 4.9 DI... 4.10 DJ... 4.11 DL... 4.12 DM... 4.13 DN... 4.14 do... 4.15 DP... 4.16 DR... 4.17 DS... 4.18 Du.... 4.19 DV... 4.20 d.w.... 4.21 Dy... 4.22 dzho... 4.23 E 5.0 E... 5.1 each... 5.2 EB... 5.3 EC... 5.4 ed.... 5.5 EE... 5.6 effect... 5.7 e.g.... 5.8 eh... 5.9 ei... 5.10 ejector... 5.11 El... 5.12 EM... 5.13 en... 5.14 EO... 5.15 EP... 5.16 eq.... 5.17 ER... 5.18 ES... 5.19 ET... 5.20 Eu... 5.21 eV... 5.22 Ew.... 5.23 ex... 5.24 Eyck... 5.25 Ezekiel... 5.26 F 6.0 F... 6.1 FA... 6.2 G 7.0 G... 7.1 GA... 7.2 GB... 7.3 GC... 7.4 GD... 7.5 Ge... 7.6 GFS... 7.7 GG... 7.8 Ghadames... 7.9 GI... 7.10 Gk. 7.11 glace... 7.12 GM... 7.13 gn.... 7.14 GO... 7.15 GP... 7.16 GR... 7.17 GS... 7.18 GT... 7.19 gu.... 7.20 Gwalior... 7.21 Gy... 7.22 H 8.0 H... 8.1 HA... 8.2 HB... 8.3 HC... 8.4 hd.... 8.5 HE... 8.6 HF... 8.7 HG... 8.8 HH... 8.9 HI... 8.10 HJ... 8.11 HK 8.12 HL... 8.13 HM... 8.14 HNC, HND 8.15 HO... 8.16 HP... 8.17 HQ 8.18 HR... 8.19 HS... 8.20 ht.... 8.21 HU... 8.22 h.w.... 8.23 Hy... 8.24 Hz 8.25 I 9.0 I... 9.1 IA... 9.2 IBA... 9.3 IC... 9.4 ID... 9.5 ie... 9.6 IF... 9.7 IG... 9.8 i.h.... 9.9 II... 9.10 IJ... 9.11 ikon 9.12 IL... 9.13 IM... 9.14 IN... 9.15 I/O... 9.16 IP... 9.17 IQ... 9.18 IR... 9.19 IS... 9.20 It.... 9.21 IU... 9.22 IV... 9.23 IW... 9.24 IX 9.25 Izaak... 9.26 J 10.0 J... 10.1 JA... 10.2 Jb. 10.3 JC... 10.4 JD 10.5 je... 10.6 Jg. 10.7 Jhelum... 10.8 jib... 10.9 JJ. 10.10 Jno.... 10.11 JO... 10.12 JP 10.13 JR... 10.14 jt.... 10.15 Juan... 10.16 j'y suis, j'y reste 10.17 K 11.0 K... 11.1 Kaaba... 11.2 KB... 11.3 KC... 11.4 KD 11.5 KE... 11.6 KG... 11.7 Khachaturyan (Aram Ilyich)... 11.8 kiak... 11.9 Kk.... 11.10 kleistogamic... 11.11 km.... 11.12 KN... 11.13 KO... 11.14 KP... 11.15 KR... 11.16 KS... 11.17 KT... 11.18 Ku... 11.19 kV... 11.20 kW... 11.21 KY... 11.22 L 12.0 L... 12.1 LA... 12.2 lb.... 12.3 LC... 12.4 LD... 12.5 њE... 12.6 LF 12.7 LG... 12.8 l.h.... 12.9 LI... 12.10 LJ... 12.11 LL... 12.12 LM... 12.13 ln... 12.14 LO... 12.15 LP... 12.16 lr.... 12.17 LS... 12.18 Lt.... 12.19 Lu... 12.20 LV... 12.21 Lw... 12.22 lx... 12.23 Lyadov... 12.24 M 13.0 M... 13.1 MA... 13.2 MB... 13.3 MC... 13.4 MD... 13.5 ME... 13.6 MF... 13.7 MG... 13.8 MH... 13.9 MI... 13.10 MJI 13.11 Mk.... 13.12 ML... 13.13 MM... 13.14 MN... 13.15 MO... 13.16 MP... 13.17 MR... 13.18 MS... 13.19 MT... 13.20 mucus... 13.21 MV... 13.22 MW... 13.23 Mx 13.24 MY... 13.25 N 14.0 N... 14.1 NA... 14.2 NB... 14.3 NC... 14.4 ND... 14.5 NE... 14.6 NF... 14.7 NG... 14.8 NH... 14.9 NI... 14.10 NJ 14.11 NKGB... 14.12 NL... 14.13 NM... 14.14 nn.... 14.15 NO... 14.16 NP... 14.17 NR... 14.18 NS... 14.19 NT... 14.20 n.u.... 14.21 NV... 14.22 NW... 14.23 NY... 14.24 NZ 14.25 O 15.0 O... 15.1 o/a... 15.2 OB... 15.3 OC... 15.4 OD... 15.5 OE... 15.6 OF... 15.7 O.Gael.... 15.8 OH... 15.9 oidium... 15.10 Ojibwa... 15.11 OK... 15.12 OL... 15.13 OM... 15.14 ON... 15.15 Oodeypore... 15.16 OP... 15.17 OR... 15.18 OS... 15.19 OT... 15.20 OU... 15.21 ovenware... 15.22 Owens College... 15.23 Ox.... 15.24 oyez! 15.25 oz.... 15.26 P 16.0 P... 16.1 PA... 16.2 PB... 16.3 PC... 16.4 PD... 16.5 PE... 16.6 PF... 16.7 PG... 16.8 pH... 16.9 PI... 16.10 PJ 16.11 PK... 16.12 PL... 16.13 PM... 16.14 p.n.... 16.15 PO... 16.16 PP... 16.17 PQ 16.18 PR... 16.19 PS... 16.20 PT... 16.21 Pu... 16.22 PVC 16.23 Pwllheli... 16.24 pyaemia... 16.25 Q 17.0 Q... 17.1 QAB... 17.2 QB... 17.3 QC 17.4 q.e.... 17.5 QF 17.6 qibla 17.7 QKt 17.8 q.l.... 17.9 QM... 17.10 QN... 17.11 Qom 17.12 QP... 17.13 QR... 17.14 QS... 17.15 qt.... 17.16 qu.... 17.17 q.v. 17.18 qwerty keyboard 17.19 qy 17.20 R 18.0 R... 18.1 RA... 18.2 Rb... 18.3 RC... 18.4 RD... 18.5 RE... 18.6 RF... 18.7 RGS 18.8 RH... 18.9 RI... 18.10 RL... 18.11 RM... 18.12 RN... 18.13 RO... 18.14 RP... 18.15 RQMS 18.16 RRC... 18.17 RS... 18.18 RT... 18.19 RU... 18.20 RV 18.21 RW... 18.22 Rx. 18.23 Ry.... 18.24 S 19.0 S... 19.1 SA... 19.2 Sb... 19.3 SC... 19.4 SD... 19.5 SE... 19.6 SF... 19.7 S.-G.... 19.8 sh.... 19.9 SI... 19.10 SJ... 19.11 Skagerrak... 19.12 SL... 19.13 SM... 19.14 Sn... 19.15 SO... 19.16 Sp.... 19.17 sq.... 19.18 SR... 19.19 SS... 19.20 St... 19.21 Suabia... 19.22 SV... 19.23 SW... 19.24 SY... 19.25 Szczecin... 19.26 T 20.0 T... 20.1 TA... 20.2 TB... 20.3 Tc... 20.4 TD 20.5 Te... 20.6 t.g.... 20.7 Th... 20.8 Ti... 20.9 TKO 20.10 Tl... 20.11 TM... 20.12 TN... 20.13 TO... 20.14 Tpr. 20.15 Tr.... 20.16 TS... 20.17 TT... 20.18 TU... 20.19 TV... 20.20 TWA... 20.21 TX 20.22 TYC... 20.23 tzar... 20.24 U 21.0 U... 21.1 UAE... 21.2 U-boat 21.3 UC... 21.4 Udaipur... 21.5 UEA... 21.6 UFAW... 21.7 Uganda... 21.8 UHF... 21.9 u.i.... 21.10 UJD 21.11 UK... 21.12 Ullswater... 21.13 Umbala... 21.14 UN... 21.15 UP... 21.16 uraemia... 21.17 US... 21.18 UT... 21.19 UU 21.20 UV 21.21 U/W... 21.22 uxor 21.23 Uzbekistan 21.24 V 22.0 V... 22.1 VA... 22.2 vb. 22.3 VC... 22.4 VD... 22.5 VE... 22.6 v.f. 22.7 VG... 22.8 VHF 22.9 v.i.... 22.10 VJ 22.11 v.l.... 22.12 v.M.... 22.13 v.n. 22.14 VO... 22.15 VP 22.16 VR... 22.17 VS... 22.18 VT... 22.19 vudu... 22.20 vv.... 22.21 VW 22.22 v.y.... 22.23 W 23.0 W... 23.1 WA... 23.2 Wb... 23.3 WC... 23.4 WD 23.5 w/e... 23.6 WFEO... 23.7 W.G.... 23.8 Wh... 23.9 WI... 23.10 wk. 23.11 W. long. 23.12 Wm.... 23.13 WNW 23.14 WO... 23.15 WP... 23.16 WR... 23.17 WS... 23.18 WT... 23.19 wunderkind... 23.20 WV... 23.21 w/w 23.22 WY... 23.23 X 24.0 X... 24.1 Xanthippe... 24.2 XC... 24.3 x.d. 24.4 Xe... 24.5 x-height... 24.6 x.i. 24.7 XL... 24.8 Xmas 24.9 Xn.... 24.10 XP 24.11 X-ray 24.12 Xt. 24.13 XX... 24.14 xylography... 24.15 Y 25.0 Y... 25.1 yacht... 25.2 YB... 25.3 YC... 25.4 yd. 25.5 Yeames (William Frederick)... 25.6 Yggdrasil 25.7 YHA 25.8 Yiddish... 25.9 ylang-ylang 25.10 YMCA... 25.11 Ynca... 25.12 yobbo... 25.13 Ypres 25.14 Yquem 25.15 yr.... 25.16 Ysaye (EugЉne)... 25.17 YT 25.18 Yucat n... 25.19 Yvetot 25.20 YWCA 25.21 Z 26.0 Z... 26.1 zabaglione... 26.2 z.B. 26.3 Zealand... 26.4 zho... 26.5 zibet... 26.6 zloty 26.7 Zn 26.8 zo... 26.9 ZPG 26.10 Zr 26.11 Zs 26.12 zucchetto... 26.13 Zwingli (Ulrich) 26.14 FIGURES Figures =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 1. Meters in English Poetry. FRONT_4 2. Apothecaries signs. FRONT_4 3. Planetary and zodiacal signs. FRONT_4 4. Crosses and ecclesiastical signs. FRONT_4 5. Reference marks. FRONT_4 FRONT_1 Conventions used in the Dictionary =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- The reader will appreciate that in a work of this size a number of special conventions are adopted in the interests of saving space. The most important of these are listed below. 1. highlighting: Contrasting highlighting has been applied to headwords normally to be printed in italics. 2. oblique stroke: An oblique stroke (/) is used to mark the end of that part of the headword to which highlighted elements introduced with a dash or a hyphen later in the same entry should be attached. Thus the entry collegi/um, ...pl -a shows that the plural form should be collegia, and the inflexions given as gallop/, ...-ed, -er, ing are to be understood as galloped, galloper, and galloping 3. dash: A dash (--) is used to stand for the repetition of a single word already given, and the oblique stroke again marks the end of a common element. Use of more than one dash indicates the repetition of a corresponding number of words. 4. hyphen: In headwords the hyphen (-) serves two purposes: to indicate that a compound is normally hyphenated whenever used, and to introduce a further second element to form a compound with a first element marked off earlier in the entry by means of an oblique stroke 5. Being a dictionary and not a descriptive handbook, this book is designed to provide information whenever possible at the point in the alphabetical sequence to which the reader may be expected to refer with a particular word in mind. The compilers have thought it useful however to include general entries on broader aspects of usage, especially where this has enabled them to group together representative examples of words and uses of which total coverage in their respective places in the dictionary is precluded for reasons of space. Appended below is a list of longer entries which deal with the broader aspects of usage: abbreviations and contractions -able Acts of Parliament Arabic Assemblies astronomy authorities book sizes botany BSI capitalization Chinese creole date decimal currency decimal fractions diphthongs division of words Dutch edition -ei- elision ellipsis footnotes fractions French German Greek headlines or running titles Hebrew -ie- impression imprint Italian italic -ize and -ise Japanese Latin ligature -like Mac manuscript mathematics names of persons and places neo- non- numerals pagination poetry Polish possessive case preliminary matter proof proof-correction marks punctuation quotation marks quotations re- reference marks Russian Saint SI Swedish Syriac titles (cited) US spellings well- Welsh -yse zoology All dates given in the dictionary are after Christ unless otherwise specified. FRONT_2 Abbreviations =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Abbreviations used regularly in the rulings and explanations are listed below; others are given in the dictionary itself. Abbreviations of subjects (anthropology, botany, etc.) are also valid for their corresponding adjectival forms (anthropological, botanical, etc.). abbr. abbreviation absol. absolute, (used) absolutely adj. adjective adv. adverb Afr. Africa(n) Afrik. Afrikaans anat. anatomy anc. ancient anthrop. anthropology apos. apostrophe Arab. Arabic arch. archaic archaeol. archaeology archit. architecture astr. astronomy attrib. attributive, (used) attributively b. born bacteriol. bacteriology bibliog. bibliography bind. binding bot. botany Brit. British c. century c. (italic) circa campan. campanology Can. Canada, -ian cap. capital cc. centuries Ch. Church chem. chemistry, chemical Chin. China, Chinese class. classical collect. collective(ly) colloq. colloquial(ly) comb. combination, combining comp. computer typesetting cook. cookery d. died Dan. Danish dau. daughter d‚p. d‚partement (Fr.) derog. derogatory dress. dressmaking Du. Dutch dyn. dynamics eccl. ecclesiastical elec. electrical esp. especially exclam. exclamation f., fem. feminine fam. family fig. figurative(ly) Fl. Flemish foot. football Fr. French gen. general geog. geography geol. geology geom. geometry Ger. German Gr. Greek gram. grammar her. heraldry hist. history hort. horticulture hunt. hunting Ind. India(n) indep. independent Ins. Insurance Ir. Irish It. Italian ital. italic joc. jocular(ly) Lat. Latin lit. literary liturg. liturgical, liturgy m. masculine mag. magnetism math. mathematics mech. mechanics med. medicine meteor. meteorology mfr. manufacture mil. military mod. modern mt. mountain mus. music myth. mythology n., neut. neuter naut. nautical obs. obsolete off. official orig. original(ly) ornith. ornithology Parl. Parliament(ary) partic. participle, participial path. pathology philos. philosophy photog. photography phys. physics, physical physiol. physiology pl. plural poet. poetical polit. political Port. Portuguese predic. predicative (used) predicatively prep. preposition pron. pronounced propr. proprietary pseud. pseudonym psych. psychology RC(C) Roman Catholic (Church) relig. religion rhet. rhetoric(al) Rom. Roman Russ. Russian s. small S. Afr. South Africa(n) S. Amer. South America(n) Sc. Scottish Scan. Scandinavian sci. science Scrip. Scripture sig. signature sing. singular Skt. Sanskrit Sp. Spanish spec. specifically Swed. Swedish techn. technical theat. theatre theol. theology trop. tropical Turk. Turkish typ. typography US United States, America(n) usu. usually zool. zoology FRONT_3 Proprietary terms =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- This dictionary includes some words which are or are asserted to be proprietary names or trade marks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor is any other judgement implied concerning their legal status. In cases where the compilers have some evidence that a word is used as a proprietary name or trade mark this is indicated by the words 'propr. term', but no judgement concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby. FRONT_4 Plates =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Figure 5. Reference marks. 1.0 A =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 1.1 A... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- A Advanced (Level examination), ampere, avancer (on timepiece regulator), the first in a series; film-censorship classification A. Academician, Academy, Acting (rank), alto, amateur, anna, answer, artillery, Associate a are (unit of area) (no point in scientific and technical work), atto-, year a. accepted (Fr. accept‚, Ger. acceptiert), on bills of exchange; acre, active (in grammar), adjective, anna, area, arrive, (Lat.) ante (before) a not an, before all words beginning with a consonant (except silent h: e.g. a horse, a hotel; but an heir, an hour) or with a vowel that is pronounced with the sound of w or y: e.g. a one, a European, a union. Similarly with abbreviations: e.g. an FA Cup match, a Unesco post Ћ, „ in German, Swedish, etc., may not be replaced by Ae, ae (except in some proper names), A, a, or ligatured Ae, ae. The first only of two vowels takes the umlaut sign, as „u Џ †ngstr”m † the "Swedish a", used in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish @ at, the "commercial a" used in calculating from prices A0 ("A nought" or "A zero"), paper size. See DIN A1 first class; see Lloyd's 1.2 AA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AA Advertising Association, Alcoholics Anonymous, anti-aircraft, Architectural Association, Associate in Arts, Automobile Association; film-censorship classification AAA Amateur Athletic Association, American Automobile Association AAC anno ante Christum (in the year before Christ) (s. caps.) Aachen W. Germany; cf. Aix-la-Chapelle AAF Auxiliary Air Force (till 1957), (US) Army Air Force AAG Assistant Adjutant-General AAIA Associate of the Association of International Accountants AAMI Association of Assistant Mistresses, Incorporated (usu. called AAM). See also IAAM A. & M. (Hymns) Ancient and Modern A. & N. Army and Navy (Stores, Club) a.a.O. (Ger.), am angefЃhrten Orte (at the place quoted) AAR against all risks (Ins.) aard/vark, -wolf different animals (one word) Aarhus Denmark. AAS Academiae Americanae Socius (Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences), Acta Apostolicae Sedis (Acts of the Apostolic See), Agnostics' Adoption Society AAU (US), Amateur Athletic Union 1.3 AB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AB Artium Baccalaureus (US Bachelor of Arts); able-bodied (seaman) ab (Lat.), from ABA Amateur Boxing Association, American Bankers' Association, American Bar Association, Antiquarian Booksellers' Association, Association of British Archaeologists ABAA Associate of British Association of Accountants and Auditors abac/us pl. -uses, counting-frame, (archit.) plate at top of columns abalone shellfish … bas (Fr.), down with abattoir slaughter-house Abb. (Ger.), Abbildung abb. abbess, abbey, abbot Abbasid Baghdad caliphs, not Abassid abb‚ (Fr. m.) eccl. title (not ital.) Abbildung/ (Ger. typ. f.), an illustration (cap.); pl. -en; abbr. Abb. Abbotsinch Airport Glasgow abbr. abbreviat/ed, -ion abbreviat/e, -or abbreviations and contractions See the many instances in this book for rulings in individual cases. Subject to these, the following leading types may be noted for guidance: (a) Abbreviations with several even full or even small capitals, and acronyms in initial capitals and lower case, take no points (BBC, TUC, MA, QC, NW, OHG, OED, BC, AD, Aslef, Sogat); similarly the numerical abbreviations 8vo, 4to, etc., 1st, 2nd, etc., but not initials of personal names (H. G. Wells, G.B.S.). (b) Abbreviations having a single capital letter take full points (J. Austen, five miles S.); but C, F (of temperature) and chemical symbols do not. (c) Abbreviations and contractions in a mixture of upper and lower case take full points (A. & M., M.o.D., B.Litt., Kt., Sun., Jan., Yorks.); Dr, Revd, Mr, Mrs, Ms, Mme, Mlle, St (Saint), Hants, Northants do not. (d) Single-letter lower-case abbreviations take the full point (l. 5, p. 7, don't be a b. fool); but p (new pence) does not (price 50p). (e) Measures of length, weight, time, etc. take the full point except when used in specialist scientific or technical writing (cm., min., lb.) ABC the alphabet, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, Associated British Cinemas, Audit Bureau of Circulations, Australian Broadcasting Commission ABCA Army Bureau of Current Affairs, now BCA, Bureau of Current Affairs ABC Guide abdicat/e, -ion, -or abecedarian (adj.), arranged alphabetically; (noun), person learning alphabet … Becket (Thomas) ?1118-70, Abp. (one t) Abendlied (Ger.), evening song (cap.) Aberdeen Angus (two caps.) Aberdeen terrier (one cap.) Aberdonian (native) of Aberdeen Abergavenny Gwent Abernethy biscuit (one cap.) Aberystwyth Dyfed, not -ith abest (Lat.), he, she, or it, is absent; pl. absunt abett/er in law -or ab extra (Lat.), from outside abgk., abk., abgekЃrzt (Ger.) = abbreviated Abhandlungen (Ger. f. pl.), Transactions (of a Society); abbr. Abh. Abidjan Ivory Coast abigail lady's maid Abilene Kan., Tex., US ab incunabulis (Lat.), from the cradle Abingdon Oxon. and Va., US Abington Cambs., Northampton, Strathclyde, Limerick, and Mass., US ab/ initio (Lat.), from the beginning, abbr. ab init.; -- intra, from within Abl. (Sp.), abril (April) abl. ablative ablaut variation in root vowel of a word (e.g. sing, sang, sung) -able (the suffix). Words ending in silent -e tend to drop the e before-able, as conceivable, debatable. It is retained when it serves to prevent the modification of the preceding consonant, as changeable, peaceable. In practice the following words also often retain the e: blameable, giveable, hireable, likeable, liveable, nameable, rateable, saleable, sizeable, tameable, timeable, tuneable, unshakeable. Many verbs of more than two syllables ending in -ate drop this ending before -able, as alienable, calculable, tolerable. See the list in Hart's Rules, p. 83 able-bodied (hyphen) ABM anti-ballistic-missile missile A-bomb atomic bomb (no point, hyphen) aboriginal (adj.), indigenous (with init. cap., in techn. sense in Australia); aborigin/es (pl. noun, for sing. use -al) also with init. cap. in Australia ab origine (Lat.), from the beginning aboul/ia loss of will-power, not abulia; adj. -ic above/-board, -mentioned, -named (hyphens) ab ovo (Lat.), from the beginning Abp. Archbishop abr. abridged, abridgement abr‚g‚ (Fr. m.), abridgement abr‚viation (Fr. f.), abbreviation abridgement abbr. abr. abs. absolute(ly), abstract abscess Abschnitt/ (Ger. typ. m.), section, part, chapter, or division (cap.) pl. -e absciss/a (math.), pl. -ae absente reo (Lat.), the defendant being absent; abbr. abs. re. absenter not -or absent-minded/ (hyphen), -ly, -ness absinth/ the plant; -e, the liqueur absit/ (Lat.), let him, her, or it be absent; -- omen, let there be no (ill) omen absolute(ly) abbr. abs. absorption not -btion abs. re. absente reo, q.v. abstract abbr. abs. absunt see abest Abt. (Ger.), Abteilung (division) abt. about ABTA Association of British Travel Agents Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates abulia use aboulia ab/ uno disce omnes (Lat.), from one (sample) judge the rest; -- urbe condita, AUC (but A.U.C. in printing classical Latin texts), from the foundation of Rome, 753 BC Abu Simbel site of Egyptian rock-temples abut/, -ment, -ted, -ter (law), -ting abys/s deep cavity, -mal abyssal deep in sea; (geol.) plutonic Abyssinia now Ethiopia 1.4 AC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AC Alpine Club, (or A/C) Aircraftman, Assistant Commissioner, Athletic Club, Companion of the Order of Australia A/C (current) account; in printing use acct. AC ante Christum (before Christ) (s. caps.) Ac actinium (no point) a.c. alternating current (elec.), author's correction ACA Associate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales; (or Ireland) Academician abbr. A. Acad‚mie fran‡aise (one cap.) Academy a learned body; abbr. A. or Acad. (cap.) Academy (the) the Platonic school of philosophy Acadian of Nova Scotia (Fr. Acadie) a cappella (It.) (mus.), unaccompanied, not alla cappella ACAS Advisory, Conciliation, and Arbitration Service ACC Army Catering Corps acc. acceptance (bill), accusative Acca Israel, use Acre Accademia (It.), Academy Accadian use Akkadian acced/e, -er accedence a giving consent accelerando/ (mus.), accelerating; as noun, pl. -s; abbr. accel. accelerat/e, -or acceptance abbr. acc. accept/er in law and science -or accessary use accessory accessible access/it (Lat.), he, she or it, came near; pl. -erunt accessory (noun and adj.), use now in all senses, not -ary access time (computing) acciaccatura (mus.), a grace-note accidence inflexions of words accidental (mus.) accidentally not -tly accidie, acedia listlessness acclimatize not -ise ACCM Advisory Council for the Church's Ministry (formerly CACTM) Acco Israel, use Acre accolade accommodat/e, -ion (two cs, two ms) accompanist not -yist accouche/ment, ur, -use (not ital.) account abbr. A/C; in printing use acct. Accountant-General abbr. A.-G. Accra Ghana, not Akkra acct. account, or account current accumulat/e (two cs), -or accusative abbrs. acc., accus. ACE after Christian (or Common) era (non-Christian usage in place of AD) ACF Army Cadet Force ACGB Arts Council of Great Britain ACGBI Automobile Club of Great Britain and Ireland ACGI Associate of the City and Guilds of London Institute Achaemenid not Achai- Acheson (Dean Gooderham) 1893-1971, US diplomat … cheval (Fr.), on horseback Achilles/' heel (apos.); -- tendon (no apos.) Achin Sumatra, Indonesia, not Atchin Achnashellach Highland achy (adj.), not achey ACI Army Council Instruction ACIA Associate of the Corporation of Insurance Agents ACIB Associate of the Corporation of Insurance Brokers acid rain (two words) ACII Associate of the Chartered Insurance Institute ACIS Associate of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators acknowledgement not -ledgment ACMA Associate of the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants acolyte not -ite acoustics (noun sing.) the science of sound, (noun pl.) acoustic properties ACP Associate of the College of Preceptors; Association of Clinical Pathologists; Association of Correctors of the Press, now part of NGA, q.v. acquit/, -tal (verdict), -tance (settlement of debt) Acre Israel, not Acca, Acco acre abbr. a. acriflavine an antiseptic, not -n Acrilan propr. term (cap.) acronym word formed from initials, as Anzac, q.v. acrylic (chem.) ACS Association of Commonwealth Students ACSA Associate of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators ACT Australian Capital Territory act. active Actaeon a mythical hunter ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone actini/a (zool.), pl. -ae actinium symbol Ac actinomy/ces (bot.), pl. -cetes actionnaire (Fr. m.), a shareholder active abbrs. a., act. actor (person), but one-acter (play) acts of a play (typ.), cap. A only when number follows, as Hamlet, Act I, sc. ii. See also authorities Acts of Parliament (cap. A), cited thus: Factory and Workshop Act, 1891; use arabic numerals for chapter numbers in Public (General) and Private Acts (e.g. 3 & 4 Geo. V, c. 12, ss. 18, 19) and lower-case roman numerals in Public (Local) Acts (e.g. 3 & 4 Geo. V, c. xii, ss. 18, 19). See also Hart's Rules, p. 53 Acts of Sederunt (Scots law) Acts of the Apostles abbr. Acts ACTT Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians actualit‚ (Fr. f.), present state actuel/ (Fr.), fem. -le, present ACW Aircraftwoman 1.5 AD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AD (anno Domini) should always be placed before the numerals; BC after (s. caps.) ad advertisement (no point) ad. adapted, adapter a.d. after date a.d. ante diem (before the day) adagio/ (mus.), slow; as noun, pl. -s Adams (John) 1735-1826, US statesman, President 1797-1801; -- (John Quincy), his son, 1767-1848, President 1825-9 Adam's Peak Sri Lanka adapt/able, -er (person), -or (device) a dato (Lat.), from date ADC aide-de-camp ad captandum vulgus (Lat.), to catch the rabble, claptrap Addams (Charles Samuel) 1912-88, US cartoonist; -- (Jane), 1860-1935, US social worker and writer addend/um something to be added; pl. -a (not ital.) addio (It.), goodbye Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopia additive (something) in the nature of an addition addorsed (her.), not adorsed, adossed Addressograph propr. term for addressing-machine (cap.) adducible not -eable Adelie/ Land Antarctica; -- penguin Adenauer (Konrad) 1876-1967, German statesman, Chancellor of W. Germany 1949-63 ad eundem (gradum) (Lat.), to the same degree at another university … deux/ (Fr.), of (or between) two; -- -- temps (see valse) ad/ extra (Lat.), in an outward direction; -- extremum, to the last; -- finem, near the end, abbr. ad fin.; -- hanc vocem, at this word; -- hoc, for this (purpose); -- hominem, to the (interests of the) man, personal; -- hunc locum, on this passage, abbr. a.h.l.; -- idem, to the same (point) adieu/ pl. -s (not ital.) ad/ infinitum (Lat.), to infinity; -- interim, meanwhile, abbr. ad int. adiўs (Sp.), goodbye Adirondack Mountains (US), not -dac Adj. Adjutant Adj.-Gen. Adjutant-General adjectiv/e abbr. a., adj.; -al, -ally adjudicator not -er adjutage a nozzle, not aj- Adjutant/ abbr. Adj. (rank, cap.); ---General, abbr. A.-G. or Adj. Gen. adjuvant Adler (Alfred) 1870-1937, Austrian psychologist ad lib (adv., noun, and verb) ad/ libitum (Lat.), at pleasure; -- litem, appointed for a lawsuit ad locum (Lat.), at the place, abbr. ad loc. (not ital.) Adm. Admiral, Admiralty adman (one word) admin short for administration (no point) administrable not -atable administrat/or abbr. admor.; -rix, abbr. admix. Admiral in Fr. amir/al, pl. -aux; abbr. Adm. Admiralty, the abbr. Adm.; see M.o.D. admiration (note of) exclamation mark, ! See punctuation VII ad misericordiam (Lat.), appealing to pity admiss/ible not -able, but admittable admix. administratrix ad modum (Lat.), after the manner of admonitor/ not -er; -y admor. administrator ad nauseam (Lat.), to a sickening degree ado work, trouble (one word) adobe (Sp.), sun-dried brick Adonai (Heb.), the Lord Adonais Keats, in Shelley's elegy, 1821 Adonis (myth.), beloved of Venus adopter not -or adorable not -eable adorsed, adossed use addorsed ADP automatic data processing ad/ personam (Lat.), personal; -- referendum, for further consideration; -- rem, to the point adrenalin not -ine adresse (Fr. f.), address Adrianople now Edirne … droite (Fr.), to the right adscriptus glebae (Lat.), bound to the soil (of serfs) adsorb, adsorption condensing, condensation, of gases etc. on surface of solid; adsorbent adsum (Lat.), I am present adulator not -er ad/ unguem (Lat.), perfectly; -- unum omnes, all, to a man; -- usum, according to custom, abbr. ad us. adv. adverb, -ially, advocate adv. adversus (against) ad valorem (Lat.), according to value; abbr. ad val. adverb/, -ially abbr. adv. ad verbum (Lat.), to a word, verbatim adversus (Lat.), against; abbr. adv. advertise not -ize advertisement abbr. ad, or advt., pl. ads, or advts.advis/e, not -ize; -able, not eable advis/er not -or; -ory ad/ vitam aut culpam (Lat.), for lifetime or until fault; -- vivum, lifelike advocaat liqueur advocate abbr. adv. Advocates (Faculty of) the Bar of Scotland advocatus diaboli (Lat.), devil's advocate (q.v.) (not ital.) advt/., -s. advertisement, -s 1.6 A.E.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- A.E. or AE, pseud. of George Russell (1867-1935) ’ in numismatics = copper AEA Atomic Energy Authority AEC Army Educational Corps (now RAEC), (US) Atomic Energy Commission (since 1975 ERDA) aedile not e- AEF Amalgamated Union of Engineering and Foundry Workers Aegean Sea the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey aegis a shield, protection, not e- aegrot/at he, she, is ill (certificate that exam. candidate is ill, or degree thus awarded); pl. -ant AEI Associated Electrical Industries Aemilius Aeneas; Aeneid Aeolian, Aeolic (caps.), not E- aeon not eon aepyornis (zool.), not epi-, epy- aequales (Lat.) equal (pl. adj.), (pl. noun) equals (in age or performance); abbr. aeq. AERA Associate Engraver, Royal Academy aer/ate etc., -ial, -ify,-obic, -onaut, not a‰- AERE Atomic Energy Research Establishment aerie use eyrie aerodrome (US and increasingly Brit., airfield) aerodynamics (one word) aero/-elastic, -engine (hyphens) aerofoil (one word) aeronaut/, -ical aeroplane tending to be superseded by aircraft in some contexts aerosol aerospace (one word) Aeschylus 525-456 BC, Greek playwright Aesculapi/us Latin form of the Greek god Asclepius (q.v.); -an, not E- Aesop 6th c. BC, Greek fable-writer aesthete etc., not e- aestiv/al, -ation not e- aet. or aetat. anno aetatis suae (of age, aged) aetheling use atheling aether in all meanings use e- aetiology not e- Aetna use Etna AEU Amalgamated Engineering Union 1.7 AF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AF audio frequency AFA Associate of the Faculty of Actuaries Afars and Issas (French Territory of the) formerly Fr. Somaliland, now Jibuti AFAS Associate of the Faculty of Architects and Surveyors AFC Air Force Cross, Association Football Club aff. affirmative, affirming affaire/ d'amour (Fr. f.), love-affair; -- (de coeur), affair of the heart; -- d'honneur, duel affair‚ (Fr.), busy (accent) affenpinscher dog (not ital.) affettuoso (mus.), with feeling affidavit abbr. afft. affranchise not -ize afft. affidavit Afghan (hound); afghan (blanket or shawl) Afghanistan abbr. Afghan. aficionado/ (Sp.), enthusiast for sport or hobby; pl. -s afield (one word) AFM Air Force Medal … fond/ (Fr.), thoroughly; -- de train, at full speed aforethought (one word) a fortiori (Lat.), with stronger reason, not … -- (ital.) Afr. Africa, -n A.F.R.Ae.S. Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society Africander use Afrikander or Afrikaner Afridi tribe of Cent. Asia Afrikaans S. African Dutch language, abbr. Afrik. Afrikander S. African breed of cattle or sheep Afrikaner Afrikaans-speaking white S. African; formerly Africander afterbirth (one word) after/-care, -effect (hyphens) afternoon abbr. aft. or p.m. aftershave (one word) afterthought (one word) AFV armoured fighting vehicle 1.8 AG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AG Air Gunner, (Ger.) Aktiengesellschaft (joint-stock company) A.-G. Accountant-General, Adjutant-General, Agent-General (of Colonies), Attorney-General Ag argentum (silver) (no point) Agadah use Haggadah Aga Khan leader of Ismaili Muslims agape love-feast, divine love … gauche (Fr.), to the left age-group (hyphen) ageing not agi- agend/a "things to be done", freq. list of items for consideration: in this sense pl. -as agent abbr. agt. Agent-General abbr. A.-G. agent provocateur (Fr.) (ital.); pl. -ts -rs ages (typ.), to be printed in numerals; but "he died in his fortieth year", and, in literary contexts, "a man of forty" aggiornamento (It.), bringing up to date aggrandize not -ise agitato (mus.), hurried agitat/or not -er AGM Annual General Meeting agnostic/, -ism (not cap.) agonize not -ise agouti S. American rodent, not -y, aguti AGR advanced gas-cooled reactor agreeable in Fr. agr‚able agric. agricultur/e, -al,-ist agriculturist not -alist agrimony (bot.) agronomy rural economy AGSM Associate of the Guildhall School of Music agt. agent Agulhas Cape (S. Africa), not L'A- aguti use agouti 1.9 AH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AH anno Hegirae, the Muslim era (s. caps.). See also hegira ah when it stands alone, takes an exclamation mark (!). When it forms part of a sentence it is usually followed by a comma, the ! being placed at the end of the sentence: as "Ah, no, it cannot be!" AHA Area Health Authority aha exclam. of surprise. See also haha ahimsa (Skt.), non-violence a.h.l. ad hunc locum (on this passage) Ahmad/abad, -nagar India, not Ahmed-, Amed- Ahmadu Bello University Nigeria AHMI Association of Headmistresses, Incorporated. See also IAHM … huis clos (Fr.), in private Ahura-Mazda use Ormuzd a.h.v. ad hanc vocem (at this word) 1.10 AI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AI American Institute, Anthropological Institute, artificial insemination AIA Associate of the Institute of Actuaries, American Institute of Architects AIAA Architect Member of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors AIAC Associate of the Institute of Company Accountants AIAS Surveyor Member of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors AIB Associate of the Institute of Bankers AICC All India Congress Committee AICS Associate of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers AID Army Intelligence Department; artificial insemination by donor Aida opera by Verdi, 1871 (no diaeresis) aide-de-camp abbr. ADC; pl. aides -de-camp aide-m‚moire (Fr. m.), aid to memory; pl. aides--- Aids acquired immune deficiency syndrome aigrette a spray, not ei-, -et (see also egret) AIH artificial insemination by husband Ailesbury (Marquess of) (see also Ayl-) A.I.Loco.E. Associate of the Institute of Locomotive Engineers A.I.Mech.E. Associate of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers A.I.Min.E. Associate of the Institution of Mining Engineers AIMM Associate of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy AIMTA Associate of the Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants Ain d‚p. France aЊn/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, elder, senior; opposed to puЊn‚, fem. puЊn‚e, or cadet/, -te, younger A.Inst.P. Associate of the Institute of Physics AIQS Associate of the Institute of Quantity Surveyors air/-bed, -blast (hyphens) airborne (one word) airbus (one word) Air Commodore abbr. Air Cdre. See also Commodore air-conditioning (hyphen) aircraft/ sing. and pl. (one word); -carrier (hyphen) aircraft/man, -woman not aircrafts- (one word) Airedale/ W. Yorks., and terrier; -- (Baron) air/field, -flow (one word) Air Force see Navy airgun (one word) Air Gunner abbr. AG airlift, airline, airmail (no hyphens) Air Ministry see M.o.D. Air (Point of) Clwyd. See also Ayre airport (one word) air raid (two words) airship, airsick, airspace, airtight (one word) air-to-air (adj., hyphens) airworthy (adj.), of aircraft (one word) AISA Associate of the Incorporated Secretaries Association Aisne d‚p. France ait islet, not eyot (cap. when part of name) aitchbone (one word), not H-, edge- Aix-la-Chapelle (hyphens), properly Aachen Aix-les-Bains (hyphens) 1.11 Ajaccio... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ajaccio Corsica Ajax pl. Ajaxes ajutage use adj- 1.12 AK... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AK Alaska (off. postal abbr.), Knight of the Order of Australia AKC Associate of King's College (London) akimbo (one word) Akkadian not Acc- Akkra Ghana, use Accra Aktiengesellschaft (Ger. f.), joint-stock company; abbr. AG 1.13 AL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AL Alabama (off. postal abbr.), autograph letter Al aluminium (no point) ALA Associate of the Library Association Ala. Alabama (off. abbr.) … la carte (a meal) that must be ordered from a wide range of available dishes (not ital.). See also table d'h“te Aladdin not Alladin … la mode in fashion (not ital.) Alanbrooke (Viscount) (one word) Џland Islands Baltic Sea … la page (Fr.), up to date alarm/ not alarum except in alarums and excursions; -- clock (two words) … la russe in the Russian style (not cap.) Alas. Alaska alas when it stands alone, takes an exclamation mark (!). When it forms part of a sentence it is usually followed by a comma, the ! being placed at the end of the sentence: as "Alas, it is true!" Alaska (baked) (cap.) Alb. Albanian Alba. Alberta, use Alta. Alban. formerly signature of Bp. of St Albans (full point); now St Albans: (colon) albedo/ fraction of radiation reflected; pl. -s Albee (Edward) b. 1928, US playwright Albigens/es Manichaean sect; adj. -ian albin/o pl. -os, fem. -ess; -ism, not -oism; -otic (adj.) Albrighton Shropshire album/en natural white of egg; -in, its chief constituent; adj. -inous Albuquerque New Mexico, US Albury Herts., Oxon., Surrey Alcaeus of Mytilene (b. c.620 BC), Greek lyric poet alcaic metre alcalde (in Spain) magistrate, mayor Alcatraz US prison, San Francisco Bay, Calif. alcayde (Sp. alcaide), governor, gaoler alc zar (Sp.), palace, fortress, bazaar Alceste opera by Gluck, 1767 Alcestis, Alcibiades not Alk- ALCM Associate of the London College of Music Alcoran use Koran Alcyone (myth.), not Hal- Aldborough Norfolk, N. Yorks. Aldbrough Humberside Aldbury Herts. Aldeburgh Suffolk al dente (It.), cooked but not soft Alderbury Wilts. Alderman abbr. Ald. Aldermaston Berks. Alderney Channel Islands; in Fr. Aurigny Aldine (adj.), printed by Manutius, q.v., who introduced italic type Aldis lamp a hand lamp for signalling Aldsworth Gloucester, W. Sussex Aldus Manutius printer, see Manutius Aldworth Berks. Alecto (myth.), one of the Furies alehouse (one word) Alen‡on lace (‡) aleph (Heb.), see accents Aleutian Islands Bering Sea A level examination (no hyphen) alexandrine metre ALF Automatic Letter Facer Alfa-Romeo Italian make of car Alford Grampian, Lincs., Som. Alfred abbr. A. or Alf. alfresco (adj. and adv.), one word Alfreton Derby. Alg. Algernon, Algiers alg/a (bot.), pl. -ae (not ital.) Algarve (the) Portugal algebra abbr. alg. See also mathematics ALGOL (comp.), Algorithmic Language algology (hot.) Algonqui/an of a large group of N. Amer. Indian tribes; -n, of one people in this group; not -nki- alguazil (in Spain) a constable Alhambra Moorish palace at Granada; adj. Alhambresque alia (Lat. pl.), other things alias/ (noun), pl. -es; also adv. alibi/ (noun), pl. -s alienator not -er Aligarh Uttar Pradesh, India Alighieri family name of Dante align/, -ment not aline alii (Lat. pl.), other people alimentative/, -ness not alimentive, -ness aline use align alin‚a (Fr. m.), paragraph Alipore India Alipur India and Pakistan Alitalia Italian airline ali/us (Lat. m.), another person; pl. -i Aliwal E. Punjab, India, also S. Africa alkali/ pl. -s alkalize not -ise Alkestis, Alkibiades use Alc- Alkoran use Koran alla breve (mus.), 2 or 4 minims in bar alla cappella (mus.), use a cappella Alladin use Aladdin Allahabad Uttar Pradesh, India Allah il Allah corruption of Arab. la ilaha illa'llah, There is no god but God (Muslim prayer and war-cry) Allan-a-Dale minstrel hero allargando (mus.), broad, spread out all‚e (Fr. f.), alley, avenue Allegheny mountains and river, US; but Allegany, Pittsburgh, Pa. allegretto/ (mus.), fairly brisk; as noun, pl. -s allegro/ (mus.), brisk, merry; as noun, pl. -s allele alternative genetic character, not -l alleluia Lat. form (also liturgical) for Heb. (and biblical) hallelujah allemande Ger. dance Allendale Northumb. Allen (George) & Unwin, Ltd. publishers Allen (W. H.) & Co., Ltd. publishers allerg/y, -ic sensitive(ness) to certain foods, pollens, etc. alleviator not -er Alleynian member of Dulwich College All Fools' Day (caps., no hyphen) allg., allgm., allgemein (Ger.), general (adj.) All-Hallows All Saints' Day, 1 Nov. (caps., hyphen) Allhallows Kent (one word) allineation not alin- Allingham (Margery) 1904-66, English novelist allodium estate held in absolute ownership, not alo- allons! (Fr.), let us go!, come! allot/, -ment, -table, -ted, -ting all' ottava (mus.), an octave higher than written; abbr. all' ott. all right not alright, all-right all round ("all round the Wrekin"), prep. all-round ("an all-round man"), adj. All/ Saints' Day 1 Nov.; -- Souls College, Oxford (no apos.); -- Souls' Day, 2 Nov.; -- Souls' Eve, 1 Nov. (caps., no hyphens) allspice (one word) all together (in a body); but altogether (entirely) alluvi/um pl. -a Alma-Ata cap. of Kazakh Rep., USSR Alma Mater fostering mother, one's school or university almanac but "Oxford", also "Whitaker's", Almanack Alma-Tadema (Sir Lawrence) 1836-1912, Dutch-born English painter Almighty (the) (cap.) Almondbury W. Yorks. Almondsbury Avon Alnmouth Northumb. Alnwick Northumb. alodium use allodium A.L.O.E. A Lady of England (Charlotte M. Tucker, 1821-93) … l'outrance should be … outrance, to the bitter end ALP Australian Labor Party Alpes-de-Haute-Provence d‚p. France (hyphens) Alpes-Maritimes d‚p. France; abbr. A.M. Alphaeus Apostle James's father alphanumeric (comp.), of instructions containing alphabetic, numerical, and other characters (one word) alpha/ particle, -- ray (two words) alright use all right ALS Associate of the Linnean Society; autograph letter signed Alsace-Lorraine Alsirat (Arab.), bridge to paradise alt (mus.), high note alt. alternative, altitude Alta. Alberta, Canada, not Alba. alter/ ego (Lat.), one's second self, pl. -- egos; -- idem, another self Altesse (Fr. f.), Altezza (It.), Highness Althing the Icelandic parliament Althorpe Humberside Althorp Library and Park (Northants) altitude abbr. alt. alto/ (mus.), pl. -s; abbr. A. altogether see all together alto-relievo/ high relief; pl. -s; Anglicized version of It. alto rilievo aluminium symbol Al (no point); US aluminum alumn/us pl. -i, fem. -a, pl. -ae; abbr. alum. 1.14 AM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AM Air Ministry, Albert Medal, amplitude modulation, Artium Magister (US Master of Arts); Ave Maria (Hail, Mary!) (caps.): Member of the Order of Australia A.-M. d‚p. France, Alpes-Maritimes AM anno mundi (in the year of the world) (s. caps.) Am americium (no point) Am. American a.m. (Lat.), ante meridiem (before noon) (lower case, points) AMA Assistant Masters' Association, officially IAAM; American Medical Association amah child's nurse (in Far East) Amalek not -ech, -eck amanuens/is pl. -es amateur abbr. A. Ambala India, not Umbal(l)a ambassad/or fem. -ress ambassy use embassy ambergris waxy substance used in perfumery ambiance French spelling of ambience (q.v.), used in English esp. of accessory details in a work of art ambidextrous not -erous ambienc/e the surroundings (not -y). See also ambiance ambivalen/t, -ce amblyop/ia impaired vision; adj. -ic Amboina Indon., properly Ambon, not Amboyna amboyna (wood) ambry use aumbry AMDG ad majorem Dei gloriam (for the greater glory of God) ѓme damn‚e (Fr.), a "cat's paw", devoted adherent Amedabad Amednagar, India, use Ahmad- Ameer use Amir for Arabic, Emir for Turkish and Indian titles amend to correct an error, make minor improvements. See also emend amende honorable (Fr. f.), honourable reparation a mensa et toro (Lat.), from bed and board, a legal separation, not -- -- -- thoro Amer. American Americanize not -ise American spellings see US spellings America's Cup (the) yachting trophy americium symbol Am Amerindian American Indian merveille (Fr.), perfectly, wonderfully AMG(OT) Allied Military Government (of Occupied Territory) (Second World War) Amharic official lang. of Ethiopia amicus curiae (Lat.), a friend of the Court, a disinterested adviser; pl. amici -- amidships not -ship (one word) amino acid (chem., two words) Amir Arab. title, not Ameer. See also Emir Amis (Kingsley) b. 1922, English writer Ammal (Ind.), suffix used to indicate that a name belongs to a woman, e.g. Dr E. K. Janaki Ammal Amman Jordan Ammergau Bavaria ammeter for measuring electric current amoeb/a pl. -as (not ital.) … moiti‚ (Fr.), half amok not amuck Amoor use Amur amortize not -ise amour propre (Fr.), self-respect, proper pride amp ampere AmpЉre (Andr‚ Marie) 1775-1836, French physicist (accent) ampere elec. unit of current (no accent), abbr. A (sing. and pl.) or amp (no point) ampersand = &, may be used in names of firms as Smith & Co., and in Acts of Parliament, q.v. In general use and. For &c. use etc. amphetamine (med.) amphibian (zool.) member of the Amphibia; vehicle adapted for land and water amphor/a a jar; pl. -ae ampoule glass container for hypodermic dose Amritsar India, not Umritsur amt. amount amuck use amok Amundsen (Roald) 1872-1928, Norwegian explorer; S. Pole, 1911 Amur Siberia, not -oor amygdalin/ not -e 1.15 AN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AN Anglo-Norman, autograph note an see a, not an an (arch. or dial.), if (so spelt) ana/ sayings, collective pl.; or sing. with pl. -s -ana suffix denoting anecdotes or other publications concerning, as Shakespeariana, Victoriana anacoluth/on (gram.), pl. -a, not -outhon,-kolouthon, -koluthon Anacreon/ 6th c. BC, Greek poet; abbr. Anacr. anacreontic metre anaemi/a, -c anaerob/e,-ic anaesthetize not -ise anal. analog/y, -ous, analys/e, -er, -is, analytic, -al analogous abbr. anal. analys/e, -er, -is pl. -es; abbr. anal. analystanalytic/, -al; abbr. anal. Anam use Annam anamorphos/is pl. -es anapaest foot of three syllables (See Figure 1 in topic FRONT_4) anastase use anatase anastomos/is communication by cross-connections; pl. -es;-ist anat. anatom/y, -ical anatase a mineral, not anastase anathema/ a curse, pl. -s;-tize anatomize dissect, not -ise anatom/y, -ical, -ist; abbr. anat. anatta (bot.), use annatto anc. ancient ancest/or fem. -ress, not -rix anchor/ite hermit, not -et; adj. -etic anchylosis use ank- ancien r‚gime (Fr. m.), the old order of things ancient abbr. anc. Ancient Mariner (Rime of the) by S. T. Coleridge, 1798 Ancient Order of Druids abbr. AOD; -- -- -- Foresters, AOF; -- -- -- Hibernians, AOH and (gram.). Where and joins two or more subjects in the singular number the verb must be in the pl., e.g. Jack and Jill are going. Where and joins two single words the comma is generally omitted. Where and joins the last two words of a list a comma should precede it; e.g. black, white, and green. See also ampersand Andalusia Spain; in Sp. AndalucЎa andante (mus.), moving easily, steadily andantino/ (mus.), rather quicker (formerly slower) than andante; as noun, pl. -s Andersen (Hans Christian) 1805-75, Danish story-teller Andhra Pradesh Indian state and/or signifying either or both of the stated alternatives Andrea del Sarto 1486-1531, Italian painter Androcles not -kles aneurysm not -ism Angeles (Victoria de los) b. 1923, Spanish soprano Angelico (Fra) 1387-1455, Italian painter anglais/ (Fr.), fem. -e, English (not cap.); but Anglais/, -e, Englishman, Englishwoman Anglesey Wales, not -ea; in Welsh Ynys Mon Anglesey (Marquess of) anglice in English (no accent); abbr. angl. Anglicize not -ise (cap.) Anglo/-French abbr AF; ---Norman, abbr. AN; ---Saxon, abbr. AS Angora Turkey, now Ankara Џngstrom (A. J.) 1814-74, Swedish physicist †ngstr”m unit of length; abbr. Џ Angst (Ger. f.), fear, anxiety aniline source of dyes. Also adj. animalcule/ pl. -s, not -ae animalcul/um pl. -a anim‚ W. Ind. resin (not ital.) anim‚ (Fr., mus.), animated anion (elec.), ion carrying negative charge of electricity Ankara Turkey, formerly Angora ankylos/is fusion of bones, not anch-; pl. -es Anmerkung/ (Ger. f.), a note (cap.); pl. -en; abbr. Anm. ann. annals, anni (years), anno, annual anna/ pl. -s, formerly 16 to rupee, now replaced by decimal coinage (Ind. and Pak.); abbr. a. annales (Fr. pl. f), annals; abbr. ann. annals abbr. ann. Annam not Anam, formerly kingdom within Fr. Indo-China, now merged in Vietnam Annan Dumfries & Galloway Ann Arbor Mich., US annatto (bot.), orange-red dye, not an-, -a Anne of Cleves 1515-57, fourth wife of Henry VIII of England Anne of Geierstein by Sir W. Scott, 1829 Anne (Queen) 1702-14, b. 1665 Anne (Saint) annex verb; annexe, noun anno/ (Lat.), in the year, abbr. ann.; -- aetatis suae, aged, abbr. aet., or aetat.; -- Hegirae (Muslim era), abbr. AH (s. caps.); -- mundi, in the year of the world, abbr. AM (s. caps.); all three abbrs. to be placed before the numerals Anno Domini abbr. AD (s. caps.) annonce (Fr. f), advertisement annotat/ed, -or not -er; abbr. annot. annual abbr. ann. annul/ar ringlike; -ate,-ated, -et, -oid ann/us (Lat.), year; pl. -i; -us mirabilis, remarkable year anonymous abbr. anon. Anouilh (Jean) 1910-88, French playwright anschluss union (cap. A in Ger.) answer abbr. A. or ans. Ant. Anthony, Antigua ant. antonym Antaeus antagonize not -ise Antananarivo Madagascar Antarctic/, -a ante (not ital.), stake in card-game ante/ (Lat.), before; -- bellum, before the war antechamber not anti- ante diem (Lat.), before the day; abbr. a.d. antediluvian (one word) antemeridian (one word) ante meridiem (Lat.), before noon; abbr. a.m. ante-mortem (adj., hyphen) antenatal (one word) antenn/a (zool.), pl. -ae; (US) radio, pl. -as ante-post in racing (hyphen) ante-room (hyphen) Anthony Anglicized from Lat. Antonius (NB Antony and Cleopatra); abbr. Ant. anthropolog/y, -ical; abbr. anthrop. anthropomorphize not -ise anthropophag/us (noun), cannibal; pl. -i; adj. -ous antichamber use ante- Antichrist (cap.), but antichristian anticline (geol.) anticlockwise (one word) antifreeze (one word) Antigua abbr. Ant. anti-hero principal character lacking traditional heroic qualities antilogarithm (one word), abbr. antilog antimatter (one word) antimony symbol Sb antinomy conflict of authority antiparticle (one word) antipathize not -ise antiq. antiquar/y, -ian antiqs. antiquities Antiqua (Ger. typ. f.), roman type (cap.) antique paper a moderately bulky, opaque book paper with roughish surface antisabbatarian anti-Semit/e (hyphen, one cap.); adj. -ic; noun -ism antistrophe stanza corresponding to the strophe in Greek dramatic chorus antistrophon (rhetoric), a retort antitetanus (adj., one word) antithes/is pl. -es antithesize not -ise antitoxin (one word) antitype not ante-; that which corresponds to the type Antony see Anthony antonym a word of opposite meaning; abbr. ant. antrycide (against tsetse fly), not -tri- Anvers Fr. for Antwerp, Belgium, in Fl. Antwerpen Anwick Lincs. anybody any person any body any group of persons any/how, -one, -thing, -where (one word) any one (person, thing), when each word to retain its meaning (see Hart's Rules, p. 77) anyway one word in conventional sense, but note you can do it any way you like (two words) Anzac Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (First World War) Anzeige/ (Ger. f.), notice, advertisement; pl. -n 1.16 AO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AO Accountant Officer, Army Order, Officer of the Order of Australia A.O.C.-in-C. Air Officer Commanding in Chief AOD Army Ordinance Department, Ancient Order of Druids AOF Ancient Order of Foresters AOH Ancient Order of Hibernians aorist abbr. aor. aort/a (anat.), pl. -ae ao–t (Fr. m.), August (not cap.) … outrance (Fr.), to the bitter end, not … l'outrance 1.17 AP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AP Associated Press Ap. Apostle a.p. above proof, author's proof Apache (US) Indian tribe; apache, Paris ruffian apanage not app- … part (Fr.), apart apartheid (Afrik.), segregation ap/e, -ed, -ing, -ish Apelles 4th c. BC, Greek painter Apennines Italy (one p, three ns), in It. Appennini aper‡u (Fr. m.), outline aperitif/ an alcoholic appetizer, pl. -s (not ital., no accent) APEX Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical, and Computer Staff apex/ pl. -es; adj. apical apfelstrudel baked apples in pastry (not ital., not cap.) aphaere/sis removal of a sound from the beginning of a word; adj. -tic apheli/on (astr.), pl. -a aphid/ pl. -s aphi/s pl. -des apical see apex ap. J.-C. (Fr.), AD … plaisir (Fr.), at pleasure Apocalypse (NT), abbr. Apoc. Apocrypha (cap. A) abbr. Apocr. (for abbrs. of books see under names); adj. apocryphal apodictic clearly established; not -deictic apodos/is (gram.), pl. -es apog/ee (astr.), abbr. apog.; adj. -ean Apollinaire (Guillaume) 1880-1918, French poet Apollinaris (water) mineral water from Ahr Valley, Germany Apollin/arius (sometimes -aris), Christian heretic, c.310-c.390; -arianism Apollo/ Greek god; -- Belvedere, statue in Vatican; adj. -nian Apollonius Rhodius Greek poet, c.25O BC Apollos Acts 18:24, follower of St Paul Apollyon the Devil apologize not -ise apophthegm pithy maxim a-port (hyphen) apostasy not -cy apostatize not -ise a posteriori (reasoning) from effects to causes Apostle abbr. Ap., pl. App. Apostles' Creed (caps.) Apostroph/ (Ger. m.), apostrophe; pl. -e (cap.) apostrophe see possessive case, punctuation VIII, quotations apostrophize not -ise apothecaries' weight, signs (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) Print quantities in lower case letters close up behind symbol: final i becomes j, as vij = 7, j = 1 apothegm use apophthegm apotheos/is pl. -es apotropaic averting ill luck App. Apostles app. appendix appal/, -led, -ling Appalachian Mts. E. North America appanage use apa- apparatus/ pl. -es, not -ati (but use an alternative, e.g. appliances, when possible) apparatus criticus variant readings; abbr. app. crit. apparel/, -led, -ling apparitor officer of ecclesiastical court, not -er app. crit. apparatus criticus appeal/, -ed, -ing appeasement not -sment appell/ant, -ate, -ation, -ative append/ix abbr. app.; pl. -ices, zool. and general, abbr. apps. appetiz/e not -ise; -er, -ing appliqu‚ Eng. noun, adj., and verb; past partic. appliqu‚d appoggiatura (mus.), type of grace-note, leaning note appreciat/or not -er; adjs. -ive, -ory apprentice abbr. appr. apprise (to inform) apprize (to value) appro (on) approval (no point) appro. approbation approver one who turns Queen's evidence approximat/e, -ely, -ion; abbr. approx. appurts. appurtenances Apr. April APRC anno post Romam conditam (in the year after the building of Rome in 753 BC) (s. caps.); but use AUC, q.v. aprЉs/ (Fr.), after; -- coup, after the event; ---midi, afternoon (hyphen); -- moi (or nous) le d‚luge, after me (or us) the deluge; -- ski, (of) time after day's skiing April abbr. Apr.; in Fr. avril (not cap.) a/ primo (Lat.), from the first; -- principio, from the beginning a priori (reasoning) from causes to effects (not ital.) apriorism doctrine of a priori ideas (one word, not ital.) apropos (of); … propos de bottes (Fr.), beside the mark APS Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain apse/ semicircular recess, esp. in church; pl. -s apsi/s in an orbit, point of greatest or least distance from central body; pl. -des apud (Lat.), according to, in the work, or works, of Apuleius (Lucius) 2nd c. AD, Roman satirist Apulia Italy; in It. Puglia 1.18 aqua... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- aqua/ fortis, -- regia (chem.), -- vitae (two words, not ital.) aquarium/ pl. -s … quatre mains (Fr. mus.), for two performers Aquinas (St Thomas) 1225-74, Italian theologian 1.19 AR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AR Arkansas (off. postal abbr.) AR anno regni (in the year of the reign) (s. caps.) Ar argon (no point) a/r all risks ARA Associate of the Royal Academy, London Arabi/a, -an, -c; abbr. Arab. Arabian Nights' Entertainments (The) Arabic (typ.), 28 letters (all consonants, each with several forms according to position) and many accents (representing vowel sounds and other phonetic features). It is read from right to left; hence if any passage is divided, the right-hand words must go in the first line, and the left-hand words in the second line. See also BSI arabic numerals numerals used in ordinary computation, as, 1, 2, 3 (not cap.). See also numerals arach. arachnology arachnid (zool.) member of the Arachnida arachnoid (bot.) having long hairs, (anat.) one of meninges ARAD Associate of the Royal Academy of Dancing Aragon not Arr-; in Sp. Aragўn Araldite propr. term (cap.) ARAM Associate of the Royal Academy of Music Aramaic Semitic language; abbr. Aram. Aran, Island of Donegal, Ireland. See also Arran Aran Islands Galway Bay, Ireland. See also Arran ARAS Associate of Royal Astronomical Society ARB Air Registration Board, Air Research Burcati ARBA Associate of the Royal Society of British Artists arbit/er, -rary, -ration abbr. arb. arbiter elegantiae (Lat.), a judge of taste arbitr/ament not -ement arbitrator legal or official word for arbiter arbor spindle, axis arboretum (bot.), tree-garden; pl. -a arboriculture abbr. arbor. arbor vitae conifer arbour bower ARBS Associate of the Royal Society of British Sculptors ARC Aeronautical Research Council, Agricultural Research Council, Architects' Registration Council ARCA Associate of the Royal College of Art Arcades ambo (Lat.), two with like tastes arcan/um pl. -a Arc de Triomphe Paris arced (elec.), not arck- arc-en-ciel (Fr. m.), rainbow; pl. arcs-en-ciel arch. archa/ic, -ism, archery, archipelago, architect,-ural, -ure archaeolog/y, -ical; abbr. archaeol. archangel (one word) Archangel USSR; in Russ. Arkhangel'sk Archbishop abbr. Abp. Archd. Archdeacon, Archduke archetype not archi- archidiaconal not archide- archiepiscopal Archimed/ean not -ian archipelago/ pl. -s; abbr. arch. architect/, -ural, -ure; abbr. arch., archit., archt. architype use archetype arcing (elec.), not arck- ARCM Associate of the Royal College of Music ARCO Associate of the Royal College of Organists ARCS Associate of the Royal College of Science arctic (not cap.), cold Arctic Circle (two caps.); Arctic regions (one cap.) Ardleigh Essex Ardley Oxon. ARE Associate of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers, Arab Republic of Egypt are unit of square measure, 100 square metres aren't to be printed close up areol/a a small area; pl. -ae (not ital.) Arequipa Peru ar€te mountain ridge argent (her.), silver, abbr. arg. Argentina the country, or Argentine Republic Argentine (adj.); also (noun) the inhabitant. See also Argentinian Argentinian (adj.); also (noun) the inhabitant; tending to replace Argentine; not -ean argentum silver, symbol (chem.) Ag argon symbol Ar argot slang (not ital.) arguable not -eable argumentum ad/ crumenam (Lat.), argument to the purse; -- -- hoc, -- for this (purpose); -- -- hominem, -- to the man's interests; -- ignorantiam, -- based on the adversary's ignorance; -- -- invidiam, -- to men's hatreds or prejudices; -- -- rem, -- to the purpose; -- verecundiam, appeal to modesty; argumentum baculinum, or -- ad baculum, -- of the stick, club-law; argumentum e silentio, -- from silence argy-bargy dispute, wrangle, not argle-bargle (hyphen) Argyle Minnesota, US Argyll/and Bute District; -- and Sutherland Highlanders; -- and the Isles (Bp. of); -- (Duke of) Argyllshire (former county of) Scotland Arian (theol.), a follower of Arius; (one) born under Aries ARIBA Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. See also RIBA ARICS Professional Associate of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors AriЉge d‚p. France Aristotel/ian not -ean Arius c.250-c.336, Christian heretic Ariz. Arizona (off. abbr.) Ark. Arkansas (off. abbr.) Arlay d‚p. Jura, France Arle Glos. Arles d‚p. Bouches-du-Rh“ne, France Arm. Armenian, Armoric armadillo/ pl. -s armchair (one word) Armenia ancient country, now in part a Soviet Socialist Republic; adj. Armenian (geog., ethnic, or eccl.). See also USSR armes blanches (Fr.), side-arms (bayonet, sabre, sword) armful/ pl. -s armhole (one word) Arminians followers of Arminius Arminius (Jacobus) Latinized form of Jacob Harmen, 1560-1609, Dutch theologian armory heraldry armoury collection of arms armpit (one word) ARMS Associate of the Royal Society of Miniature Painters arm's length (two words) Army see Navy Army/ Dental Corps now RADC; -- Nursing Service, ANS; -- Order, AO; -- Ordnance Corps, now RAOC; -- Service Corps, later RASC, now RCT; -- Veterinary Department, AVD, now RAVC Arnold (Edward) (Publishers), Ltd. Arnold (E. J.) & Son, Ltd. publishers arnotto use annatto Arola Piedmont, Italy Arolla Switzerland Arolo Lombardy, Italy Aroostook War 1842, settled border of Maine and New Brunswick ARP air-raid precautions arpeggio/ (mus.), striking of notes of chord in (usu. upward) succession; pl. -s ARPS Associate of the Royal Photographic Society arquebus use harq- ARR anno regni Regis or Reginae (in the year of the King's or Queen's reign) (s. caps.) arr. arranged, arriv/e, -ed,-es, -als Arragon use Aragon Arran (Earl of) Arran (Isle of) Scotland. See also Aran arr€t (Fr. m.), decree Arrhenius (Svante August) 1859-1927, Swedish scientist arriЉre/-garde (Fr. f.), rearguard; ---pensee/, a mental reservation, pl. -s arrivis/me (Fr. m.), ambitious behaviour; -te, one who behaves thus arrondissement (Fr. m.), division of department arrowhead (one word) Arrows of the Chace by Ruskin, not Chase ARSA Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, ditto Royal Society of Arts ARSCM Associate of the Royal School of Church Music arsenic symbol As ars est celare artem (Lat.), the art is to conceal art ARSL Associate of the Royal Society of Literature ARSM Associate of the Royal School of Mines ARSS Antiquariorum Regiae Societatis Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries ARSW Associate of the Royal Scottish Society of Painting in Water Colours art. article, artillery, artist art deco decorative art-style of 1920s artefact not arti- arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries (one word) arthropod/ member of Arthropoda, animals with jointed body and limbs; pl. -s article abbr. art. articles of roup (Sc. law), conditions of sale (by auction) articles (titles of) (typ.), when cited, to be roman quoted artifact use artefact artillery abbr. A. or art. artisan not -zan artiste (either sex), professional singer, dancer, or other performer artizan use artisan art nouveau (Fr.), 19th-c. ornamental art-style art paper a high quality coated paper used for illustrations artwork (one word); abbr. a/w Arundel W. Sussex Arundell of Wardour (Baron) title now extinct Arva Cavan, not Arvagh ARWS Associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours Aryan Indo-European, not -ian 1.20 AS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AS Anglo Saxon As arsenic (no point) As. Asia, -n, -tic ASA Amateur Swimming Association; Associate Member, Society of Actuaries asafoetida (med.), ill-smelling gum resin; not the many variants Asante mod. form of Ashanti, q.v. a.s.a.p. as soon as possible Asbj”rnsen (Peter Christian) 1812-85, Norwegian writer ascendan/ce not -ence; -cy, -t ascender (typ.), top part of letters such as b d f h k l Ascension/ Day (caps., two words); -- Island, S. Atlantic ascetic austere Ascham (Roger) 1515-68, English writer ascites (sing. and pl.), abdominal dropsy Asclepiad metre, not Ask- Asclepius the Greek god, not Asklepios, except in Gr. contexts. See also Aesculapius a/s de (Fr.), aux soins de, c/o ASDIC Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee; used for a form of hydrophone (Asdic, now officially Sonar, q.v.) ASE Amalgamated Society of Engineers ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations as follows: (use colon only, not :--) Asgard the heaven of Norse mythology ash Old-English letter ligatured ae, also used in phonetic script, Danish, and Norwegian Ashant/i Ghana; not -ee; also Asante Ashby de la Zouch Leics. (no hyphens) Ashkenazim pl., East-European Jews, as distinct from Sephardim Ashkhabad cap. of Turkmenistan, USSR ashlar (archit.), not -er Ashmolean Museum Oxford Ashtar/oth, -eth Bib. and Sem., otherwise use Astarte Ashton/-in-Makerfield, ---under-Lyne Gr. Manchester (hyphens), not -Lyme; Ashton upon Mersey, Gr. Manchester ashtray (one word) Ash Wednesday first day of Lent (two words) Asian (adj. and noun), (native) of Asia; not Asiatic, which is now freq. pejorative asinin/e like an ass, not ass-; noun -ity Asir ("the inaccessible"), see Saudi Arabia Asklepiad use Asclepiad; Asklepios, see Asclepius Aslef Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen Aslib Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux ASM air-to-surface missile AsniЉres Paris suburb Asola Lombardy, Italy Asolo Venetia, Italy asper Greek rough breathing asperges (noun sing.), sprinkling with blessed water asphalt not ash-, -e asphodel immortal flower in Elysium asphyxia interruption of breathing aspic a poisonous serpent, a savoury jelly ASR (comp.), answer send and receive ass. assistant assafoetida use asa- assagai use assegai assai (mus.), very assailant assassin assegai spear, not assa- Assemblies, National and Federal. In addition to titles in English (Parliament, Assembly, Senate, Diet, etc.) in English-speaking countries and translation of foreign titles (National Assembly for Assembl‚e Nationale, etc.), the following titles are correct for particular countries: Bulgaria--Subranie. Denmark--Folketing. Finland--Eduskunta. Germany, Federal Republic of--Bundesrat (Upper House) and Bundestag (Lower House). Germany, Democratic Republic of--Volkskammer (not recognized by Western countries). Iceland--Althing. India--Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the People). Iran--Senate and Majlis. Ireland, Republic of--Seanad ђireann (Senate) and D il ђireann (House of Representatives) Israel--Knesset. Netherlands--Staten Generaal, comprising Eerste Kamer (First Chamber) and Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber). Norway--Storting, comprising Lagting (Upper Council) and Odelsting (Lower Council). Poland--Sejm. Spain--Cortes. Sweden--Riksdag (or Diet). Switzerland--Nationalrat/Conseil National and St„nderat/Conseil des ђtats Assembly (Church of Scotland) (cap. A), properly General Assembly (also in other Presbyterian Churches). See also Church Assembly assent/er one who assents; -or, one who subscribes to a nomination paper assert/er one who asserts; -or, an advocate assess/able, -or ASSET Association of Supervisory Staffs, Executives, and Technicians assign/ee one to whom a right or property is assigned; -or, one who assigns Assiniboine Canada, not Assinn- Assisi Italy assistant abbr. ass. or asst. assizer officer with oversight of weights and measures; not -ser, -sor, -zor assoc. associat/e, -ion ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic asst. assistant Assuan use Aswan assurance insurance of life (the technical term). See also life insurance assymmetry use asymmetry Assyr. Assyrian a-starboard (hyphen) Astarte Syrophoenician goddess; not Ashtar/oth, -eth astatine symbol At Asterabad Iran asterisk see reference marks Asti Italian white wine ASTMS Association of Scientific, Technical, and Managerial Staffs astr. astronom/y, -er astrakhan lambskin from Astrakhan, USSR astrol. astrolog/y, -er Astronomer Royal (caps., no hyphen) astronomy abbr. astr. (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) astrophysic/s (one word); -al, -ist Asturias Spain, not The -- Asunciўn Paraguay ASVA Associate of the Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers Aswan Egypt; not the many variants asymmetry not ass- asymptote line approaching but not meeting a curve asyndeton omission of conjunction Asyut Egypt 1.21 AT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AT (Ger.), Altes Testament (the Old --) At astatine (no point) at. atomic Atahualpa the last Inca Atalanta (Gr. myth.) atar use attar AtatЃrk (Kemal) 1881-1938, Turkish statesman ATC Air Traffic Control, Air Training Corps Atchin Sumatra, Indonesia, use Ach- ATCL Associate of Trinity College of Music, London atelier studio (not ital.) a tempo (mus.), in time; indicates that, after a change in time, the previous time must be resumed Athabasca Canada, not -ka Athanasi/us (St) d. 373, Greek Father; adj. -an atheling not aeth- Athenaeum London club Athol Canada, New Zealand Atholl (Duke of) Atl. Atlantic Atlanta Ga., US atmosphere gaseous envelope around the earth, the pressure exerted by it; abbr. atm. atoll ring-shaped coral reef surrounding lagoon atomize not -ise atonable not -eable atri/um hall of Roman house, cavity in heart; pl. -a or -ums Atropos (Gr. myth.), the Fate that cuts the thread of life ATS Auxiliary Territorial Service (superseded by WRAC) attach‚/ pl. -s (not ital.) attar (as of roses), not atar, Otto, ottar Att.-Gen. Attorney-General Attic salt delicate wit (cap. A) Attila c.406-43, king of the Huns attitudinize not -ise Attlee (Clement Richard, Earl) 1883-1967, British politician, Prime Minister 1945-51 attn. for the attention of atto- (as prefix) ten to the power of minus eighteen; abbr. a attorn (law), to transfer Attorney-General abbr. A.-G. or Att.-Gen. attractor not -er ATV Associated Television Atwood's machine (physics), not Att- at. wt. atomic weight 1.22 AU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AU †ngstr”m unit, astronomical unit Au aurum (gold) (no point) aubade (Fr. f.), dawn-piece auberge (Fr. f.), an inn; aubergiste (m. or f.), innkeeper aubergine fruit of egg-plant Aubign‚ d‚p. Deux-SЉvres, France Aubigny d‚p. Nord, France aubr/ietia dwarf perennial, not -etia AUC anno urbis conditae (in the year from the building of the city of Rome in 753 BC) (s. caps.; no points except in Latin composition); also ab urbe condita, from the foundation of the city Auchinleck (Field-Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre) 1884-1981, British soldier Auchnashellach Highland, use Ach- au/ contraire (Fr.), on the contrary; -- courant de, fully acquainted with Audenarde see Oudenarde Audi German make of car audio/ frequency, -- typist (two words), -visual adj. (hyphen) Auditor-General abbr. Aud.-Gen. auditori/um pl. -ums Audubon (John James) 1785-1851, US ornithologist AUEW/ Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, -- (TASS), ditto (Technical and Supervisory Section) au fait (Fr.), thoroughly conversant Aufkl„rung (Ger. f.), enlightenment, esp. the eighteenth-century intellectual movement Auflage/ (Ger. f.), edition, impression; pl. -n (cap.); abbr. Aufl.; unver„nderte --, reprint; verbesserte und vermehrte --, revised and enlarged edition au fond (Fr.), at the bottom auf Wiedersehen (Ger.), till we meet again Aug. August aug. augmentative Augean (stables), filthy (cap.) auger tool for boring aught anything. See also nau- au/ grand serieux (Fr.), in all seriousness; -- gratin, browned with cheese etc. augur Roman soothsayer; (verb) foresee, portend August abbr. Aug. Augustan of Augustus or an era compared to his Augustine Augustinian monk; St --, 354-430, Bp. of Hippo; St --, d. 604, first Abp. of Canterbury Augustinian monk of order following St Augustine of Hippo au jus (Fr.), in gravy auk diving bird, not awk auld lang syne (caps. for song title) Auld Reekie Old Smoky, that is, Edinburgh Aumale (duc d') aumbry closed recess in wall of church, not ambry Aumerle, Duke of (in Shakespeare's Richard II) au/ mieux (Fr.), very intimate; -- naturel, in its natural state, plainly cooked aunty not -ie au/ pair (Fr.), at par, on mutual terms; au pair girl (not ital.); -- pied de la lettre, literally Aurangzeb 1618-1707, Mogul emperor, not the many variants aurar pl. of eyrir, q.v. aurea mediocritas (Lat.), the golden mean aureola a saint's halo au/ reste (Fr.), besides; -- revoir, till we meet again Aurigny Fr. for Alderney auror/a austral/is pl. -ae -es; -- boreal/is, pl. -ae -es aurum gold, symbol (chem.) Au (no point) Aus. Austria, - n Auschwitz German concentration camp in Poland in Second World War au s‚rieux (Fr.), seriously Ausgabe (Ger. f.), edition; abbr. Ausg. (cap.). See also compounds Buch-, Pracht-, Volks- Austen (Jane) 1775-1817, English writer Austin English form of the name Augustine; -- (Alfred), 1835-1913, Poet Laureate 1896-1913; -- (John Langshaw), 1911-60, English philosopher; --, Tex., US Austral/ia, -ian abbr. Austral.; -asia, -asian Australian Capital Territory abbr. ACT Austrasia Frankish Kingdom of 6th- 8th cc. Austria abbr. Aus. Austria-Hungary (but Austro-Hungarian); in Ger. ™sterreich-Ungarn autarchy absolute sovereignty autarky self-sufficiency Auteuil Paris suburb auteur (Fr. m.), author auth. authentic, author, -ess, -ity, -ized authorities at the end of quotations, or in notes: I. In scientific and technical work use the Harvard system, giving: 1. Name of author in roman. 2. Date of publication. 3. a, b, c, etc. close up after date to distinguish between works of same author and date. 4. A full alphabetical list in the style of II below at the end of the work, or of each chapter. II. In general setting give: 1. Name of author in roman. 2. Name of book in italic, and, if necessary, the series title in roman. 3. Title of article roman in quotation marks, name of journal in italic. For detailed examples see Hart's Rules, pp. 50-4. Act, scene, and line III. iii. 45 Book iii Book and line (long poems) iii. 25 Canto and line xvi. 25 Chapter and page xiv. 25 Chapter and verse (biblical) 2: 34 (formerly ii. 34) Chapter, section, and paragraph (some scientific and philosophical works) 22.2.25 Paragraph °68 Section °5 Volume, chapter, and page IV. vi. 97 Quote the minimum number of divisions consistent with clarity; the smallest in arabic numerals, the next in lower case roman, and so on authorize not -ise Authorized Version (of Bible) (caps.); abbr. AV autis/m morbid absorption in fantasy, or mental condition obstructing response to environment; adj. -tic autobahn/ German arterial road (not cap., not ital. in Anglicized form); pl. -s autochthon/ original inhabitant; pl. -s; adj. -ous autocracy absolute government auto/-da-f‚ (Port.), pl. autos-da-f‚; (Sp.) -- de fe; "act of the faith", burning of heretic by Inquisition autogiro not -gyro autolithography (typ.), printing by lithography from stones or plates prepared by the artist personally automaton/ pl. -s (but automata when used collectively) autonomy self-government autonym a book published under author's real name auto/pista Spanish arterial road; -route, French ditto autore (It.), author; abbr. aut. autostrad/a Italian arterial road; pl. -e autres temps, autres moeurs (Fr.), other times, other manners autumn (not cap.) Auvergne (Fr.), not The -- Auvers d‚p. Seine-et-Oise, France Auverse d‚p. Maine-et-Loire, France auxiliary abbr. aux. or auxil. Auxiliary Forces (caps.) 1.23 AV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AV Authorized Version (of Bible) a/v ad valorem av. average avant/-courier in Fr. m. -courrier or -cour/eur, fem. -euse, a forerunner; ---propos (m.), preface, pl. same (hyphens) avant-garde the advanced guard, the innovators av. C. (It.), avanti Cristo (BC) avdp. avoirdupois Ave. Avenue ave atque vale (Lat.), hail and farewell Ave Maria (Hail, Mary!); abbr. AM Avenue abbr. Ave. average abbr. av. Averro‰s 1126-98, Muslim philosopher, not -oes avertible not -able avertissement (Fr. m.), notice, warning aviculture rearing of birds Avignon d‚p. Vaucluse, France a vinculo matrimonii (Lat.), full (divorce) avis au lecteur (Fr.), notice to the reader avizandum (Sc. law), judge's consideration of case in private av. J.-C. (Fr.), BC AVM Air Vice-Marshal avocad/o pl. -os avocet a bird, not -set Avogadro (Amedeo), 1776-1856, Italian scientist, not Avro- avoirdupois abbr. avdp. …/ volont‚ (Fr.), at pleasure, at will; -- votre sant‚! (here's) to your health! Avon/ county of England, and name of several English rivers; -- (Earl of) avril (Fr. m., not cap.), April 1.24 a/w... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- a/w (typ.) artwork awesome not aws- awhile (adv.), but for a while awing (partic. of awe), not aweing awk use auk AWOL absent without official leave AWRE Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 1.25 ax.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ax. axiom axe not ax axel jumping movement in skating ax/is pl. -es; (cap., hist.) the German alliance formed in 1939 1.26 ay... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ay/ yes: "Ay, ay, sir"; pl. -es: "The ayes have it" ayah Indian nursemaid ayatollah Iranian religious leader (cap. when used as title) Aycliffe Co. Durham, "new town", 1947 aye ever: "For ever and for aye" Aylesbury Bucks. See also Ail- Ayr Strathclyde Ayre (Point of) Isle of Man 1.27 AZ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- AZ Arizona (off. postal abbr.) az. azure Azerbaijan/ a Soviet Socialist Republic, see USSR, and province of NW Iran; -ian, the language Azores Islands; in Port. A‡ores Azov (Sea of) not -off, -of Azrael (Muslim), the angel of death Aztec one of a people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest; adj. Aztec/, -ian 2.0 B =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 2.1 B... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- B bel, boron, (chess) bishop, (pencils) black (see also BB, BBB), (mus.) B flat in German system, the second in a series B. Bachelor, Baron, bass, basso, Bay, Blessed (Beat/us, -a), British b (phys.), barn; (compass), by b. base, billion, book, born, (cricket) bowled, (cricket) bye, (meteor.) blue sky 2.2 BA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BA Bachelor of Arts, Booksellers Association, British Academy, -- Airways (combining BEA and BOAC 1973), -- America, -- Association Ba barium (no point) BAA British Airports Authority, -- Astronomical Association Baalbek Syria baas (Afrik.), master, boss Ba'ath Iraqi and Syrian political party Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis, 1922 (rom. in allusive use) Babcock & Wilcox engineers babiroussa a wild hog, not baby-, -russa babu Indian title, not baboo BAC British Aerospace Corporation baccalaureate university degree of bachelor baccarat a card-game; in Fr. m. baccara Bacchanalia/ festival of Bacchus, strictly pl. but used in Eng. as sing.; -n (not cap.), riotous or drunken Bacchant/ male or female follower of Bacchus; -e, female only Bach/ German musical family, more than fifty in number in seven generations, of whom the greatest was -- (Johann Sebastian), 1685-1750 (of the fifth generation), composer of orchestral, instrumental, and choral music; also important were his father's cousin, -- (Johann Christoph), 1642-1703, composer; and of J. S. B.'s twenty children, -- (Wilhelm Friedemann), 1710-84; -- (Carl Philipp Emanuel, usu. referred to as C. P. E.), 1714-88, developer of sonata and symphony form; -- (Johann Christoph Friedrich), 1732-95; -- (Johann Christian), 1735-82, "the English Bach" Bacharach small Rhineland town (wine-producing); -- (Burt), b. 1929, US composer Bachelier Љs/ lettres (Fr.), Bachelor of Letters, abbr. B. Љs L.; -- -- sciences, ditto Science, B. Љs S. (no hyphens) Bachelor/ abbr. B.; -- of Agriculture, B.Agr. (US); -- -- Architecture, B.Arch.; -- -- Arts, BA; -- -- Canon and Civil Law, BUJ; -- -- Civil Engineering, BCE; -- -- Civil Law, BCL; -- -- Commerce, B.Com.; -- -- Dental Surgery, BDS or B.Ch.D.; -- -- Divinity, BD; -- -- Education, B.Ed.; -- -- Engineering, BE or B.Eng. or B.A.I. Dub. (Dublin); -- -- Law, BL: -- -- Laws, B LL; -- -- Letters, B.Litt. or Litt.B., in Fr. B. Љs L.; -- -- Medicine, BM or MB; -- -- Metallurgy, B.Met.; -- -- Mining Engineering, BME; -- -- Music, B.Mus. or Mus.B.; -- -- Obstetrics, BAO; -- -- Philosophy, B.Phil.; -- -- Science, B.Sc., or BS (US), in Fr. B. Љs S.; -- -- Surgery, BC, B.Ch., BS, or Ch.B.; -- -- Technical Science, B.Sc. Tech.; -- -- Theology, B.Th. bacill/us pl. -i (not ital.) back (typ.), see margins back-bench(er) (Parl.) (hyphen) Backhuysen (Ludolf) 1631-1708, Dutch painter, not Bakhuisen backing up (typ.), printing on the second side backwoodsman (one word) Bacon (Sir Francis) (often incorrectly Lord), 1561-1626, Baron Verulam and Viscount St Albans Baconian pertaining to Roger Bacon, died c.1292; or to Sir Francis Bacon; or to the theory that Sir Francis Bacon wrote Shakespeare's plays bacshish use baksheesh bacteri/um microscopic organism; pl. -a; -cide bade see bid Baden-Baden W. Germany (hyphen) Baden-Powell (Robert Stephenson Smyth, Baron) 1857-1941, Founder of Boy Scouts, 1908 (hyphen) badinage (Fr. m.), humorous ridicule Baedeker (Karl) 1801-59, guidebook publisher Baffin/ Bay island, NE America, not -ns, -n's BAFU Bakers', Food, and Allied Workers' Union bagarre (Fr. m.), brawl Bagehot (Walter) 1826-77, English writer Baghdad Iraq, not Bagd- BagnЉres/ de Bigorre d‚p. Hautes-Pyrenees; -- de Luchon, d‚p Haute-Garonne, France bagnio/ bathing-house, oriental prison, brothel; pl. -s Bagnoles d‚p. Orne, France Bagnols d‚p. Gard, France bagpip/e(s), -er (one word) B.Agr. (US), Bachelor of Agriculture Baha'/i religion initiated by Bah 'u'll h (1817-92); -ism Baham/as W. Indies, indep. 1973; adj. -ian Bahrain islands, Persian Gulf, not -ein Baiae Naples B.A.I. Dub. Bachelor of Engineering, Univ. of Dublin baignoire (Fr. f.), theatre box at stalls level Baikal (Lake) USSR bail (noun) security for appearance of prisoner, cross-piece over stumps in cricket, (hist.) outer line of fortifications; (verb) to deliver goods in trust, (naut.) to scoop water out of; to secure release on bail. See also bale bailee one to whom goods are entrusted for a purpose bailer (naut.), one who bails water out, scoop used for bailing. See also bailor, bale bailey outer wall of castle; Old Bailey, London's Central Criminal Court bailie (Sc.), an alderman; bailiery, jurisdiction of a bailie, not -iary bailiwick office or jurisdiction of a bailiff Baillie (Joanna) 1762-1851, Scottish poet BailliЉre, Tindall, Ltd. publishers bailor (law), one who entrusts goods to a bailee. See also bailer Baily's/ Magazine; -- Directory bain-marie double saucepan; pl. bains- Baireuth Bavaria, use Bay- Bairut Lebanon, use Beirut baklava Turkish pastry with nuts and honey baksheesh (Arab., Turk.), a gratuity, not the many variants bal. balance Balaclava not -klava balalaika Russian stringed instrument balanceable not -cable Balbriggan Co. Dublin; also knitted cotton goods bale/, -s abbr. bl. or bls. bale (noun) a package, (arch.) destruction, woe; (verb) to make into a package; -- out, to escape from an aircraft by parachute. See also bail Bѓle Fr. for Basle Balfour/ (Baron, of Burleigh); -- (Baron, of Inchrye); -- (Earl of). (Three distinct titles) Bali/ Indonesia; adj. -nese Baliol an Anglo-Norman family, not the Oxford College, Balliol balk (verb), not baulk Balkan Mts. Bulgaria Balkhan Mts. Transcaspia Ballaarat Victoria, Australia, use -larat ballade medieval French poem, also its imitation Ballantine (James) 1808-77, artist and poet; -- (William), 1812-86, serjeant-at-law Ballantyne (James) 1772-1833, and -- (John), 1774-1821, Sir W. Scott's printers and publishers; -- Press, founded by them in 1796; -- (Robert Michael), 1825-94, Scottish writer for boys Ballarat Victoria, Australia, not -aarat ballet-dancer (hyphen) ball game (two words) Balliol College Oxford. See also Baliol ballistic/ (adj.); -s, pl., the science (two ls) ballon d'essai (Fr. m.), a "feeler" of any kind ballot/, -ed, -ing ballroom (one word) Ballsbridge Co. Dublin (one word) ballyhoo vulgar publicity baloney use boloney BALPA British Air Line Pilots' Association Baluchi a native of Baluchistan, not Be-, Bi- baluster upright supporting a rail, commonly of stone and outdoors, tbe whole structure being a balustrade. See banister Balzac (Honor‚ de) 1799-1850, French writer; -- (Jean Louis Guez de), 1596-1654, French writer Bamberg W. Germany, not -burg Bamburgh Northumberland banal commonplace Banaras Hindi for Benares Band (Ger. m.), a volume, pl. B„nde; abbr. Bd., pl. Bde. bandanna a handkerchief, not -ana b. & b. bed and breakfast B. & F.B.S. British and Foreign Bible Society bandit/ pl. -s bandoleer a belt for cartridges, not -olier, -alier bandolero Spanish brigand Bandung Indonesia, not Bandoeng bang Indian hemp, use bh- Bangalore Mysore, India Bangkok Thailand, not Bankok Bangladesh "Land of the Bengalis", formerly E. Pakistan; indep. 1972 banister upright supporting a rail; commonly of wood, indoors, on staircase, the whole structure being banisters (pl.). See baluster banjo/ pl. -s bank abbr. bk. banking abbr. bkg. banknote (one word) Bankok use Bangkok bank paper a thin, strong paper banlieue (Fr. f.), precinct, suburb banneret (law), a knight made on the field of battle bannerette small banner banns not bans banquet/, -ed, -ing (one t) banquette a raised way behind firing-rampart; seat Bantu designating a group of Central, E., and S. African native peoples and languages BAO Bachelor of Art of Obstetrics BAOR British Army of the Rhine bap. baptized Baptist abbr. Bapt. baptistery not -try baptize not -ise Bar called to the (cap.); bar, unit of pressure, 1/10 megapascal bar. barley-corn, baromet/er, -ric, barrel Barbad/os not -oes, indep. 1966, abbr. Barb., adj. -ian barbarize not -ise Barbary N. Africa barbecue open-air roasting (party) (not -que) barberry shrub of genus Berberis, not ber-, -ery barbet tropical bird barbette gun platform Barbirolli (Sir John) 1899-1970, English conductor barcarole Venetian gondolier's song; in Fr. barcarolle B.Arch. Bachelor of Architecture Barclays Bank, Ltd. (no apos.) Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, India, not -eli Barenboim (Daniel) b. 1942, Argentinian-born Israeli musician Barents Sea north of Norway and USSR, not -'s, -'z bargain/er a haggler; -or (law), the seller Bar Harbor Maine, US Baring-Gould (Revd Sabine) 1834-1924, English author (hyphen) baritone (mus.), not bary- barium symbol Ba bark vessel (arch. and poet.); in techn. sense use barque Barkston Lincs., N. Yorks. barleycorn (one word), abbr. bar. bar/maid, -man (one word) Barmecide one who offers illusory benefits, not -acidc bar mitzvah Jewish initiation rite Barmston Humberside barn (phys.), unit of area, abbr. b Barnaby Bright St. Barnabas' Day, 11 June; longest day, Old Style Barnard (Dr Christiaan) b. 1922, S. African surgeon Barnardo (Dr Thomas John) 1845-1905, British philanthropist baro/graph a recording barometer; -gram, the record; -logy, science of weight; -meter, -metric, abbr. bar. baron member of lowest order of British nobility; cap. when with name (but Lord more common); l.c. with foreign name (but in Ger. cap.); abbr. B. baron/ (Fr.), Baron; fem. -ne (not cap.) baron and feme (law), husband and wife regarded as one baronet/ member of lowest hereditary titled British order; cap. when with name; abbr. Bt.; baronetage, baronets collectively, book about them; baronetcy, patent or rank of baronet Barons Court London (no apos.) baroque exuberant archit. style of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, applied also to music and other arts (not ital., not cap.) barouche four-wheeled carriage, not baru- barque vessel with aftermost mast fore-and-aft rigged and remaining masts square rigged, not bark barquentine three-masted vessel with foremast only square-rigged, not -antine, barke- barr. barrels, barrister barrac/uda large W. Indian sea-fish; -outa only with reference to Thyrsites atun (Austral. and NZ) barrator (law), malicious litigant, not -ater, -etor barratry (law), vexatious litigation; (marine law) master's or crew's fraud or negligence Barrault (Jean-Louis) b. 1910, French actor, director, producer barrel/, -s abbr. bar., barr., bl., bls. barrel/led, -ling barrico/ a small cask, pl. -es Barrie (Sir James Matthew) 1860-1937, Scottish novelist and playwright Barrie & Jenkins, Ltd. publishers barrister abbr. barr. Barrow-in-Furness Cumbria (hyphens) Bart. Baronet, use Bt. bartender (one word) Barth (Heinrich) 1821-65, German explorer; -- (John), b. 1930, US novelist; -- (Karl), 1886-1968, Swiss theologian Bartholomew Day 24 Aug. (caps., two words, for London local terminology but St Bartholomew's Day for the massacre, 1572) Bartўk (Bela) 1881-1945, Hungarian composer Bartolommeo (Fra) 1475-1517, Italian painter Bartolozzi (Francesco) 1727-1813, Italian engraver Bart's St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London Baruch (Apocr.), not to be abbr. baruche use barouche barytone use bari- except for the Greek accent bas bleu (Fr. m.), a "bluestocking" base abbr. b. baseball US national game played by two teams of nine; ball used in it Basel Ger. for Basle bashaw use pasha bashi-bazouk (hyphen), Turkish mercenary Bashkirtseff (Marie K.) properly Marya Bashkirtseva, 1860-84, Russian diarist BASIC (comp.), Beginners' All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Basic English (two caps.), "debabelized" language proposed by C. K. Ogden, 1929 Basildon Essex, "new town", 1949 basinet light steel headpiece, not bass- bas/is pl. -es Baskerville (John) 1706-75, typefounder and printer; designer of Baskerville type Basle Switz., in Fr. Bѓle; in Ger. Basel Basra Iraq, not -ah bas-relief not bass- Bas-Rhin d‚p. E. France (hyphen) bass a fish, not -e bassinet cradle, perambulator, not basi-, -ette, berceaunette basso/ (mus.), abbr. B.; -- profundo (It. mus.), lowest male voice bass/o-riliev/o (It.), bas-relief, pl. -i -i, Anglicized to basso- relievo, pl. -os bastaard (S. Afr.), person of mixed white and coloured parentage, whether legitimate or not bastardize not -ise bastard/ size (typ.), a non-standard size; -- title, see half-title Bastille (Fr. f.). Paris prison bastille a fortified tower, not -ile bastinado/ not basto-; pl. -s Basuto/, -land S. Africa. See Lesotho bateau/ (Fr. m.), a boat, not batt-; pl. -x Bath: et Well: sig. of Bp. of Bath and Wells (two colons) Bath/ brick, -- bun, -- chair, -- chap (not chop), -- Oliver, -- stone (cap. B) (two words) baton music conductor's stick battalion abbr. battn. or bn. battels account for provisions etc., at Oxford University batter (typ.), a damaged letter batterie de cuisine (Fr. f.), a set of cooking utensils battery abbr. batt. or bty. battleaxe (one word) battle-cry (hyphen) battle/dress, -field, -ground, -ship (one word) battue (Fr. f.), shooting Batum Georgia, USSR, not -oum Baudelaire (Charles) 1821-67, French poet, not Beau- Bauhaus 20th c. Ger. archit. school baulk of timber; area on billiard-table; as verb use balk Bavaria/, -n abbr. Bav.; in Ger. Bayern bawbee (Sc.), halfpenny, not bau- bayadЉre Hindu dancing girl Bayard (Pierre de Terrail, Chevalier de) 1475-1524, "The Knight without fear and without reproach" Bayern Ger. for Bavaria bayonet/, -ed, -ing; -- fitting plug (elec.), two words bayou tributary creek Bayreuth Bavaria, not Bai-. See also Beirut bazaar 2.3 BB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BB (pencils), double black; also 2B BBB (pencils), treble black; also 3B BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 2.4 BC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BC Bachelor of Surgery, Board of Control, British Columbia (Canada) BC before Christ (s. caps.), should always be placed after the numerals b.c. (meteor.), partly cloudy sky BCA Bureau of Current Affairs BCC British Copyright Council, -- Council of Churches, Crown Colony BCD (comp.), binary coded decimal BCE Bachelor of Civil Engineering; before Christian (or Common) Era (see ACE) BCG bacillus of Calmette and Gu‚rin (anti-TB inoculation) B.Ch., B.Chir. Bachelor of Surgery B.Ch.D., BDS Bachelor of Dental Surgery BCL Bachelor of Civil Law B.Com., B.Comm., B.Com.Sc. Bachelor of Commerce BCP Book of Common Prayer 2.5 BD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BD Bachelor of Divinity Bd. (Ger.), Band (a volume) bd. board, bond, bound BDA British Dental Association Bde. (Ger.), B„nde (volumes) Bde. Maj. Brigade Major bdg. binding bdl., bdls. bundle, -s Bdr. Bombardier BDS Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Bomb Disposal Squad bds. (bound in) boards 2.6 BE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BE B.Eng., Bachelor of Engineering Be beryllium (no point) b.e. bill of exchange BEA British Epilepsy Association, -- Esperanto Association, -- European Airways (see BA) beach-la-mar pidgin English of W. Pacific bear (Stock Exchange), speculator for a fall beard (typ.), the space between the bottom of the x-height (q.v.) and the upper edge of the shank beargarden (one word) B‚arnaise rich white sauce bearskin military cap (one word) beastings use bee- beasts of the chase (law), buck, doe, fox, marten, roe; ditto forest (law), boar, hare, hart, hind, wolf; ditto warren (law), cony and hare; ditto of venery (law) are "beasts of the forest" beatae memoriae (Lat.), of blessed memory; abbr. BM Beata/ Maria or -- Virgo (Lat.), the Blessed Virgin; abbr. BM or BV (no points). See also BMV, BVM Beatles (the) pop group, fl. 1960s beatnik member of "beat" generation beau (pl. beaux), not ital. Beauclerc sobriquet of Henry I Beauclerk fam. name of Duke of St Albans Beaudelaire use Bau- beau-fils (Fr. m.), son-in-law, stepson; without hyphen, beautiful son Beaufort scale of wind force (one cap.); for details see under wind beau ideal model of excellence (not ital.) beauidealize not -ise (one word) Beaujolais a burgundy Beaulieu Hants beau monde the fashionable world Beaune a burgundy beau-pЉre (Fr. m.), father-in-law, stepfather; without hyphen, beautiful father beaux-arts (Fr. pl. m.), fine arts beaux/ esprits (Fr. pl. m.), brilliant wits, sing. bel esprit; -- yeux, good looks beccafico/ small edible Italian bird, not beca-; pl. -s b‚chamel (Fr. cook.), white sauce named after B‚chamel, steward of Louis XIV b€che-de-mer sea-slug, a Chinese delicacy Bechstein (Friedrich Wilhelm Carl) 1826-1900, German pianoforte maker; -- (Johann Matth„us), 1757-1822, German naturalist Bechuana/, -land S. Africa. See Botswana Becket (…) see … Becket Beckett (Samuel) 1906-89, Irish writer becquerel unit of radioactivity, abbr. Bq Becquerel French family of physicists: -- (Antoine C‚sar), 1788-1878, father of -- (Alexandre Edmond), 1820-91, father of -- (Antoine Henri), 1852-1908, discoverer of radioactive -- rays, now gamma rays bed (typ.), the part of the press on which the forme lies B.Ed. Bachelor of Education bedaw/een, -i, -in use bedouin bed/bug, -clothes (one word) Beddgelert Gwynedd, not Beth- bedeguar mosslike excrescence on roses bedel Oxford official form of beadle; at Cambridge and London, bedell Bedfordshire abbr. Beds. bedouin a desert Arab, not the many variants; pl. same bed/owy use -ouin bed/pan, -post, -ridden, -room (one word) Beds. Bedfordshire bed/-sitter, -sitting-room (hyphens) bed/sore, -time (one word) bed/uin use -ouin beefsteak (one word) beehive (one word) beerhouse (law), where beer is sold to be drunk on or off the premises beer-mat (hyphen) beershop (law), where beer is sold to be drunk off the premises beestings first milk from a mammal, not bea-, bie- beeswax (noun and verb) Beethoven (Ludwig van not von) 1770-1827, German composer; divide Beet-hoven BEF British Expeditionary Force be/fall not -fal; past -fell Beggar's Opera not -s' behemoth biblical animal (book of Job), thought to be the hippopotamus behoof (noun), benefit behove (verb), to be incumbent on Behring (Emil von) 1854-1917, German bacteriologist Behring Isle, Sea and Strait, use Bering beignet (Fr. m.), a fritter Beijing Pinyin form of Peking Beinn Bhuidhe near Inveraray, Strathclyde. See also Ben Buie Beirut Lebanon, not Ba-, Bai-, Beyrout(h). See also Bayreuth bel unit of ten decibels (decibel is more often used); abbr. B Belalp Switz. (one word) Bel and the Dragon (Apocr.), abbr. Bel & Dr. beldam (arch.), a hag, not -e Bel‚m Brazil, formerly Par bel/ esprit (Fr. m.), a brilliant wit, pl. beaux esprits; -- ‚tage, the first floor, not belle -- Belgique (Fr. f.), Belgium; belge, Belgian (not cap., unless used as a noun) Belg/ium, -ian, -ic abbr. Belg. Belgrade Yugoslavia believable not -eable Belitung Indonesia, not Billiton Belize/ Cent. America, formerly British Honduras; adj. -an Bell (Acton, Currer, Ellis) see Bront‰ belladonna (bot.), deadly nightshade (one word) belle (not ital.) belle/ amie (Fr. f.), female friend; ---de-jour (bot.), convolvulus; --- de-nuit (bot.), marvel of Peru; -- epoque, before 1914; -- fille, daughter-in-law, stepdaughter; without hyphen, beautiful girl; -- laide, fascinatingly ugly woman Belle-Њle-en-Mer d‚p. Morbihan, France (hyphens) Belle Isle (Straits of) between Newfoundland and Labrador Belleisle Co. Fermanagh belle-mЉre (Fr. f.), mother-in-law, stepmother; without hyphen, beautiful mother belles-lettres literature, is pl. (hyphen) belletrist/ one devoted to belles- lettres; adj. -ic (not -ettr-) Bell Island off NE coast of Newfoundland Bell Rock North Sea. See also Inchcape Rock Bel/oochee, -uchi use Baluchi Belorussia White Russia, a Soviet Socialist Republic, not Bye-. See also USSR belvedere (It.), a raised building, not belvi- (not ital.) Belvedere Kent; Calif., US Belvidere Ill., US Belvoir castle, Leics. BEM British Empire Medal Benares India, off. Varanasi; in Hindi Banaras Ben Buie Mull, Strathclyde. See also Beinn Bhuidhe bench-mark (hyphen) Ben Day (typ.), mechanical method for producing shading and stippling effects Benedic canticle from Psalm 103 Benedicite the "Song of the Three Children", from Apocr., as canticle benedick confirmed bachelor newly married, not -ict (from a character in Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing) Benedictus the Canticle of Zacharias (Luke 1: 68 ff.), or a choral passage in the Mass, beginning Benedictus qui venit (Matt. 21: 9) benefactor not -er beneficent not -ficient benefit/, -ed, -ing Benelux Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg Benet English form of the name Benedict; used of St Benedict and institutions bearing his name, e.g. St Benet's Church, -- -- Hall Bene't Street Cambridge Ben‚t (Stephen Vincent) 1898-1943, and -- (William Rose), 1886-1950, his brother, US poets B.Eng. Bachelor of Engineering Bengali/ person born in, language of, (adj.) of Bengal, not -ee, pl. -s; abbr. Beng. Benghazi Libya, not -gasi Ben-Gurion (David) 1886-1973, Israeli statesman Ben/ Lawers Tayside; -- Macdhui, Grampian Bennet family name of Earl of Tankerville; family in Austen's Pride & Prejudice; -- (John), c.1600, English madrigalist Bennett (Enoch Arnold) 1867-1931, English writer; -- (Richard Rodney), b. 1936, and -- (William Sterndale), 1816-75, English composers benth/al of ocean depths exceeding 6,000 feet; -os, the flora and fauna of the sea-bottom, as opp. to plankton Bentham (George) 1800-84, botanist; -- (Jeremy), 1748-1832, English polit. philosopher ben trovato (It.), well invented Ben Venue Central (two words) ben venuto (It.), welcome Ben/ Vorlich, -- Vrackie Tayside Benzedrine (med.), propr. term for an inhalant or nerve stimlant, not -in (cap.) benzene a substance obtained from coal-tar benzine a spirit obtained from petroleum benzoin aromatic resin of Japanese tree benzol crude benzene, not -ole benzoline benzine Beowulf Anglo-Saxon epic bequeather a testator B‚ranger (Pierre Jean de) 1780-1857, French poet berberry use bar- berceau (Fr. m.), cradle berceaunette use bassinet berceuse (Fr. f.), a cradle song Berg/ (Ger. m.), a mountain; pl. -e (cap.) berg (Afrik.), a mountain Bergamask native of Bergamo, Lombardy; bergamasque, rustic dance attributed to them bergamot tree (of citrus family; type of pear, not burg- Bergerac d‚p. Dordogne, Erance; wine made there; -- (Savinien Cyrano de), 1619-55, French writer Bergman (Ingmar) b. 1918, Swedish film and theatre director; -- (Ingrid), 1917-82, Swedish actress Bergson (Henri) 1859-1941, French philosopher beriberi tropical disease, not -ria (one word) Bering (Vitus Jonassen) 1680-1741, Danish navigator Bering Isle, Sea and Strait, not Beh-, -ings Berkeleian of the philosopher Berkeley Berkeley Calif., US; -- (George, Bishop), 1685-1753, Irish philosopher; -- (Sir Lennox), 1903-89, English composer berkelium symbol Bk Berkhamsted Herts. Berks. Berkshire Bernard (Claude) 1813-78, French physiologist Bernardine Cistercian, from St Bernard of Clairvaux, 1091-1153 Berne Swiss canton and town, in Ger. Bern; -- Convention (1886 and later revisions) deals with copyright: there are now over sixty members (incl. UK but not US or USSR). Basically each member-nation extends benefit of its two copyright laws to works by citizens of other member-nations, and no registration of the book or claim to copyright is required. The author also has the "moral right" during his lifetime to object to any alteration of his work, regardless of copyright-ownership. See also Universal Copyright Convention Berners (Gerald Hugh Tyrwhitt-Wilson, Baron) 1883-1950, English composer; -- (John Bourchier, Baron), 1467-1533, English translator; -- (Dame Juliana), wrote Boke of St Albans, first ed. 1486 Bernhardt (Rosine called "Sarah") 1845-1923, actress Bernoulli family of Swiss mathematicians, not -illi bernouse Arab cloak, use burnous bersaglier/e (It.), a rifleman; pl. -i Berthelot (Pierre Eugene Marcelin) 1827-1907, French chemist and statesman Berthollet (comte Claude Louis) 1748-1822, French chemist Berwickshire former county of Scotland beryllium symbol Be Berzelius (J”ns Jakob, baron) 1779-1848, Swedish chemist B. Љs A. now B. Љs L. Besan‡on d‚p. Doubs, France B. Љs L. (Fr.), Bachelier Љs lettres (Bachelor of letters) beso/ las manos (Sp.), "I kiss the hands" (frequently said or written); -- los pies, "I kiss the feet" B. Љs S. (Fr.), Bachelier Љs sciences (Bachelor of Science) Bessarabia district in Moldavia and Ukraine, ceded by Romania to USSR, 1940 Bessbrook Co. Armagh Bessemer process in steel mfr. (one cap.) Besses o' th' Barn Greater Manchester bestialize not -ise beta/ particle, -- ray (two words) betatron apparatus for accelerating electrons betel leaf of betel-pepper, chewed in East betel-nut misnomer for areca-nut, chewed with betel Betelgeuse (astr.), red star in Orion, not -x b€te noire (Fr. f.), one's pet aversion, not -- noir; pl. -es -es bethel Nonconformist chapel (not cap.) b€tise (Fr. f.), stupidity Betjeman (Sir John) 1906-84, English poet and writer on architecture; appointed Poet Laureate 1972 betony (bot.), not bett- better one who bets, not -or Betws-y-coed Gwynedd (hyphens) Bevan (Aneurin) 1897-1960, Welsh politician. See also Bevin bevel/, -led, -ling Beveridge (William Henry, Baron) 1879-1963, English economist Beverley Humberside Beverly Miss., US Beverly Hills Calif., US Bevin (Ernest) 1881-1951, English politician. See also Bevan bevy proper word for a company of ladies, larks, maidens, quails, or roes; also in gen. use Bewick (Thomas) 1753-1828, English engraver Bexleyheath London (one word) bey (Turk.), a governor; Bey of Tunis, formerly ruler of Tunisia (cap.) beylic jurisdiction of a bey, not -ik Beyrout(h) Lebanon, use Beirut bezant gold coin first struck at Byzantium, not by- 2.7 b.f.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- b.f. bloody fool, brought forward, (typ.) bold face BFBS British and Foreign Bible Society BFI British Film Institute BFPO British Forces' Post Office 2.8 BGC =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BGC bank giro credit 2.9 Bhagavadgita... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Bhagavadgita philosophical dialogue in the Hindu epic Mahabharata B'ham Birmingham bhang Indian hemp, not ba- BHC British High Commissioner b.h.p. brake horsepower BHS British Home Stores Bhutan/ protectorate of Rep. of India since 1949; adj. -ese 2.10 Bi... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Bi bismuth (no point) Biafra portion of Nigeria, seceded 1967-70 biannual half-yearly, but biennial, two-yearly bias/, -ed, -ing Bib. Bible bib. biblical bibl. bibliotheca (library) Bible abbr. Bib. (cap., but three bibles = three copies of the Bible). See also authorities, quotation marks Biblia Pauperum medieval "Bible of the poor", in pictures (caps.) biblical (not cap.), abbr. bib. bibliograph/er, -ic, -ical, -y; abbr. bibliog. bibliopeg/y bookbinding as a fine art; -ist biblio/theca (Lat.), a library; -thЉcaire (Fr. m.f.), a librarian; -thЉque (Fr. f.), a library Bibliothek/ (Ger. f.), a library; -ar (Ger. m.), a librarian (caps.) bicameral with two legislative chambers Bickleigh Devon Bickley Cheshire, London, N. Yorks. bid past bade, partic. bidden, but bid is used for both in auction sense (I bid њ10 for it; њ10 was bid) and for partic. in some phrases, e.g. do as you are bid Biedermeier Ger. 19th-c. conventional artistic and literary style biennial two-yearly, but biannual, half-yearly bienni/um a two-year period; pl. -ums biens‚ance (Fr. f.), propriety bienvenu/ (Fr.), fem. -e, welcome; -e (f.), a welcome BIF British Industries Fair biff/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, cancelled Bigelow (Erastus Brigham) 1814-79, US inventor and industrialist; -- (John), 1817-1911, US journalist and diplomat Biglow Papers (The) anti-slavery poems 1848 and 1857-61, by James Russell Lowell bigot/, -ed bijou/ a "gem"; pl. -x Bilbao Spain bilberry not bill- bilbo/ Spanish sword or rapier; pl. -s bilboes pl., fetters Bildungsroman (Ger. m.), novel of early life bile-duct (hyphen) bill (parliamentary) (cap. when part of title) billet/, -ed, -ing billet-doux a love letter; pl. billets-doux (hyphens) billiard/-ball, -cue etc., not billiards- (hyphens) billion in Britain, France (since 1948), and Germany, a million millions; in USA, and increasingly in British usage, a thousand millions; abbr. bn. See also trillion Billiton Indonesia, use Belitung bill of/ exchange abbr. b.e.; -- -- lading, abbr. b.l; -- -- sale, abbr. b.s. biltong (Afrik.), sun-dried meat Biluchi use Bal- BIM British Institute of Management bimetall/ic, -ism, -ist bimillenary (adj. and noun), (designating) a period of 2,000 years; a two-thousandth anniversary bi-monthly avoid as ambiguous; use (adj. or adv.) semi-monthly or (adv.) twice a month, every two months, as appropriate bindery a bookbinder's establishment binnacle (naut.), a compass-stand binocle a field-glass binocular/ (adj.), for two eyes; -s (pl. noun), field- or opera-glasses Binstead IW Binsted Hants, W. Sussex Binyon (Laurence) 1869-1943, English poet biochemist/, -ry (one word) biodegradable (one word) biograph/er, -ic, -ical, -y; abbr. biog. biological nomenclature: see Hart's Rules, pp. 6-7 biolog/y, -ical; abbr. biol. bio/mathematics, -physics (one word) Bipont/, -ine books printed at Bipontium (ZweibrЃcken), W. Germany bird-bath (hyphen) bird/cage, -seed (one word) birds-eye view (one Hyphen) bird/-song, -table (hyphens) Birmingham abbr. Birm., B'ham; -- Small Arms, BSA Birnam Tayside, immortalized in Shakespeare's Macbeth Birstall Leics., W. Yorks. birth certificate (two words) birth/-control, -rate (hyphens) birthmark (one word) birthplace abbr. bpl. birthright (one word) BIS Bank for International Settlements bis (Fr., It., Lat.), twice, encore bis. bissextile Biscayan abbr. Bisc., pertaining to Biscay, Spain; Basque bis dat qui cito dat (Lat.), he gives twice who gives quickly bise (Fr. f.), cold N. wind in S. France BISF British Iron and Steel Federation Bishop abbr. Bp., (chess) B Bishopbriggs Strathclyde Bishop in partibus infidelium RC bishop taking title from ancient see situated "in territory of unbelievers", now termed "Titular Bishop" Bishop Rock lighthouse, Scilly Is. Bishop's/ Castle Shropshire; -- Cleeve, Glos.; -- Frome, Hereford & Worc.; -- Lydeard, Som. (apos.) bishop's signature usually consists of Christian name and diocese (John Birmingham). For special spellings and punctuation of certain signatures refer to individual entries in this book Bishop's Stortford Herts. (apos.) Bishopsteignton Devon (one word) Bishopston Avon, W. Glam. Bishopstone Bucks., Hereford & Worc., Kent, E. Sussex, Wilts. Bishop's Waltham Hants (apos.) Bishopthorpe residence of Abp. of York (one word) Bishopton Co. Durham, N. Yorks., Strathclyde bisk use bisque Bismarck (Karl Otto Eduard Leopold Furst von) 1815-98, German statesman, not -ark bismillah (Arab.), "in the name of God", not biz- bismuth symbol Bi bisque in tennis, croquet, golf; unglazed white porcelain; rich soup (not ital.) bissextile (noun and adj.), Latin leap year, abbr. bis. bistoury surgeon's scalpel bit (US), 12.5 cents; (comp.) binary digit (see also byte) bitts (naut., pl.) pair of posts on deck for fastening cables, etc. bitumin/ize, -ous bivouac/, -ked, -king bi-weekly avoid as ambiguous; use (adj. or adv.) semi-weekly or fortnightly, (adv.) twice a week or every two weeks, as appropriate bizarre (not ital.) Bizet (Georges) 1838-75, French composer 2.11 Bk... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Bk berkelium (no point) bk. bank, book bkg. banking bkt., bkts. basket, -s 2.12 BL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BL Bachelor of Law, ditto Letters, ditto Literature, British Leyland, ditto Library bl. bls., bale, -s, barrel, -s b.l. bill of lading Black a Negro (cap.) black (typ.) a space inked in Blackburn: sig. of Bp. of Blackburn (colon) blackcock see black game Blackfoot (N. Amer. Indian), pl. Blackfeet Blackfriars London black game (two words), black grouse; male, blackcock (one word), female grey-hen (hyphen) black letter (typ.) general term for Gothic or Old English (q.v) type. See also Fraktur blacklist (noun and verb, one work) Black Maria prison van (two words, caps.) Blackmoor Hants Blackmore Essex, Shropshire; -- (Richard Doddridge), 1825-1900, English writer black-out (noun, hyphen) black out (verb, two words) Blackrock Co. Cork, Cornwall, Co. Dublin, Gwent, Co. Louth Blackrod Gr. Manchester Black Rod abbr. for "Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod" Blackshirt/ a Fascist; -ed (one word) blaeberry Sc. and N. Eng. for bilberry Blaenau Ffestiniog Gwynedd (no hyphen) blague/ (Fr. f.), humbug; -ur (m.), hoaxer Blairadam Fife (one word) Blair Atholl Tayside (caps., no hyphen) Blairgowrie Tayside (one word) Blairs College Aberdeen (no apos.) blameable see -able blancmange (cook.) (one word, not ital.) Bland (Mrs) see Nesbit blanket/, -ed, -ing blanquette (Fr. cook. f.), white meat in white sauce Blantyre Strathclyde, Malawi blas/‚ bored with enjoyment (not ital.); fem. -‚e Blatherwycke Northants, not wyck, -wick bldg., bldgs. building, -s bled, bleed (typ.) an illustration going to the trimmed edge bleed (bind.), to overcut the margins and mutilate the printing blesbok (Afrik.) an antelope, not -buck blind/ blocking or -- tooling (bind.), see blocking B.Lit. Bachelor of Literature B.Litt. Baccalaureus Literarum (Bachelor of Letters) blitzkrieg (Ger.), violent attack; Eng. colloq. blitz blk. (typ.), block, -s B LL Bachelor of Laws bloc (Fr.), combination of nations or parties Bloch (Ernest) 1880-1959, Swiss-American composer block (typ.), letterpress printing plate for an illustration, (brass) stamp to impress book-cover blocking (bind.), impressing lettering or a design into the case of book; blind --, without foil or colour; gold --, with gold foil Block (Maurice) 1816-1901, French economist Blok (Alexander Alexandrovich) 1880-1921, Russian poet blond/ fair-complexioned; light-coloured (of hair); fem. -e (not ital.) blood/ bank -- cell, -- count, -- group (two words) blood/-pressure, -supply (hyphens) blood sport (two words) bloodstain/, -ed (one word) bloodstream (one word) blottesque painting with blotted touches (not ital.) blow partic. blown, but blowed in sense "cursed" (well I'm blowed) blow-up (noun), an enlarged picture (hyphen) blow up (verb), to enlarge (two words) blowzy coarse-looking, not blou-, -sy Blubberhouses N. Yorks. (one word) BlЃcher (Gebhard Leberecht von) 1742-1819, German field marshal bluebell (one word) blue book Parliamentary or Privy Council report (two words) blueing not blui- blueish use bluish bluejacket RN sailor (one word) blueprint (one word) blue-printing a photog. process (hyphen) bluestocking but Blue Stocking Society bluey bluelike bluing use blueing bluish not blue- Blundellsands Merseyside (one word) blurb eulogy or r‚sum‚ of book, printed on jacket Blut und Eisen (Ger.), blood and iron Blyth Northumberland Blyth Bridge Borders Blythebridge Staffs. 2.13 BM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BM Bachelor of Medicine, ditto Music; Beata Maria (the Blessed Virgin), beatae memoriae (of blessed memory); bench-mark; British Museum BMA British Medical Association BME Bachelor of Mining Engineering B.Met. Bachelor of Metallurgy BMJ British Medical Journal BMR basal metabolic rate B.Mus. Bachelor of Music BMV Beata Maria Virgo (Blessed Virgin Mary) 2.14 bn.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- bn. battalion, billion B'nai B'rith sons of covenant, Jewish fraternity (two apos.) BNB British National Bibliography BNC Brasenose College, Oxford 2.15 BO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BO body odour b.o. box-office, branch office, broker's order, brought over, buyer's option BOA British Optical Association, -- Olympic Association Boabdil last Moorish king of Granada, 1482-92; d. c.1533 BOAC British Overseas Airways Corporation (see BA) Boadicea use Boudicca Boanerges sing. or pl., loud preacher(s) boarding/-house, -school (hyphens) Board of Trade abbr. B.o.T. or B. of T., absorbed in Department of Trade and Industry, 1970 boatswain contr. bos'n boat-yard (hyphen) Bobadil braggart, from Bobadill in Jonson's Every Man in His Humour bobolink N. American songbird bob-white American quail Boccaccio (Giovanni) 1313-75, Italian writer (four cs) Boccherini (Luigi) 1743-1850, Italian composer Bodhisattva in Buddhism and Hinduism, person able to reach nirvana Bodicote Oxon. Bodleian Library abbr. Bod. Lib., Bodl., Bodley Bodoni (Giambattista) 1740-1813, Italian printer and punch-cutter; designer of Bodoni type body (typ.), the measurement from front to back of the shank of a piece of type; in the Anglo-American system 12 pt. = 0.166 in. See also Didot body-blow (hyphen) bodyguard (one word) body-weight (hyphen) Boeotia/ district of cent. Greece; -n, stupid Boerhaave (Herman), 1668-1738, Dutch naturalist Boethius (Anicius), AD 470-525, Roman statesman and philosopher boeuf (Fr. m.), beef B. of T. Board of Trade, q.v. bogey in golf bogie wheeled undercarriage Bogota NJ, US Bogot Colombia, S. America bog/y ghost, not -ey pi. -ies Bohemian (noun and adj.), socially unconventional (person); bohemianism (not cap.) Bohr (Niels Hendrik David) 1885-1962, and his son -- (Aage), b. 1922, Danish physicists Bo‹eldieu (Fran‡ois Adrien) 1775-1834, French composer boiler-room (hyphen) boiler suit (two words) boiling-point (hyphen), abbr. BP or b.p. Bokhara river, NSW, Australia. See Bukhara for the town in Uzbekistan Bokm†l see Riksm†l bold-face type, as this; indicated in copy by wavy underline; abbr. b.f. bolero/ Spanish dance, woman's short jacket; pl. -s Boleyn (Anne) 1507-36, 2nd wife of Henry VIII of England BolЎvar (Simўn) 1783-1830, S. American patriot bolivar Venezuelan monetary unit Bolivia/, -n abbr. Bol. B”ll (Heinrich) 1917-85, German writer Bologna Italy, in Lat. Bononia; adj. Bolognese, but spaghetti bolognese bolometer radiation measurer boloney humbug, not bal- Bolshevik advocate of proletarian dictatorship by soviets; member of majority group of Russian Social Democratic Party, later the Communist Party, opp. to Menshevik bolts (bind.), the three outer edges of a folded sheet before trimming Boltzmann constant (phys.), symbol k bolus/ large pill; pl. -es Bombardier cap. as title; abbr. Bdr. bombazine a fabric, not -basine, -bazeen, -bycine bombe (Fr. cook. f.), conical confection bona/ fide (Lat.), genuinely; -- fides, good faith (no accent) Bonaparte not Buonaparte, Corsican family bona/ peritura (Lat.), perishable goods; -- vacantia, unclaimed goods bon-bon a kind of sweet; bon- bonniЉre, a box for sweets bon-chr‚tien a pear; pl. bons- chr‚tiens bond abbr. bd. bondholder (one word) bond paper a hard, strong paper Bonduca use Boudicca Bo'ness Central (apos., being orig. Borrowstounness). See also Bowness Boney sobriquet of Napoleon. See also bony bon/ go–t (Fr. m.), good taste; -- gr‚, mal gr‚, whether one likes or not Bonheur (Rosa) 1822-99, French painter bonhomie (Fr. f.), good nature bonhomme (Fr. m.), a pleasant fellow, a friar Bonhomme (Jacques) the French peasant bonjour (Fr. m.), good-day (one word) bon/ march‚ (Fr.), a cheap shop, cheap; -- mot, a witticism, pl. bons mots (two words) bonne (Fr. f.), a maid bonne bouche (Fr.), a dainty morsel, pl. bonnes bouches; bonne/ foi, good faith; -- fortune, success, pl. bonnes fortunes; -- grѓce, gracefulness, pl. bonnes graces bonnet/, -ed, -ing bonnet rouge (Fr. m.), Republican's cap Bononia Lat. for Bologna, Italy bonsai (Jap.), dwarfed plant bonsoir (Fr. m.), good-evening, good-night (one word) bontebok (Afrik.), pied antelope, not -buck bon ton (Fr. m.), good style bon vivant/ one fond of luxurious food (no hyphen, not ital.); pl. -s. The fem., bonne vivante, is not in French usage bon viveur one who lives luxuriously (not in French usage) bon voyage! (Fr.), a pleasant journey! bony not -ey. See also Boney Booerhave see Boerhaave book/ -s, abbr. bk., bks. bookbind/er, -ing (one word) book-end (hyphen) bookkeep/er, -ing (one word) booklet (typ.), usually an inset, saddle-stitched piece of printing, with limp cover bookmak/er, -ing (one word) bookmark(er) (one word) book-plate (hyphen) books (cited titles of) in italic; but series titles roman book/seller, -stall (one word) Booksellers Association abbr. BA book sizes (typ.): the following are the standard untrimmed book sizes in mm., 4to and 8vo: metric crown, 252 x 192, 192 x 126; metric large crown, 264 x 204, 204 x 132; metric demy, 282 x 222, 222 x 141; metric royal, 318 x 240, 240 x 159; A4, 303 x 213; A5, 216 x 151. For the former sizes see crown, demy, foolscap, imperial, medium, pott, royal, small royal books of Scripture (typ.), not to be italic, nor quoted; for abbrs. see separate titles book trim (bind.): standard trim is 3 mm. off head, foredge, and tail margins bookwork (one word) Boole/ (George) 1815-64, English logician and mathematician; adj. -an Boone (Daniel) 1735-1820, American explorer and colonizer Bo”tes (astr.), the constellation booze (to) drink, not -se, house, bowze Bophuthatswana S. Africa, indep. 1977 bor. borough Borak (Al) the winged horse on which Muhammad, in a vision, ascended to heaven Bordeaux d‚p. Gironde, France; a claret or any wine of Bordeaux Bordeaux mixture of lime and copper sulphate, to kill fungus and insect parasites on plants border (typ.), an ornament bordereau a memorandum, docket borderland (one word) Borders region of Scotland Boreas (Gr. myth.), god of the north wind Borehamwood Herts. Borghese Italian family Borgia (Cesare) 1476-1507; -- (Lucrezia), 1480-1519 born/ of child, with reference to birth, abbr. b.; -e, carried, also of birth when 'by' (with name of mother) follows born/‚ (Fr.),fem. -‚e, narrow-minded Borodin (Alexander Porfiryevich) 1834-87, Russian composer and chemist boron symbol B borough abbr. bor. Borstal institution for reformative training (cap.) bortsch Russian soup borzoi/ Russian wolfhound; pl. -s bosbok Afrik. for bushbuck Bosch (Hieronymus) ?1450-1516, Dutch painter bos'n contr. of boatswain Bosporus strait separating European and Asian Turkey, not Bosph- Bossuet (Jacques Benigne) 1627-1704, French bishop and writer Boswellize to write laudatory biography (cap.) B.o.T. Board of Trade, q.v. bot/ not -tt; -fly (hyphen) botanize not -ise botan/y, -ical, -ist abbr. bot.; genera, species, and varieties to be ital.; all other divisions roman: Rosales (order); Rosaceae (family); Rosa (genus); Rosa moschata (species); Rosa moschata var. nastarana (variety); Rosa moschata cv. Plena (cultivar). Specific and infraspecific epithets, even when derived from names of persons, should be l.c.: Lilium wardii, Camellia x williamsii, not Wardii, Williamsii. Also l.c. are names of flowers used non-technically, as geranium, lobelia. See Hart's Rules, pp. 6-7 bothy (Sc.), hut, not -ie bo-tree sacred tree of India Botswana S. African independent republic 1966, formerly Bechuanaland Botticelli (Sandro) 1447-1515, Florentine painter Boucicault (Dion) 1822-90, Irish playwright Boudicca d. AD 61, Queen of Iceni boudoir (not ital.) bouffant puffed out, as a dress (not ital.) bougainvillaea trop. plant with rosy bracts Bouguereau (William Adolphe) 1825-1905, French painter bouillabaisse thick fish soup (not ital.) bouilli (Fr. m.), stewed meat (not ital.) bouillon broth (not ital.) boul. boulevard boule a French game akin to bowls (not ital.) boule (inlay), usually spelt buhl, q.v. Boule legislative council in ancient Greek city-state boulevard/ (Fr. m.), abbr. boul.; -ier, a "man about town" boulevers/‚ (Fr.), overturned; -ement (m.), a violent inversion Boulez (Pierre), b. 1925, French composer Boulogne d‚ps. Haute-Garonne and Pas-de-Calais, France bounceable not -cable bouncy not bouncey bound abbr. bd. bouquetin the ibex bouquinist second-hand bookseller: in Fr. m. bouquiniste bourgeois/ (Fr.), fem. -e, one of the middle class; -ie, the middle class (not ital.) bourgeois (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 9 pt.; pron. berjoyce (stress on second syllable) Bourn Cambs. bourn stream, (arch.) a limit, not -ne Bourne Lincs. Bournemouth Dorset Bournville Birmingham bourr‚e (Fr.), old lively dance, music for this (not ital.) bourse foreign money-market, esp. Paris bouse (naut.), to haul, not -wse. See also booze boustrophedon written from left to right and right to left on alternate lines, esp. in Gr. inscriptions boutique small shop (often within a shop) for individual clothes and accessories boutonniЉre (Fr. f.), a buttonhole bouts-rim‚s rhymed endings Bouvet I. (Norw.), Antarctic Ocean bowdlerize to expurgate, from Dr T. Bowdler (not cap.) bowled (cricket), abbr. b. Bowness Cumbria. See also Bo'ness Boxing Day first weekday after Christmas Day (caps.) box number (two words) box-office (hyphen), abbr. b.o. boycott to exclude from society or business, from Capt. Boycott (not cap.) Boy Scout now Scout 2.16 BP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BP British Petroleum, -- Pharmacopoeia; boiling-point BP before present (s. caps.), year to precede Bp. Bishop b.p. below proof, bills payable, blood-pressure, boiling-point BPC British Pharmaceutical Codex B.Phil. Bachelor of Philosophy b.p.i. (comp.), bits (see bit) per inch BPIF British Printing Industries Federation bpl. birthplace 2.17 Bq =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Bq becquerel 2.18 BR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BR British Rail (formerly Railways) Br bromine (no point) Br. British, Brother (monastic title) bra colloq. for brassiЉre (no point) "Braban‡onne (La)" Belgian national anthem brace (typ.), see punctuation XIV bracket/,-ed,-ing brackets (typ.), square [], angle; not the parentheses or round form (). See punctuation XI Bradford: sig. of Bp. of Bradford (colon) Braggadochio in Spenser's Faerie Queene braggadocio empty boasting (not ital.) Brahe (Tycho) 1546-1601, Danish astronomer Brahma supreme Hindu god (not ital.) brahma, brahmaputra Asian domestic fowl (not cap.) Brahmaputra Indian river brahmin/ member of Hindu priestly caste; pl. -s; adj. -ical Brahmoism reformed theistic Hinduism brail to haul up Braille signs composed of raised dots replacing letters, for the blind Braine (John) 1922-86, English novelist braise (cook.), not -ze. See also braze brake/ for wheel, a large vehicle, etc., not break; -- horsepower (two words) Br. Am. British America Bramah (Ernest) 1867-1942, English writer; -- (Joseph), 1749-1814, English inventor of -- lock etc. brand-new not bran- Brandt (Willy) b. 1913, German statesman, Chancellor of W. Germany 1969-74 Brandywine battle, 1777, of American War of Independence brant-goose use brent- Brant“me (Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de) 1540-1614, French writer Brasilia new cap. of Brazil, 1960 brass/ (binder's) die for blocking book-cases, pl. -es; -- rule (typ.), for printing simple borders or lines between columns of type brassard badge worn on arm brasserie beer garden, licensed restaurant; brasserie (Fr. f.), also brewery brassie golf-club with brass sole, not -y brassiЉre woman's undergarment supporting breasts. See also bra bratticing (archit.) open carved work; (coal-mining) wooden shaft-lining or screen Brauneberger a white wine Braunschweig Ger. for Brunswick brav/a! (It.), "well done!" to a woman; -o! to a man; brav/o (noun), a cry of "well done!"; pl. -os bravo/ a desperado; pl. -es braze to solder, not -ise, -ize. See also braise brazier worker in brass, pan for holding lighted coal, not -sier Brazil/, -ian abbr. Braz. Brazzaville cap. of Congo, q.v., Cent. Africa BRCS British Red Cross Society BRD (Ger.), Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Federal Republic of Germany bread/board, -crumb (one word) break/ (typ.), the division into a fresh paragraph; ---line, last one of a paragraph: never to begin page, and should have more than five letters, except in narrow measures. See also brake breakdown (noun), a collapse, analysis of statistics (one word) Breakspear (Nicholas) Pope Adrian IV from 1154 to 1159, not -eare breakthrough (noun, one word) breakup (noun, one word) breathalyser device for testing amount of alcohol in the breath, not -iser, -izer; breathalyse, to carry out test breathings see accents breccia rock composed of angular fragments, not -cchia Brechin Tayside Brecht (Bertolt not -th-, -d) 1898-1956, German playwright Brecon Powys breech birth (two words) breeches-buoy life-saving apparatus (hyphen) Bren gun light machine-gun (two words) brent-goose not bra- Brescia Lombardy, Italy Breslau Ger. for Wroclaw (Poland) Bretagne Fr. for Brittany; Grande --, Great Britain Breton (inhabitant) of Brittany, abbr. Bret. Bretton Woods New Hampshire, US (UN Monetary Conf., 1944) Breughel use Brueghel or Bruegel, q.v. brev. brevet, -ed breve a curved mark to indicate a short vowel or syllable brevet d'invention (Fr. m.), a patent brevet‚ s.g.d.g. (Fr.), patented without government guarantee (sans garantie du gouvernement) breviary book containing RC daily service brevier (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 8 pt.; pron. breveer (stress on second syllable) briar use -er Briarean many-handed, like Briareus, of Gr. myth., not -ian bribable not -eable bric-…-brac curiosities in furniture and furnishings (hyphens, accent) brick/bat, -work (one word) Bridge End Cumbria, Devon, Lincs., Shetland Bridgend Cornwall, Cumbria (near Patterdale), Donegal, Glos., Lothian, Mid Glam., Strathclyde, Tayside Bridge of Allan Central Bridgeport Ala., Calif., Conn., Nebr., Penn., Tex. (US) Bridges Creek Va. (US), bpl. of George Washington Bridges (Robert Seymour) 1844-1930, English poet, Poet Laureate 1913-30 Bridgeton Glasgow; New Jersey, US Bridgetown Corn., Som., Staffs., Co. Wexford, Barbados, NS (Canada), W. Austral. Bridgewater NS (Canada); -- (Duke of), 1736-1803, projector of the -- Canal; -- (Earl of), 1756-1829, founder of the -- Treatises Bridgnorth Shropshire Bridgwater Somerset, not Bridge- bridle/-path, -road, -way (hyphens) brier/, -root, -rose (hyphens), not briar, brere Brig. brigad/e, -ier Brillat-Savarin (Anthelme) 1755-1826, French gastronomist brilliant (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 3.5 pt. bring up (typ.), to underlay or interlay a block to bring it to printing height Bri-Nylon propr. term (caps., hyphen) brio (mus.), fire, life, vigour briquette block of compressed coal-dust, not -et brisling Norwegian sprat, not brist- Bristol: sig. of Bp. of Bristol (colon) Bristol-board cardboard used by artists Brit. Britain, Britann/ia, -icus, -ica, British Briticism idiom current in Britain, not Britishism British/ abbr. Brit.; -- Academy, Association, BA; -- America, Br. Am.; -- Columbia, BC; -- Honduras, now Belize; -- Library, BL; -- Museum, BM; -- Rail, BR; -- Standard, BS (see BSI) britschka use britzka Britt. (on coins), Britanniarum, "of the Britains" (Roman Britannia Inferior and Britannia Superior) Brittany in Fr. Bretagne Britten (Edward Benjamin, Baron) OM, CH, 1913-76, British composer britzka acceptable form for bryczka, q.v. Bro. Brother (monastic title) bro., bros. brother, -s Broad-Churchman (caps., hyphen) Broad Haven Dyfed, Mayo Broad Oak Cumbria, Dorset, Hereford & Worc., E. Sussex Broadoak Cornwall, Dorset, Glos., Kent, Shropshire Brobdingnag land of giants in Swift's Gulliver's Travels broccoli a hardy cauliflower, It. pl., but Eng. sing. or pl. Broderers livery company Bromberg Ger. for Bydgoszcz bromine symbol Br bronch/i pl., the main forks of the windpipe (sing. -us); -ia, pl., ramifications of the above; -ioles, their minute branches bronco/ Mexican horse, not -cho; pl. -s Bront‰ (Anne) 1820-49 ("Acton Bell"); -- (Charlotte), 1816-55 ("Currer Bell"); -- (Emily), 1818-48 ("Ellis Bell"), English writers Bronx (the) borough in New York City bronzing (typ.), printing in yellow and then dusting with bronze powder to imitate gold brooch a dress-fastening, not -ach Brooke Leics., Norfolk; -- (Baron); -- (Rupert), 1887-1915, English poet Brookline Mass., US Brooklyn New York Brooks's Club London, not -es's broomstick (one word) Brother (monastic title), abbr. Bro. brother/ abbr. b. or bro., pl. -s, brethren, abbr. bros.; ---german, having same parents; -- -in-law, pl. brothers-in-law; ---uterine, having same mother only (hyphens) brougham one-horse or electric closed carriage (not cap.) brouhaha (Fr. m.), a commotion Brown (Ford Madox) 1821-93, English painter; -- (John), 1800-59, US abolitionist; -- (Robert), 1773-1858, Scottish botanist Browne (Charles Farrar) see Ward; -- (Hablot Knight), 1815-82, English artist, pseud. Phiz, illustrated Dickens; -- (Sir Thomas), 1605-82, English physician and author Brownian motion of particles (observed by Robert Brown) Brownie junior Guide brownie Sc. house-spirit browse to eat, read desultorily, not -ze BRS British Road Services Bruckner (Anton) 1824-96, Austrian composer Bruegel (Pieter) c.1520-69, Flemish painter; Brueghel (Pieter, 1564-1638, and Jan, 1568-1625), his sons, also painters; not Breu- Bruges Belgium, in Fl. Brugge Brummagem abbr. Brum, derog. form of Birmingham; (adj.) tawdry Brummell (George Bryan, "Beau") 1778-1840 Brunei NW Borneo Brunel (Marc Isambard) 1769-1849, and -- (Isambard Kingdom), 1806-59, his son, British engineers; -- University, Uxbridge, 1966 Brunelleschi (Filippo) 1377-1446, Italian architect and sculptor Brunhild (Norse myth.) BrЃnnhilde Wagnerian heroine Brunonian noun, an alumnus of Brown University, US; adj., of the system of medicine of Dr John Brown of Edinburgh, 1736-88 Brunswick normal Eng. for Braunschweig, Germany Brussels cap. of Belgium, in Fl. Brussel, in Fr. Bruxelles Brussels sprouts (cap., no apos.) brut (Fr.), unsweetened brutalize not -ise Bruxelles Fr. for Brussels bryczka a Polish carriage (the Polish spelling; for Eng. form use britzka) Bryn Mawr College Philadelphia, US Brynmawr Gwent bryology study of mosses; abbr. bryol. Brython Welsh for Briton, a S. British Celt Brythonic (language) of S. British Celts 2.19 BS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BS Bachelor of Surgery or (US) Science; Blessed Sacrament; British Standard b.s. balance sheet, bill of sale BSA Birmingham Small Arms, British School at Athens B.Sc. Bachelor of Science; B.Sc.(Econ.), ditto in faculty of Economics; B.Sc.(Eng.), ditto Engineering, Glas.; B.Sc.Tech., Bachelor of Technical Science b.s.g.d.g. see brevet‚ BSI British Standards Institution. A complete list of British Standards is in BS Yearbook. Standards in fields relevant to this dictionary are BS 1219 (Proof correction), BS 1629 (Bibliographical references), BS 1749 (Alphabetical arrangement), BS 1991, Part I (Letter symbols, signs, abbreviations), BS 2961 (Typeface nomenclature), BS 2979 (Transliteration of Cyrillic and Greek characters), BS 3700 (Index preparation), BS 3763 (SI units), BS 3814 (Glossary of rotary press terms), BS 3862 (Symbols for languages, geographical areas, and authorities), BS 4148 (Abbreviation of periodical titles), BS 4149 (Glossary of paper and ink terms), BS 4277 (Terms used in offset lithography), BS 4280 (Transliteration of Arabic), BS 4812 (Romanization of Japanese), BS 5261 (Proof correction and copy preparation), BS 5775 (Quantities, units and symbols) BSJA British Show Jumping Association BSR British School at Rome BST British Summer Time (before 1968 and from 1972); -- Standard Time (1968-71) (both 1 hr. ahead of GMT) 2.20 Bt.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Bt. Baronet, not Bart. BTA British Tourist Authority B.Th. Bachelor of Theology BTU (or B.Th.U.) British Thermal Unit bty. battery 2.21 BU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BU Brown University, Rhode Island, US; Baptist Union bu. bushel(s) buccaneer piratical adventurer esp. in seventeenth century, not -ier Buccleuch (Duke of) not -gh Bucellas white wine from B., near Lisbon Buch (Ger. n.), book; pl. BЃcher Bucharest Romania, not Buka- Buchausgabe (Ger. f.), edition of a book Buckinghamshire abbr. Bucks. Bucknall Lincs., Staffs. Bucknell Oxon., Shropshire; also American university at Lewisburg, Pa. buckram coarse fabric, (bind.) a good quality cloth Budapest Hungary, not -pesth (one word). Collective name for two towns, Buda and Pest Buddha (Skt.), Gautama Siddhartha, d. c.483 BC Buddh/ism, -ist; if necessary divide at stroke; abbr. Budd. budgerigar a parakeet budget/, -ed, -ing buen/as noches (Sp.), good-night; -as tardes, good-afternoon; -os dias, good-day, good-morning Buenos/ Aires cap. of Argentine Rep.; also in Panama. Use -- Ayres in titles of Arg. railway companies buffalo/ pl. -es buffer state (two words) buffet/ -ed, -ing Buffon (Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de) 1707-88, French naturalist buhl (inlaid with) brass, tortoiseshell, etc., German form of boule, from Boule (Andre), cabinet-maker to Louis XIV building abbr. bldg., pl. bldgs. BUJ (Baccalaureus utriusque juris), Bachelor of Canon and Civil Law Bukarest use Buch- Bukhara town, Uzbekistan, USSR, not Bo-. See also Bokhara buksheesh use bak- bulbul (Pers.), Asian song-thrush; singer or poet Bulgaria/, -n abbr. Bulg. bull (Stock Exchange), speculator for a rise bulletin (not ital.); abbr. bull. bullfight/, -er, -ing (one word) bullring (one word) bull's-eye centre of target, lantern, peppermint sweetmeat (apos. and hyphen) bull-terrier (hyphen) bulrush not bull- bulwark defence, not bull-, -work Bulwer-Lytton (Edward George Earle Lytton) first Lord Lytton, 1803-73, English novelist Bulwer-Lytton (Edward Robert) first Earl of Lytton, 1831-91,son of above, English poet and diplomat, pseud. Owen Meredith bumf papers bumkin (naut.), projection from bows or stern of ship bumpkin yokel bump out (typ.), increase word or letter spacing to fill a line, or line spacing to fill a page buncombe use bunkum Bundesanstalt German off. institution since 1945. See Reichsanstalt Bundesrat, Bundestag (Ger.), upper and lower houses of W. German Parliament bundle/, -s abbr. bdl/., -s. Bunker Hill Mass., battle of American War of Independence, 1775, actually fought at neighbouring Breed's Hill, not -er's bunkum not -combe Bu¤uel (Luis) 1900-83, Spanish-born film director Buonaparte use Bona- buona sera (It.), good-evening; buon giorno, good-day buoyan/t, -cy BUPA British United Provident Association bur clinging seed-vessel or catkin. See also burr Burckhardt (Jacob Christoph) 1818-97, Swiss historian Burdett-Coutts (Angela Georgina, Baroness) 1814-1906, English philanthropist bureau/ pl. -x (not ital.); -cracy, -crat, adj. -cratic Bureau Veritas maritime underwriters' association at Brussels (two caps.) burg. burgess, burgomaster burgamot use ber- burgeois see bourgeois (typ.) burgess abbr. burg. burgh (Sc.), a chartered town, not borough burgomaster (one word); abbr. burg. burgrave a governor, not burgg- burgundy a wine (not cap.) burial/ ground, -- place, -- service (two words, no caps.) burl a lump in cloth burl. burlesque Burlington House London, headquarters of Royal Academy, British Association, and other artistic and learned bodies Burm/a not -ah; -an, native of Burma, pl. -ans; -ese, native or language of Burma Burmah Oil Co. not Burma Burne-Jones (Sir Edward Coley) 1833-98, English painter (hyphen) Burnett (Frances Eliza Hodgson) 1849-1924, US writer Burnham scale of teachers' salaries burnous Arab cloak, not -e, bernouse Burntisland Fife (one word) burnt sienna orange-red pigment, not -- siena burr a rough edge, rough sounding of letter r; kind of limestone. See also bur burro (Sp.), donkey Burroughs (Edgar Rice) 1875-1950, US novelist; -- (John), 1837-1921, US naturalist and poet; -- (William), b. 1914, US novelist bursar treasurer of a college, not -er Burundi Cent. Africa, indep. 1962 Bury St Edmunds Suffolk (no apos., no hyphen) bus/ omnibus, not 'bus, pl. -es; as verb, past -ed, partic. -ing bushbuck (S. Afr.), antelope, in Afrik. bosbok bushel 36.4 litres; in US 35.3; abbr. bu. (sing. and pl.) Bushey Herts., not -hy bushido code of the samurai or Japanese mil. caste Bushire Iran Bushy Park London businesslike (one word) business/man, -woman (one word) busing see bus busybody not busi- busyness state of being busy, distinct from business Butler (Samuel) 1612-80, English poet (Hudibras) -- (--), 1835-1902, English writer (Erewhon) Butte Montana, US butter-fingers (hyphen) buttermilk (one word) buttonhole (one word) buyer's option abbr. b.o. Buys Ballot (Christoph Hendrik Didericus) 1817-90, Dutch meteorologist 2.22 BV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BV Beata Virgo (the Blessed Virgin) (points) pseudonym of James Thomson, q.v. BVM Beata Virgo Maria, the Blessed Virgin Mary 2.23 BWI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- BWI British West Indies, now WI BWV Bach Werke Verzeichnis, prefix to enumeration of J. S. Bach's compositions 2.24 by... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- by- (as prefix) is tending to form one word with the following noun, but a hyphen is still frequently found, as in ten cases given below by and by (no hyphens) by-blow side-blow, bastard (hyphen) Bydgoszcz Poland, in Ger. Bromberg bye/, -s (cricket), abbr. b. bye-bye familiar form of good-bye (hyphens) by-election, by-form (hyphens) Byelorussia use Be- bygone (one word) by-lane (hyphen) by-law not bye- byline in football (one word) byname a sobriquet (one word) bypass (one word) bypath (one word) by-play (hyphen) by-plot, by-product not bye- by-road (hyphen) bystander (one word) by-street (hyphen); but Masefield's The Widow in the Bye Street byte (comp.), group of 8 bits (see bit) by the by (no hyphens) byway (one word) byword (one word) byzant use be- 2.25 bzw. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- bzw. (Ger.), beziehungsweise (respectively) 3.0 C =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 3.1 C... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- C carbon, (elec.) coulomb, centum (a hundred), Celsius or centigrade, (mus.) common time, the third in a series C. Cape, Catholic, century, chairman, chief, Church, Command paper (q.v.), congress(ional), Conservative, consul, contralto, Council, counter-tenor, Court, Gaius ° copyright c (as prefix), centi- c. cent, -s, centime, century, chapter, city, colt, conductor, constable, copeck, cubic, (cricket) caught, (meteorol.) cloudy C (ital. cap.), symbol for capacitance c. circa, about C inverted Capital C, facing backwards, 500 3.2 CA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CA California (off. postal abbr.), Central Africa, Central America, M. Inst. Chartered Accountants of Scotland, Chief Accountant, chronological age, Civil Aviation, College of Arms, commercial agent, Consumers' Association, Controller of Accounts, Court of Appeal C/A capital account, commercial account, credit account, current account Ca calcium (no point) ca. (law) cases ca. abbr. of circa, use c. CAA Civil Aviation Authority Caaba use Kaaba caaing-whale use ca'ing-whale CAB Citizens' Advice Bureau, (US) Civil Aeronautics Board cabal secret faction caballero/ Spanish gentleman, pl. -s cabbala Heb. tradition, not k-, cabala, -alla Cabell (James Branch) 1879-1958, US novelist Cable (George Washington) 1844-1925, US writer Cabul use Kabul CAC Central Advisory Committee ca'canny (Sc.), go carefully! cacao/ trop. American tree from whose seeds cocoa and chocolate are made; -tree (hyphen). See coco cachemere, -mire use cashmere cachet distinctive mark, capsule containing medicine cachou lozenge to sweeten breath, not cashew cachucha Spanish dance caciqu/e W. Indian and S. American chief, political boss; -ism; not caz- cacodemon an evil spirit, not -daemon cacoethes/ (Lat. fr. Gr.), an evil habit; -- loquendi, an itch for speaking; -- scribendi, ditto for writing CACTM Central Advisory Council for the Ministry, now ACCM cact/us (bot.), pl. -i c.-…-d. (Fr.), c'est-…-dire (that is to say) caddie golf-attendant caddis-fly, -worm not -ice (hyphens) caddy tea-box cadi Muslim judge, not k- Cadmean/ of Cadmus of Thebes, not -ian; -- victory, a ruinous one cadmium symbol Cd cadre nucleus of personnel (not ital.) caduce/us the wand of Hermes; pl. -i caducous (bot.), tending to fall Caedmon d. 670, English poet, not Ce- Caenozoic use Cai- Caermarthen use Car- Caernarfon Gwynedd, not Car-, -von Caerphilly Mid Glam., also the cheese caerulean use ce- Caesar/, -ean not Ces-, -ian Caesarea Philippi in ancient Palestine caesium symbol Cs caesura division of a metrical line, not ce- caf‚ (Fr. m.), coffee-house (not ital.) caf‚/ au lait (Fr. m.), coffee with milk; -- noir, strong coffee without milk Caffre use Kaffir or Kafir, qq.v. caftan long-sleeved Turkish or Persian garment, not k- cag/ey shrewd, not -gy; adv. -ily, noun -eyness cagoule waterproof outer garment, not ka- cahier (Fr. m.), a paper book, sheets of MS, exercise-book Caiaphas Jewish high priest, Luke 3: 2 caiman use cay- Cainan grandson of Seth. See also Canaan Caine (Sir Thomas Henry Hall) 1853-1931, Manx novelist ca'ing-whale round-headed porpoise, not caa- Cainozoic (geol.), not Caeno-, Ceno-, Kaino- (cap.) caique Bosporan skiff, Levantine sailing ship "Ђa ira" "It will be!", French revolutionary song Caius Roman praenomen, use Gaius Caius (properly Gonville and Caius) College, Cambridge, pron. as keys; abbr. Cai., or CC cajole/ persuade by flattery; noun -ry (one l) caky not -ey Cal. (California), use Calif. cal calorie (no point) cal. calendar cal. (mus.), calando calamanco/ a woollen stuff, pl. -es calamary the squid calando (mus.), volume and rate diminished; abbr. cal. calcareous chalky, not -ious calcedony use chal- calceolaria slipper-like flower, not calci- calcium symbol Ca calculator not -er calcul/us stony concretion in the body, pl. -i, adj. -ous; a system of computation, pl. -uses, adj. -ar Calderўn de la Barca (Pedro) 1600-81, Spanish playwright caldron use caul- calecannon use colcannon calendae calends, use k- calendar an almanac, not k-; abbr. cal. calend/er to make smooth (cloth, paper, etc.); a machine that does this; -erer, one who does this, not k- calender (Pers., Turk.), a dervish, not k- calends the first day of a Roman month; the Greek --, a time that never comes; not k- calf/ abbr. cf.; -leather, -love (hyphens) calfskin (one word) Caliban/ in Shakespeare's The Tempest; "-- upon Setebos", by R. Browning, 1864 Caliburn King Arthur's sword, not Cala-, Cale-; cf. Excalibur calico/ pl. -es California off. abbr. Calif. or (postal) CA californium symbol Cf caligraphy use calli- calipers use callipers caliph/ Muslim chief civil and religious ruler; -ate; not ka-, kha-, -if calisthenics use call- cal/ix (physiol. and biol.), cuplike cavity or organ; pl. -ices calk use caulk Callaghan (Leonard James) b. 1912, British statesman, Prime Minister 1976-9 Callander Central called abbr. cld. calligraphy not cali- Calliope (Gr.), muse of eloquence and epic poetry; calliope, steam-organ on roundabout calliper metal leg-support, (pl.) compasses for measuring inside or outside diameters of objects, not cali- Callirrhoe wife of Alcmaeon callisthenics gymnastic exercises, not cali- call/us thick skin; pl. -uses; adj. -ous Calmann-L‚vy publishers, Paris calmia, Calmuck use k-, K- Calor gas propr. term (cap., two words) calori/e unit of heat or energy (not now in scientific use), abbr. cal; -meter, measurer of heat; -motor, voltaic battery (one word) calotte skull-cap (RC clergy) Caltech California Institute of Technology caltrop (mil.), horse-maiming iron ball with spikes, not -throp, -trap calumniator not -er Calv‚ (Emma) 1866-1942, French operatic soprano Calverleigh Devon Calverley Kent, W. Yorks.; -- (Charles Stuart), 1831-84, English writer calves-foot jelly not -f's, -ves', -feet cal/x residue from burning; pl. -ces Calypso sea-nymph in the Odyssey; calyps/o, W. Indian Negro song, usu. about current affairs, pl. -os caly/x (bot.), whorl of leaves forming outer case of bud; pl. -ces camaraderie good-fellowship Camargue (the) S. France Camb. Cambridge Cambodia Indo-China, sovereign state 1953, not Kam-, boj-, -oja; in Fr. Cambodge; officially Kampuchea (Democratic) cambric fine white linens Cambridge/ abbr. Camb. or Cantab.; -- University, CU; -- University Press, CUP Cambridgeshire abbr. Cambs. camellia flowering shrub, not -elia camelopard giraffe Camembert a French cheese cameo/ striated stone carved in relief; pl. -s. See also intaglio camera/ pl. -s; -- obscura, not -- oscura; ---ready copy (typ.), abbr. CRC Camera Stellata the Star Chamber Cameroon/ (United Republic of) Cent. Africa, indep. 1960; adj. -ian Cammaerts (Emile) 1878-1953, Belgian poet Camoens (Luis Vaz de) 1524-80, Portuguese poet, not Cam”- camomile medicinal plant, not cha- Camorra Neapolitan secret society, practising violence and extortion. See also Mafia Campagna di Roma the plain round Rome campanile/ bell-tower, usu. detached; pl. -s camp/-bed, -chair, -fire (hyphens) Campbell-Bannerman (Sir Henry) 1836-1908, British statesman, Prime Minister 1905-8 (hyphen) Campbeltown Strathclyde Campeche Bay, City or State, Mexico, not -peachy camp/o (It.), open ground, pl. -i; campo santo (It., Sp.), a cemetery campsite (one word) Campus Martius field of Mars, anc. Rome Can. Canad/a, -ian, Cantoris can. canon, canto Canaan son of Ham. See also Cainan Canad/a, -ian abbr. Can. Canadian River Okla., US canaille (Fr. f.), the rabble canaker use kanaka Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio real surname Canal) 1697-1768, Italian painter; also used by his nephew Bernardo Bellotto, 1720-80, Italian painter canalize not -ise canap‚/ caviare, anchovies, etc., on fried bread or toast; pl. -s Canar/a, -ese use K- canard (Fr. m.), an absurd story, a duck; canard sauvage, wild duck canasta a card-game canaster a tobacco, not k-, -ister cancan high-kicking Parisian dance (one word) cancel (typ.), incorrect matter, new-printed leaf correcting this (its signature preceded by *) cancel/, -lation, -led, -ler, -ling cancellate (biol.), porous, marked with cross-lines cancelled/ abbr. cld. Candahar use K- candela standard unit of light intensity; abbr. cd candelabr/um large candlestick; pl. -a; also sing. -a, pl. -as Candide by Voltaire, 1759 c. and l.c. (typ.), capital(s) and lower case candle-light (hyphen) Candlemas Day 2 Feb. candle/power, -stick, -wick (one word) canephor/us (archit.), sculptured youth or maiden with basket on head; pl. -i caneton (Fr. m.), duckling canister small metal box, not -aster cannabis Indian hemp, not cana- (not cap., except for the bot. genus) cannelloni pasta rolls Cannes d‚p. Alpes-Maritimes, S. France cannibalize not -ise Canning (George) 1770-1827, and his son -- (Charles John, Earl), 1812-62, English statesmen cannon/-ball, -bone, -fodder (hyphens) canoe/, -d, -ing, -ist canon abbr. can. canon (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 48 pt. ca¤on (Sp.), a gorge canonize not -ise "Canon's Yeoman's Tale" by Chaucer Canosa Apulia, Italy Canossa Emilia, Italy, scene of penance of Emperor Henry IV before Pope Gregory VII, 1077; hence to go to --, "to eat humble pie" Canova (Antonio) 1757-1822, Italian sculptor canst (no apos.) Cant. Canterbury, Canticles can't to be printed close up cantabile (mus.), in a singing, graceful style Cantabrigian of Cambridge, not -dgian Cantabrigiensis (Lat.), of Cambridge University; abbr. Cantab. cantaloup a musk-melon, not cante-, -loupe Cantate Psalm 98 as canticle cantatrice (It. and Fr.), professional woman singer cante hondo (Sp.), mournful song Canterbury abbr. Cant. Canterbury bell flower (one cap.) canticle a hymn; abbr. cant. See also next Canticum Canticorum "The Song of Songs", also Canticles, abbr. Cant., same as Song of Solomon cantilever a form of bridge or support, not canta-, -liver Cantire Strathclyde, use Kintyre canto/ division of long poem, a song; pl. -s, abbr. can. cantonment mil. quarters cantoris of the precentor, that is on north side of choir; abbr. can. Cantor Lectures (Royal College of Physicians, and Society of Arts) Cantuar. Cantuarius, Cantuariensis (of Canterbury) Cantuar: sig. of Abp. of Canterbury (colon) Cantuarian of Canterbury cantus firm/us (mus.), basic melody in counterpoint, pl. -i; in It. canto fermo, pl. canti fermi Canute accepted variant of Cnut, 995-1035, king of Norway, Denmark, and England canvas/ coarse linen; -ed, -es canvass/ to solicit votes; -ed, -er, -es canyon a gorge caoutchouc unvulcanized rubber CAP Common Agricultural Policy (EEC) Cap (Fr. geog. m.), Cape cap. capital letter, chapter, foolscap cap-…-pie from head to foot (accent, hyphens, not ital.) Cap d'Ail town, d‚p. Alpes-Maritimes, France Cape/ cap. when with name, abbr. C.; -- Breton, Nova Scotia, not Briton, Britton, Briton, abbr. CB; -- of Good Hope, abbr. CGH; -- Province (of S. Africa), abbr. CP Capek (Josef) 1887-1945, and his brother -- (Karel), 1890-1938, Czech writers Cape Town S. Africa (two words) Cape Verde/ Islands off W. Africa, indep. 1975; not -- Verd, -- de Verd, adj. -an Cap Haitien town in Haiti capias (law), writ of arrest Capital Gains Tax abbr. CGT capitalization (see Hart's Rules, pp. 8-14, 92-6 for French, 107-8 for German, 122-4 for Russian). When in doubt use lower case. Use initial capitals for: Abstract qualities personified: O Fame! Acts of Parliament and Bills (titles of). Adjectives derived from proper names, when connection with the name is still felt to be alive, as Christian, Homeric, etc., but not when the connection is remote or conventional, as roman (numerals), or when the sense is an attribute, as chauvinistic, gargantuan, quixotic. Aircraft (types of), as a Concorde, a Starfighter. Archaeological eras, see Historical eras below. Associations, as Charity Organization Society. Bible (and books of the Bible: but see s.v.), Book of Common Prayer, Old Testament, etc. Botany, all divisions higher than species, that is, genera, families, orders, classes, etc. See also botany (as main entry). Churches, as Baptist Church. Compass point abbreviations, N., N. b E., NNE, NE b N., etc. Compass points when denoting a region (the mysterious East, unemployment in the North). Compound titles, as Assistant Adjutant-General, Chief Justice, Ex-President, Major-General, Vice-President. Days, as Christmas Day, Lady Day, Monday, New Year's Day. Deity (the), and related words, as Allah, Almighty, Christ, Dominus, Father, God, Jehovah, Lord, the Deity, the Holy Trinity, Yahveh; pronouns to have lower case except at author's request, but always who, whom. Festivals, as Easter, Whitsuntide. Full point, cap. follows unless the point marks an abbreviation. Geographical names with recognized status, as Northern Ireland (but northern England), East Africa, New England (USA), River Plate (but the river Thames). Geological formations, as Devonian, and eras, as Palaeozoic. German nouns: see Hart's Rules, pp. 107-8. Government (the). Historical eras and events, as Dark Ages, Early Minoan, Perpendicular, the Renaissance, First World War (but not archaeological eras, as neolithic, palaeolithic). House of Lords, Commons, etc. Institutions and movements, as Christianity, Islam, Marxism; the Crown, Parliament, the State. MS, MSS, manuscript, -s. Nicknames, as the Iron Duke, the Admirable Crichton. O! and Oh! (the interjections), and O (vocative). Palaeontology, all divisions higher than species. Period, see Full point above. Poetry, generally at beginning of each line in classical English and French; not necessarily in German, Latin, or Greek. Political bodies and parties, as Assembly, Senate; Conservative, Republican. Postcodes, as BR6 8JU (even full caps., no points, lining numerals; but when the fount has non-lining numerals, or in a s.-cap. context (e.g. publisher's imprint), even s. caps. may give a better effect). Proper names, including English Christian names, surnames, and names of an individual, family, place, locality, and the like; also attributes used as proper names, as a Black (Negro), a Blue (university), a Red (a communist). Proprietary terms: Aspro, Kodak, Persil. PS, postscript. Question, the next word following a question mark should generally begin with a capital letter. Quotations, when syntactically complete: Consider this "Thou art the man", but Do not follow "the madding crowd". Rank, when individuals are referred to or addressed by their rank, as "the Squire said", "Good evening, General". Religious denominations: Nonconformist, Orthodox. Roads, Gardens, Gates, Groves, Hills, Parks, Squares, Streets, Terraces, etc., when with name. Ships, as the Cutty Sark, HMS Dreadnought. Sovereign (the), in proclamations, all personal pronouns referring to, as Her, Him, His, etc. Titles and Subtitles of books, films, newspapers, periodicals, and plays, the first word and important words only, as "I Forbid the Banns", Farmer and Stockbreeder, The Merchant of Venice; but scientific and technical bibliographies often capitalize first word and proper names only. For French titles see Hart's Rules, p. 93; in Italian titles capitalize the first word only; for Russian titles see Hart's Rules, p. 123. Titles of corporations, as Department of Trade. Titles of courtesy, honour, and rank: HRH, TRH, the Prince of Wales, the Bishop of Oxford, President Roosevelt, His Grace, Sir John Smith, J. Smith, Esq., Mr J. Smith, etc.; note compound titles: Assistant Adjutant-General, Vice-President. Titles of distinction, as FRS, LL D, are usu. put in large caps. Even s. caps. often improve general effect. Titles of pictures, as for books; but identificatory descriptions given by cataloguers etc. where no artist's title exists take initial capital only. Titles of poems and songs, when formed from the first line, to be capitalized as book-titles, as "I Fear no Foe", "Where the Bee Sucks". Trade names, see Proprietary terms above. Vehicles (types of), as a Dormobile, a Jaguar. Verbs derived from proper names when there is direct reference to the name, as Americanize, Hellenize. Zoology, all divisions higher than species, that is, genera, families, orders, classes, etc. See also zoology (as main entry) capitalize not -ise capital letter abbr. cap. capitals (large) indicated in copy by three lines underneath the letter; abbr. cap. See also capitalization capitals (small) usually about two-thirds size of large caps., indicated in copy by two lines underneath; may be used for subsidiary headings, (with large-cap. initials) for the signatures of printed correspondence, and for any even large-cap. matter that would otherwise gain excessive prominence on the page. They are not used in German, Greek, or Russian. Abbr. (typ.) s.c. (without points as a proof-correction mark); also s. cap., pl. s. caps. See also even s. caps. Capitol temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill, anc. Rome; Congress building, Washington DC, US capitulum (bot., anat.), small head, knob cappuccino (It.), coffee with milk capriccio/ (mus.), fanciful work; pl. -s, adj. -so caps. and smalls (typ.), set in small capitals with the initial letters in large capitals; abbr. caps (or c) and sc capsiz/e not -ise; noun -al Captain abbr. Capt. caption (typ.). descriptive matter printed above or below an illustration; (US) heading of chapter, page, or section Captivity (the) of the Jews (cap. C) caput/ (lat.), head; -- mortuum, worthless residue after distillation Car. Carolus (Charles) car. carat carabineer soldier with carbine, not carb-, -ier; but Carabiniers & Greys carabinier/e Italian soldier serving as policeman; pl. -i Caracci family of painters, 1550-1619, not Carr- Caractacus accepted form of Caratacus, fl. AD 5O, king of Silures, anc. Britain caracul use karakul carafe glass container for water or wine, not -ff, -ffe caramba! (Sp.), wonderful!, how strange! carat a weight, not caract, carrat, karat; abbr. K. or car. caratch use kharaj Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da) 1569-1609, Italian painter caravanserai inn with courtyard used as halting-place for caravans, not -sary, -sery, -sera. See also khan caravel Spanish ship caraway plant with aromatic fruits ("seeds"), not carra- carbineer use carabineer carbohydrate (one word) carbon symbol C carbon copy abbr. c.c. carbon dating (two words) carbonize not -ise carbon paper (two words) carburett/ed, -or not -t-, -er carcass/ not -ase; pl. -es Carcassonne d‚p. Aude, France carcinom/a a cancer; pl. -ata card. cardinal cardamom aromatic capsules of ginger plants, not -mon, - mum card-game (hyphen) Cardigan Dyfed. See also Ceredigion card-index (noun & verb) Carducci (Giosu‚) 1835-1907, Italian poet carefree (one word) car€me (Fr. m.), Lent care of abbr. c/o caret insertion mark ^ caretaker (one word) Carew (Richard) 1555-1620, English poet; -- (Thomas), 1595-?1639, English poet and courtier car/ex sedge; pl. -ices Carey (Henry) ?1690-1743, English poet and composer; -- (Henry Charles), 1793-1879, US economist, son of next: -- (Mathew, one t), 1760-1839, US publicist; -- Street, London, syn. with the Bankruptcy Court. See also Cary cargo/ pl. -es Caribbean Sea W. Indies, not Carr- Cariboo Mountains BC, Canada caribou N. American reindeer, pl. same (not -boo) Caribou Highway BC, Canada Caribou Mountain Idaho, US carillon (chime of) bells Carington see Carrington Carinthia Austria, in Ger. K„rnten cariole use carr- Carisbrooke IW carit… (It. art), representation of maternal love Carleton (William) 1794-1869, Irish novelist Carlile/ (Richard) 1790-1843, English reformer and politician; -- (Revd Preb. William), 1847-1942, founder of Church Army. See also Carlisle, Carlyle Carliol: sig. of Bp. of Carlisle (colon) Carlisle Cumbria; -- (Earl of). See also Carlile, Carlyle Carlist supporter of Spanish pretender Don Carlos (1788-1855) Carlovingian use Carolingian Carlsbad Czechoslovakia, not K-; in Czech Karlovy Vary Carls/krona Sweden, -ruhe, W. Germany, use K- Carlton Club London Carlyle (Thomas) 1795-1881, Scottish writer. See also Carlile, Carlisle Carlylean not -eian, -ian Carmagnola Piedmont, Italy "Carmagnole (La)" French revolutionary song and dance Carmarthen Dyfed, not Caer- Carnarvon Gwynedd, use Caernarfon, but -- (Earl of) Carnatic Madras, India, not K- Carnaval/ suite of piano pieces by Schumann, 1834-5; -- des animaux (le), suite for small orchestra by Saint-Saens, 1886; -- romain (le), overture by Berlioz, 1844. See also Carnival "Carnaval de Venise, (le)" (mus.), popular type of air and variations, early nineteenth century Carnegie (Andrew) 1835-1919, Scottish-born US millionaire and philanthropist carnelian use cor- carnival in Fr. m. carnaval, in Ger. n. Carneval Carnival overture by Dvorak, 1891. See also Carnaval Carnoustie Tayside carol/ -led, -ler, -ling Carolean of the time of Charles I or II, not -ine Carolingian of the Frankish dynasty of Charlemagne, not Carlovingian, Karl- Carolus Lat. for Charles; abbr. Car. carous/e drink heavily; -al carousel tournament, rotating conveyor system. See Carrousel car-park (hyphen) Carpathian Mts. E. Europe, not K- carpe diem (Lat.) enjoy the day carpet/, -ed, -ing carport (one word) carp/us the wrist; pl. -i Carracci use Caracci carrageen Irish moss; not moss, -gheen; from Carragheen, near Waterford Carrantuohill Kerry, highest mt. in Ireland Carrara N. Italy, source of marble carrat use carat carraway use cara- Carribbean use Cari- Carrigtohill Cork (one word) Carrington (Baron) family name Carington (one r) carriole a carriage, not cariole Carroll (Lewis) (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), 1832-98, English author Carrousel (place du) Paris, from Fr. carrousel (m.), a tilting-match Carrutherstown Dumfries & Galloway (one word) carry-cot (hyphen) carsick (one word) Carte (Richard D'Oyly) 1844-1901, see D'Oyly Carte carte (fencing), use quart carte blanche (Fr. f.), full discretion (ital.) carte-de-visite (not ital.) Carter, Paterson & Co. former carriers, London Cartesian see Descartes cart-horse (hyphen) cartouche (archit.), scroll ornament, (archaeol.) ring enclosing hieroglyphic royal name, not -ch cartridge paper a firm, strong paper cart/-wheel, -wright (hyphens) carvel-built (naut.), with smooth planking Cary (Henry Francis) 1772-1844, English translator of Dante; -- (Arthur Joyce Lunel), 1888-1957, English novelist; -- (Lucius), Lord Falkland, 1610-43; -- (Alice), 1820-71, -- (Phoebe), 1824-71, US sisters, poets. See also Carey caryatid/ female figure as a column; pl. -s CAS Chief of the Air Staff Casabianca (Louis de) ?1755-98, French seaman Casablanca Morocco Casa Grande prehistoric ruin in Arizona, US "Casa Guidi Windows" by Mrs Browning, 1851 Casals (Pablo) 1876-1973, Catalan cellist Casanova de Seingalt (Giovanni Giacomo) 1725-1803, Italian adventurer Casas Grandes Mexican village with famous ruins Casaubon (Isaac) 1559-1614, French scholar and theologian; -- (M‚ric), 1599-1671, his son, clergyman; -- (Mr), in G. Eliot's Middlemarch casava use cassava casbah use k- case (bind.), bookbinding consisting of two boards joined by a flexible spine, and usually covered with cloth etc.; upper -- (typ.), capitals; lower --, small letters casein milk protein, not -ine cases (law), abbr. ca. casework (one word) cashew trop. American tree with edible nuts Cashmer/, -e use Kashmir cashmere soft wool fabric, not -meer, cachemere, -ire. See also kerseymere Casimir-Perier (Jean Pierre Paul) 1847-1907, French Pres. 1894-5 (no accent) casine use casein casino/ pl. -s (not ital.) Caslon (William) 1693-1766, typefounder; cutter of Caslon type cassata It. ice-cream (not ital.) Cassation (Cour de) highest court of appeal in France cassava the manioc, not cas-, -ave Cassel W. Germany, use K- Cassell & Co., Ltd. division of Cassell & Collier Macmillan Publishers, Ltd. cassimere use kerseymere. See also cashmere Cassiopeia (astr.), a constellation Cassivellaunus fl. 50 BC, British prince cast actors in a play caste hereditary class Castellammare Campagna and Sicily, Italy Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Mario) 1895-1968, Italian composer caster one who casts (see also -or); (typ.) a casting machine Castil/e N. Spain, not -ille; -ian cast iron (noun); cast-iron (adj.) Castle Cary Somerset Castlecary Central, Donegal Castlerea Co. Roscommon, Ireland Castlereagh (Robert Stewart Viscount) 1769-1822, British statesman Castleton Borders, Derby., Gr. Manchester, Gwent, N. Yorks. Castletown Cumbria, Dorset, Highland, I.o.M., Staffs., Tyne & Wear cast off (typ.), to estimate amount of printed matter copy would make castor a beaver (hence castor oil) or its fur; a small wheel for furniture; a small pot with perforated lid (hence castor sugar). See also caster Castor and Pollux stars, also patrons of sailors castrat/o (mus.), castrated male soprano; pl. -i casual incidental, not regular. See also causal casus/ belli (lat.), the cause of war; -- foederis, case stipulated by treaty; -- omissus, case unprovided for by statute CAT College of Advanced Technology, computer-assisted typesetting Cat. Catalan, Catullus cat. catalogue, catechism cataclasm violent disruption cataclysm/ deluge, violent event; -al, -ic, -ist, not -atist Catalan of Catalonia; abbr. Cat. Cataline use Catiline catalogu/e abbr. cat.; -ed, -er, -ing catalogue raisonn‚ (Fr. m.), an explanatory catalogue Catalonia in Sp. Catalu¤a catal/yst a substance facilitating chem. change; -yse, not -ize; -ysis; -ytic catamaran a raft; also two-hulled boat catarrh inflammation of mucous membrane catarrhine narrow-nosed (of monkeys), not -arhine Catch (Jack) use Ke- catch/-all, -as-catch-can (hyphens) catchline (typ.), a line containing catchword(s), signature letter, etc. catch-phrase (hyphen) catchpole a sheriff's officer, not -poll catch-22 inescapable dilemma, after novel by Joseph Heller, 1961 catchword (typ.), the first word of next page printed at bottom of preceding page; word(s) printed at head of dictionary page as guide to its contents Cѓteau Cambr‚sis (Peace of) 1559 catechism teaching by question and answer; abbr. cat. catechiz/e, -er, -ing not -is- catechumen convert under instruction before baptism categorize to classify, not -ise caten/a a chain; pl. -ae cater-cousin a good friend, not qua- caters (campan., pl.), changes on nine bells Cath. Catherine, Catholic cath. cathedral Catharine Kans., NY, Pa., US cathars/is purging; pl. -es Cathay poetical for China, not K- cathedral cap. when with name, as Ely Cathedral; abbr. cath. Catherine abbr. Cath.; St --, hence -- pear and -- wheel; -- I and II, empresses of Russia; -- of Aragon, Howard, -- Parr, first, fifth, and sixth wives of Henry VIII of England; -- de Medici, 1519-89, Queen of France cathisma use ka- cathod/e negative electrode; --e ray tube, abbr. CRT; -ic, -ograph; not k- Catholic abbr. C. or Cath. catholic/ism, -ize not -ise Catiline (Catilina, Lucius Sergius) 108-62 BC, Roman conspirator, not Cata- cation (elec.), ion carrying positive charge of electricity, not k- cat-o'-nine-tails (hyphens) cat's/-cradle a children's game; -eye, precious stone, (C-, propr. term) stud in road Catskill Mountains New York, US cats-paw person used as tool, (naut.) a light air, not catspaw catsuit (one word) Cattegat use Dan. Kattegat (Swed. Kattegatt) Cattleya an orchid genus Catullus (Gaius Valerius) ?84-?54 BC, Roman poet, abbr. Cat. Cauchy (Augustin Louis) 1789-1857, French mathematician caucus political meeting Caudillo Spanish "leader", title assumed by Gen. Franco after Spanish Civil War caught (cricket), abbr. c. cauldron not cal- caulk to make watertight, not calk caus. causa/tion, -tive causal having to do with a cause. See also casual causa/tion, -tive abbr. caus. cause c‚lЉbre (Fr. f.), famous law case, pl. -es -es causerie (Fr.f.), chat, usu. as informal essay cauterize not -ise Cavafy (Constantine) 1863-1933, Greek poet, not K-, -is Cavalleria Rusticana (Rustic Gallantry), opera by Mascagni, 1890 cavass use k- caveat a formal warning (not ital.) caveat/ actor (Lat.), let the doer beware; -- emptor, ditto buyer; -- viator, ditto traveller cave canem (Lat.), beware of the dog caviare pickled sturgeon-roe, not -iar, -ier cavil/ to make trifling objections, -led, -ler, -ling Cavour (Count Camillo) 1850-61, Italian statesman Cawnpore usual form in English history of the now correct Kanpur Caxton (William) c.1422-91, first English printer Cayenne capital of Fr. Guiana cayman/ American alligator not cai-, kai-; pl. -s Cayman Islands W. Indies cazique use cacique 3.3 CB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CB Cape Breton, Cavalry Brigade, Chief Baron, citizens' band (radio), Coal Board, Common Bench, Companion (of the Order) of the Bath, (naval) Confidential Book, confined barracks, cost benefit, County Borough, (mus.) contrabasso (double bass) CBA cost benefit analysis, Council for British Archaeology CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBE Commander (of the Order) of the British Empire CBEL Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature CBI Confederation of British Industry; (US) Cumulative Book Index 3.4 CC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CC 200, Caius College, Central Committee, Chamber of Commerce, Chess Club, Circuit Court, City Council, -lor, Civil Court, Common Councilman, Companion of the Order of Canada, Consular Corps, Countryside Commission, County Clerk, -- Commissioner, -- Council, -lor, -court, Cricket Club, Cycling Club cc (no points), cubic centimetre (in engines, etc.) cc. capita (chapters) c.c. carbon copy CCC 300, Corpus Christi College, Oxf. and Camb. CCCC 400 CCF Combined Cadet Force C.Chem. chartered chemist CCP Code of Civil Procedure, Court of Common Pleas, credit card purchase C.Cr.P. Code of Criminal Procedure 3.5 CD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CD 400, Civil Defence Cd cadmium (no point) cd candela (no point) Cd. Command paper, q.v. (with number following) c.d. cum dividend (with dividend) CDC Commonwealth Development Corporation (till 1963 Colonial -- --) Cdr. Commander Cdre. Commodore (naval) 3.6 CE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CE Chief Engineer, Civil Engineer CE Christian (or Common) Era (non-Christian usage in place of AD) Ce cerium (no point) cease-fire (noun, hyphen) cedar a tree ceder one who cedes cedilla mark under a letter, as ‡ Cedron see Kidron CEGB Central Electricity Generating Board Celanese an artificial silk (propr. term) cela/ va sans dire (Fr.), needless to say; -- viendra, that will come Celebes see Sulawesi celebrator not -er celiac use coeliac cellar not -er Cellini (Benvenuto) 1500-71, Italian goldsmith and sculptor cell/o violoncello; pl. -os; -ist, the player Cellophane transparent wrapping material (propr. term) Celsius temperature scale same as centigrade, abbr. C Celt/, -ic, -icism not K-; abbr. Celt. cembal/o harpsichord, pl. -os; -ist, the player CEMS Church of England Men's Society C.Eng. chartered engineer cenobite use coe- Cenozoic use Caino- censer incense vessel censor Roman magistrate, official with power to suppress (parts of) books, etc. cent. central, century; cent (no point), see per cent cent/, -s US etc. coin; abbr. c., ct., or cts. cental/ corn measure of 100 lb.; pl. -s; abbr. ctl. centauromachy (representation of) centaurs fighting centaury a plant centenarian one who is a hundred years old centen/ary, -nial centering framing for an arch, not -reing. See also centre centi prefix meaning one-hundredth, abbr. c centigrade (not cap.); abbr. C centigram not -gramme; abbr. cg (no point in scientific and technical work) centilitre abbr. cl (no point in scientific and technical work) centime/ one-hundredth of French franc; pl. -s; abbr. c. or cts. centimetre 0.394 inch, not -er; abbr. sing. and pl. cm. (but no point in scientific and technical work) Cento Central Treaty Organization cent/o writing composed of scraps from various authors; pl. -os Central region of Scotland central abbr. cent. centralize not -ise Central Provinces (India), now Madhya Pradesh centr/e, -ed, -ing; (typ.), set matter in middle of line, measure, etc. See also centering centre-notes (typ.), those between columns cents abbr. c., or cts. centum a hundred; abbr. C (no point). See also per cent centumvir/ Roman commissioner; pl. -i centurion commander of company in Roman army, not -ian century (typ.), spell out in bookwork; abbr. C. or cent. cephalic of the head, not k- Cephalonia Gr. island, anc. name Cephallenia ceramic etc., not k-; abbr. ceram. Cerberus (Gr. myth.), three-headed dog at gate of Hades cerebell/um the hinder brain; pl. -a; adj. -ar cerebro/-spinal, -vascular (hyphens) cerebr/um the brain proper; pl. -a; adj. -al cere/cloths, -ments grave-clothes, orig. dipped in wax, not sere- Ceredigion district of Wales, formerly Cardiganshire cerge use cie- ceriph (typ.), use serif cerise (Fr. f.), cherry cerise a colour cerium symbol Ce CERN Conseil Europ‚en (now Organisation Europ‚enne) de Recherches Nucl‚aires, European Council for Nuclear Research cert colloq. abbr. of certainty (no point) cert. certificate, certify Cert. Ed. Certificate in Education certiorari a writ removing a case to a higher court cerulean blue, not cae-, coe- Cervantes Saavedra (Miguel de) 1547-1616, author of Don Quixote cervi/x (anat.), pl. -ces, adj. -cal Cesarean use Cae- cesarevitch Tsar's eldest son, use tsarevich Cesarewitch horse-race cesser (law), the coming to an end c'est/-…-dire (Fr.), that is to say; -- la guerre, it is according to the customs of war; -- le premier pas qui co–te, it is the first step that is difficult Cestr: sig. of Bp. of Chester (colon) Cestrian of Chester cestui que/ trust (law), a beneficiary, pl. cestuis -- -- (not trustent); -- -- vie, he on whose life land is held, pl. cestuis -- -- cesura use cae- CET Central European Time cetera/ desiderantur or -- desunt (Lat.), the rest are missing ceteris paribus (Lat.), other things being equal; abbr. cet. par. Cetinje Yugoslavia, formerly cap. of Montenegro, not Cett-, Zet-, -inge Ceylon republic within Commonwealth, 1972, officially Sri Lanka (Ceylon); adj. Ceylonese. See also Sinhalese C‚zanne (Paul) 1839-1906, French painter 3.7 CF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CF Chaplain to the Forces Cf californium (no point) cf. calf, confer (compare) c.f. carried forward CFA Communaut‚ FinanciЉre d'Afrique, African Financial Community 3.8 CG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CG Captain of the Guard, coastguard, Coldstream Guards C.G. Captain-General, Commissary-General, Consul-General cg centigram, -s (no point in scientific and technical work) c.g. centre of gravity CGM Conspicuous Gallantry Medal CGPM Conf‚rence G‚n‚rale des Poids et des Mesures, General Conference of Weights and Measures CGS Chief of General Staff c.g.s. centimetre-gram-second system CGT Capital Gains Tax; Conf‚d‚ration G‚n‚rale du Travail, General Federation of Labour 3.9 CH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CH clearing-house, Companion of Honour, court-house, custom-house Ch. chaplain, Chin/a, -ese, Church, (Lat.) Chirurgiae (of surgery), (mus.) choir organ ch in Spanish and Welsh, a separate letter, not to he divided ch. chapter, chief, child, -ren Chablis a white burgundy cha-cha-cha ballroom dance (hyphens) chaconne dance chacun … son go–t (Fr.), everyone to his taste Chad/ Cent. Africa, independent republic 1960, adj. -ian; Lake --, in Sudan, not Tchad chadar (Ind.), use chuddar Chagall (Marc) 1889-1985, Russsian painter chain/-gang, -smoker (hyphens) chain reaction (two words) chairman (m. and f.), abbr. C. or chm. chair/person, -woman (one word) chaise-longue/ a couch, day-bed; pl. -es -es chal a gypsy; fem. chai chalaz/a (biol.), string attached to yolk of egg; pl. -ae chalcedony a form of quartz, not calce-, chalci- Chald/ea Babylonia (not -aea); -aic, -aism (not -ism), -ean, -ee; abbr. Chald. chalet a Swiss cottage, not cha- (not ital.) Chaliapin (Feodor Ivanovich) 1873-1938, Russian bass singer Chѓlons-sur-Marne d‚p. Marne, France, battle 451 Chalon-sur-Sa“ne d‚p. Sa“ne-et-Loire, France chamb. chamberlain (cap. as a title of office) chambermaid (one word) chamber music (two words) chamber-pot (hyphen) Chambers's/ (Edinburgh) Journal; -- Encyclopaedia Chambertin a red burgundy chameleon lizard of changeable colour, not chamae- chamfer to bevel chamois-leather not shammy- chamomile use cam- Chamonix d‚p. Haute-Savoie, France, not -ouni, -ounix, -oisny champagne a sparkling wine champaign flat open country champerty (law), an illegal agreement, not -arty champignon (Fr. m.), a mushroom, not -pinion Champlain (Lake) between NY and Vt., US Champlain (Samuel de) c.1570-1635, French founder of Quebec, Can. champlev‚ a kind of enamel Champollion (Jean Fran‡ois) 1790-1832, French Egyptologist Champs Elys‚es Paris chancellery not -ory chancellor (cap. as title), abbr. chanc. chance-medley (law), a form of homicide (hyphen) Chancery abbr. Chanc. chancre venereal ulcer chandelier branched hanging support for lights Chandler's Ford Hants Chanel (Gabrielle) 1883-1971, French perfumer change/able, -ability change-over (noun, hyphen) channel/, -led, -ling Channel Islands not -- Isles; abbr. CI chanson/ (Fr. f.), a song; -nette (f.), a little song; -nier (m.), singer or song-writer in cabaret chant/ singing; -er, of bagpipe, not chau- Chantilly d‚p. Oise, France Chantrey/ (Sir Francis Legatt) 1781-1841, sculptor; -- Fund, Royal Academy of Arts, London chantry endowed chapel chanty use shanty chap. chapel, chaplain, chapter chaparejos (pl.), cowboy's leather riding-breeches, not -ajos chapeau/ (Fr. m.), a hat, pl. -x; -x bas! hats off!; ---bras, three-cornered hat carried under arm chapel abbr. chap.; (typ.), smallest organized union group in printing works, in journal and in some bookwork editorial offices; father of --, its chief officer Chapel-en-le-Frith Derby. (hyphens) chapelle ardente (Fr. f.), a chapel lighted for a lying-in-state (no hyphen) Chapel Royal pl. Chapels -- chaperon not -one, -onne Chap.-Gen. Chaplain-General chaplain abbr. chap. Chapman (Geoffrey) publisher Chapman & Hall Ltd. publishers Chappell (William) 1809-88, music publisher chapter/, -s abbr. c., cap., ch., or chap. chapter-headings (typ.), choice of type is a matter of taste; no general rule can be stated char/, -red, -ring char small trout, not -rr charabanc/ a motor coach,; pl. -s, not char-…-banc characteriz/e not -ise; -able, -ation, -er charg‚ more fully charg‚ d'affaires; pl. charg‚s (not ital.) charisma/ spiritual power of person or office; adj. -tic charivari a mock serenade; London Charivari (The), former subtitle of Punch Charlemagne 742-814, king of the Franks from 768 Charles abbr. C. or Chas. Charles's Wain (astr.), Ursa Major Charleston Ill., SC (source of the dance), W. Va., US Charlestown Mass., US Charlottenburg Berlin charlotte russe (cook.), custard or cream enclosed in sponge-cake (not ital.) Charollais breed of cattle, not -olais Charon (class. myth.), the ferryman of the Styx charpoy Indian bedstead charr use char charter flight (two words) charter-member (hyphen) charter-party written evidence of agreement, esp. naut. (hyphen) Charters Towers Queensland, Australia (no apos.) chart paper machine-made from best rags, suitable for lithographic map-printing chartreuse a liqueur first made at Carthusian monastery near Grenoble Chartreux a Carthusian monk Charybdis personified whirlpool in Str. of Messina. See also Scylla Chas. Charles chase (typ.), metal frame holding composed type Chasid/, -ic use H- Chasles (Michel) 1793-1880, French mathematician; -- (PhilarЉte), 1798-1873, French lit. critic chass‚ (Fr. m.), dance step; -- crois‚, double chass‚ chassis window sash, a framework as of motor car, pl. same (not ital.) chastis/e not -ize; -ement, -ing chѓteau/ (Fr. m.), a castle; pl. -x (not ital.) Chateaubriand (Fran‡ois Ren‚ vicomte de) 1768-1848, French writer and statesman (no accent) Chѓteaubriand (Fr. cook.), fillet of beef, cut thick and grilled Chѓteaubriant d‚p. Loire-Inf‚rieure, France Chѓteaudun d‚p. Eure-et-Loir, France Chѓteauguay Quebec, Can. Chѓteau/-Lafite, -Latour, -Margaux clarets (hyphens) chѓteaux en Espagne (Fr.), "castles in the air" chatelain/ lord of the manor; fem. -e Chattanooga Tenn., US, battle in Civil War Chatto & Windus, Ltd. publishers Chaucer/ (Geoffrey) ?1345-1400, English poet; adj. -ian chauffeu/r driver of motor car, fem. -se chaunt/, -er use chant chauss‚e (Fr. f.), a causeway, the ground level chaussures (Fr. f. pl.), boots shoes, etc. Chautauqua New York State, celebrated resort chauvin/ism, -ist (not cap.) Ch.B. Chirurgiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Surgery) Ch.Ch. Christ Church, Oxford Chebyshev (Pafnuti Lvovich) 1821-94, Russian mathematician, not Tch- check to stop. See also cheque check/-in, -list, -out, -up (nouns, hyphens) Cheddar cheese not -er Cheeryble Brothers in Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby cheese/board, -cake, -cloth (one word) cheesy not -ey cheetah hunting leopard, not chet- chef (Fr. m.), a cook; chef/ de cuisine, head cook; -- d'orchestre, leader of the orchestra; -- d'oeuvre, a masterpiece, pl. chefs--- cheir- use chir- Cheka USSR "Extraordinary Commission (against counter-revolution)", 1917-22. See also OGPU Chekhov (Anton Pavlovich) 1861-1904, Russian playwright and story-writer, not the many variants CHEL Cambridge History of English Literature Chelmsford: sig. of Bp. of Chelmsford (colon) chem/ical, -ist not chy-; abbr. chem. chemico-physical (hyphen) chemin de fer (Fr. m.), railway; a form of baccarat chemistry (typ.), caps. for initial letters of symbols, no point at end. Names of chemical compounds to be in roman, not caps. Some prefixes are ital. or s. caps.; abbr. chem. See also elements (chemical) Chemnitz E. Germany, now Karl Marx Stadt cheque a written order (US check) chequer (noun) pattern of squares; (verb) to variegate, interrupt (not -ck-) Chequers, Prime Minister's official country house in Bucks. Cherbourg d‚p. Manche, France cherchez la femme (Fr.), look for the woman chЉre amie (Fr. f.), a sweetheart Cherenkov (Pavel Alekseevich) b. 1904, Russian physicist, discoverer of radiation ch‚r/i (Fr.), fem. -ie, darling (‚) chernozem Russian black soil Cherokee N. American Indian chersonese name applied to various peninsulas; cap. when used as name (esp. of Thracian peninsula W. of Hellespont) cherub/ an angelic being; pl. -s; Heb. pl. -im Cherubini (Maria Luigi) 1760-1842, Italian composer Cherwell Oxford river che sar… sar… (It.), what will be, will be Cheshire abbr. Ches. Chesil Beach Dorset chessboard (one word) chess-man (hyphen) Chester formal name for Cheshire, now only hist. esp. in "County palatine of Chester" Chester-le-Street Co. Durham (hyphens) chestnut not chesnut chetah use chee- Chetniks guerrilla forces raised in Yugoslavia during Second World War by Gen. Mihailovich cheval/ (Fr. m.), a horse, pl. chevaux; -- de frise (mil.), obstacle to cavalry advance, usually in the pl. chevaux de frise cheval-glass tall mirror on frame Chevalier/ (Albert) 1861-1923, English music-hall artiste; -- (Maurice), 1888-1972, French entertainer chevalier d'industrie (Fr. m.), a swindler Chevallier (Gabriel) 1895-1969, French novelist cheville violin peg, stopgap word in sentence or verse chevrotain deerlike animal, not -tin chevy use chivvy Chevy Chase (Ballad of) Cheyenne Wyoming, US; also an Indian tribe Cheyne Walk Chelsea chez (Fr.), at the house of chi/ Gr. letter; ---square, method of comparing statistical experiment with theory Chi. Chicago Chiang Kai-shek 1887-1975, Nationalist Chinese statesman Chianti Italian wine chiaroscuro/ light and shade, pl. -s chibouk a Turkish pipe, not chibouque chic (noun and adj.), stylish(ness) (not ital.) Chicago Ill., abbr. Chi. chiccory use chicory Chichele Oxford professorships Chichen Itz Mexico, site of antiquities Chickahominy (battles of the), in SE Virginia, American Civil War Chickamauga (battles of), 1863, N. Georgia chicken-pox (hyphen) chicory not chiccory chief abbr. C. or ch.; Chief/ Accountant, CA; -- Baron, CB; -- Justice (caps., no hyphen), abbr. CJ; -- of General Staff, abbr. CGS chield (Sc.), a young man, not chiel chiffon dress fabric or ornaments chiffonier a sideboard, not -nnier (not ital.) chiffre (Fr. m.), figure, numeral, monogram chignon a coil of hair chigoe W. Indian parasite, not jigger child/bed, -birth (one word) Childe Harold's Pilgrimage by Byron, 1811-17 Childermas 28 Dec. childlike (one word) child/-minder, -proof (hyphens) Chile S. America, not Chili; adj. Chilean Chilianwala Pakistan, not Chilianwallah, Killianwala chilli/ red, or Guinea, pepper, not chile, chili, chilly; pl. -es chimaera use chimera Chimborazo Ecuador chimera a creation of the imagination, (biol.) an organism with two cells of two or more genetically distinct types, not -aera chimere bishop's upper robe, not -er chincapin dwarf chestnut, not -kapin, -quapin Chindits British glider-borne troops in Burma in Second World War chin‚ (Fr.), variegated (of stuffs) Chinese/ abbr. Ch. or Chin.; (typ.) printed in characters numbering several thousand, which are phonetically transcribed into the Latin alphabet according to various systems, notably (1) Pinyin, e.g. Hua Guofeng, Tianjin, sometimes with accents indicating tone of spoken syllables, (2) Wade-Giles, e.g. Hua Kuo-Feng, Tientsin, sometimes with superior figures indicating tone; -- Classics, the sacred books of Confucianism chinoiserie Chinese decorative objects chipmunk a N. American ground-squirrel, not -uck Chipping Campden Glos. chi-rho monogram of XP, first letters of Greek "Christos" chiromancy palmistry, not cheir- Chiron the centaur, not Cheir- chiropodist one who treats hands and feet, not cheir-, -pedist chiropract/ic (sing.), removal of nerve interference by manipulation of spinal column; -or, one who does this Chiroptera the bat order chirosophy palmistry, not cheir- chirrup/, -ed, -ing chirurgiae (Lat.), of surgery; abbr. Ch. chisel/, -led, -ling chit, chitty (Anglo-Ind.), a letter Chittagong Bangladesh chivvy to harass, not che-, chivy chlorine symbol Cl chlorodyne medicine containing chloroform, not -ine chlorophyll (bot.), green colouring matter of plants, not -il, -yl Ch.M. Chirurgiae Magister (Master of Surgery) chm. chairman (m. and f.) choc. chocolate chock/-a-block, -full (hyphens) Choctaw tribe of N. American Indians choir part of a church, or singers, not quire cholera morbus acute gastro-enteritis cholesterol fatty alcohol found in parts of the body, not -in choosy not -ey Chopin (Fr‚d‚ric Fran‡ois) 1810-49, Polish composer "Chops of the Channel" west entrance to English Channel chop-suey Chinese dish choreograph/y ballet design; -er, the arranger chorography description of districts (intermediate between geography and topography) chorus/ pl. -es; -ed chose (law), a thing Chose (Monsieur) (Fr.), Mr So-and-so chose jug‚e (Fr. f.), a matter already decided chota hazri (Anglo-Ind.), early breakfast Chota Nagpur Bihar, India chou/ (Fr. cook. m.), cabbage; puff (pastry), a dress rossette; ---fleur, cauliflower (hyphen), pl. choux-fleurs; choux de Bruxelles, Brussels sprouts; chou marin, sea-kale Chou En-lai use Zhou Enlai choux rich light pastry chow mein Chinese dish (two words) Chr. Christ, Christian, Chronicles Chr. Coll. Cam. Christ's College, Cambridge Chr‚tien de Troyes 12th c., French poet Christ Church Oxford, not -- -- College; abbr. Ch.Ch. Christchurch Hants, and NZ Christe eleison (eccl.), "Christ, have mercy" Christian/, -ity (cap.) Christiania former name of Oslo, capital of Norway; a type of turn in skiing, abbr. Christie Christianize not -ise (cap.) Christie, Manson, & Woods auctioneers, ("Christie's") Christmas Day (caps.); Old -- --, 7 January Christoff (Boris) b. 1919, Bulgarian bass singer Christ's College Cambridge abbr. Chr. Coll. Cam. Christy-minstrels coloured entertainers, with bones, banjos, etc. (after George Christy, of New York) chromatography (chem.), separation by passing over adsorbent chrome yellow a pigment chromium symbol Cr chromo/ (typ.), (no point), abbr. of chromolithograph, picture printed in colours from stone or plates; pl. -s chromolithography (one word) chromo paper one with a special heavy coating for lithographic printing chromosome (biol.), structure carrying genes in cell chromosphere gaseous envelope of sun chron. chronolog/y, -ical, -ically, chronometry Chronicles, First, Second Book of abbr. 1 Chr., 2 Chr. chronological age abbr. CA chrysal/is pl. -ides Chrysaor son of Neptune Chryseis daughter of Chryses, a Trojan priest chryselephantine (Gr. sculpture), overlaid with gold and ivory Chrysler/ US make of car; -- Building, New York chrysoprase green chalcedony, not -phrase Chrysostom (St John) Greek Father, 347-407 chthon/ian, -ic (Gr. myth.), dwelling in the underworld chuddar (Anglo-Ind.), overgarment, not the many variants Chur Grisons, Switzerland; in Fr. Coire Church initial cap. when referring to a body of people, as the Methodist Church; lower case for building; abbr. C. or Ch. Church Assembly (properly National Assembly of the Church of England), set up 1920, absorbed into General Synod, 1970 Church Commissioners formerly Ecclesiastical Commissioners and Queen Anne's Bounty church/-goer, -going (hyphens) Churchill (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer) 1874-1965, British statesman; -- (Winston), 1871-1947, US writer church mouse (two words) church/warden, -yard (one word) Churrigueresque lavishly ornate Spanish baroque chute slide etc. chutney condiment, not -nee, -ny chymist use che- 3.10 CI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CI Channel Islands, Chief Inspector, -- Instructor, Commonwealth Institute, Communist International Ci curie (no point) CIA (US) Central Intelligence Agency ciao (It.), word of greeting Cibber (Colley) 1671-1757, Poet Laureate 1730-57 Cic. Cicero cicad/a the tree cricket, not cig-, -ala; pl. -ae (biol.), -as (general) cicatrice/ scar; pl. -s cicatri/x (in surgery), scar; pl. -ces cicatrize not -ise Cicero (Marcus Tullius, "Tully") 106-43 BC, Roman orator; abbr. Cic. cicero (typ.), European type-measure of 12 Didot (q.v.) points ciceron/e a guide, pl. -i Cicestr: sig. of Bp. of Chichester (colon) cicisbe/o (It.), a married woman's gallant; pl. -i CID Criminal Investigation Department Cid Campeador (El) c.1040-99, Spanish warrior cider not cy- ci-devant (Fr.), formerly CIE Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire Cie (Fr.), compagnie (company) (no point) cierge large candle, not cer-, ser- cigala use cicada ci-gЊt (Fr.), here lies CIGS Chief of Imperial General Staff CII Chartered Insurance Institute cili/um a hairlike appendage; pl. -a; -ary, -ate, -ation cill, use sill Cimabue (Giovanni) c.1240-1302, Italian painter cimbalom dulcimer cim/ex bedbug; pl. -ices Cimmerian intensely dark; (pl.) nomadic people, 7th c. BC (cap.) C.-in-C. Commander-in-Chief Cincinnati Ohio, US Cincinnatus 5th c. BC, Roman hero cine-camera (hyphen) cinerari/a plant with ash-coloured foliage; pl. -as cinerari/um niche for urn with ashes of deceased; pl. -a Cingalese use Sinhalese cingul/um a girdle or zone; pl. -a cinquecento 1500-99, and Renaissance art of that century Cinque Ports Hastings, New Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich, plus Winchelsea and Rye cinques (campan., pl.), changes on eleven bells cion use scion cipher not cy- cipolin (one l), Anglicized form of It. cipollino, veined white and green marble Cipriani (Giambattista) 1727-85, Italian painter and engraver circ. circiter (about) circa (Lat. prep.), about; in Eng. used mainly with dates and quantities; abbr. c. Circean of Circe, not -aean circiter (Lat. adv.), about, approximately; abbr. circ. Circuit Court abbr. CC circuit edges (bind.), limp covers turned over to protect the leaves circulariz/e to issue circulars, not -ise; -ing circum (Lat.),about; in Eng. used as prefix meaning around, surrounding circumcise not -ize circumflex (typ.), accent. circumflexion not -flect- Cirencester Glos. cirque natural amphitheatre (not ital.) cirrhos/is a liver disease; pl. -es cirriped marine crustacean, not -de cirr/us (bot.) tendril, (zool.) slender appendage, (meteor.) tuftlike cloud formation; pl. -i cisalpine on the Roman side of the Alps (not cap. except in Cisalpine Gaul) cispontine on the north side of the Thames. See also transpontine cist (archaeol.), tomb or coffin, not k-. See also cyst cit. citation, cited, citizen citations see authorities, quotations cities (typ.), names of not to be abbreviated if avoidable citizen abbr. cit. citizens' band (radio), abbr. CB citoyen/ (Fr.), fem. -ne, citizen citrine (noun and adj.), lemon-colour(ed) Citroen Fr. make of car cittadin/o (It.), a citizen, pl. -i; fem. -a, pl. -e city abbr. c.; the City, London's financial centre; City Editor, the supervisor of financial reports, (N. Amer.) editor of local news. See also cities ciudad (Sp.), city, not cui- Ciudad Trujillo recent name for Santo Domingo, cap. of Dominican Republic civ. civil, -ian civics the study of citizenship Civil/ Court abbr. CC; -- Engineer, abbr. CE civiliz/e not -ise; -able, -er Civil/Servants, -- Service (caps.), abbr. CS Civitavecchia Italy (one word) 3.11 CJ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CJ Chief Justice 3.12 Cl... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Cl chlorine (no point) cl centilitre, -s (no point in scientific and technical work) cl. class, clause, cloth Clackmannan district and former county of Scotland (three ns) Clairaut (Alexis Claude) 1713-65, French mathematician, not -ault claire-cole use clearcole clairvoyant/ fem. -e (not ital.) clam/ to clog, smear; -miness, -my clamjamphrie (Sc.), rubbish, also a mob, not the many variants clam/our but -orous clampdown (noun, hyphen) clang/our but -orous ClaparЉde (Jean Louis Ren‚ Antoine ђdouard) 1832-70, Swiss naturalist claptrap empty words (one word) claque/ hired applauders; -ur, member of claque (not ital.) clar. (mus.) clarinet; (typ.) clarendon clarabella (mus.), an organ stop, not clari- Clarenceux the second King-of-Arms, not -cieux clarendon (typ.), a thickened modern type, not a generic term for bold-face type (q.v.); abbr. clar. Clarendon/ Press named after -- Building, a former printing house of the University Press at Oxford; hence still the imprint on certain learned books of the OUP claret red wine of Bordeaux clarinet/, -tist not -ionet; abbr. clar. Clarissa Harlowe by Richardson, 1748 class abbr. cl. class. classic, -al, classification classes (bot., zool.), (typ.) to be in roman with capital initials clause so-and-so (typ.), to have lower-case c; abbr cl., pl. cll. Clausewitz (Karl von) 1780-1831, Prussian mil. writer clayey of the substance of clay CLB Church Lads' Brigade cld. called, cancelled, cleared (goods or shipping), coloured clean (typ.), said of proofs or revises with few errors, or pulled after matter has been corrected clean disc see disc clearcole (noun and verb), (to paint with) a coating of size, not claire- clear days time to be reckoned exclusive of the first and last cleared (goods or shipping), abbr. cld. clear/-eyed, -headed, -sighted (hyphens) clearing bank (two words) clearing-house abbr. CH clearstory use clere- clearway (one word) cleistogam/ic, -ous (bot.), permanently closed and self-fertilizing, not k- Clemenceau (Georges EugЉne Benjamin) 1841-1929, French politician, not Cl‚- Clemens (Samuel Langhorne) 1835-1910 ("Mark Twain"), US writer clench to secure (a nail or rivet), to grasp firmly; the action or result of these. See also clinch clepsydra/ an ancient water-clock, not k-; pl. -s cleptomania use k- clerestory (archit.), upper part of wall with row of windows, not clear- clerk abbr. clk. Clerke (Agnes Mary) 1842-1907, English astronomer Clerk-Maxwell (James) 1831-79, see Maxwell (James Clerk) Clerk/ of Parliaments (caps.); -- of the Peace, abbr. CP; -- of the Privy Council, abbr. CPC Clermont Ferrand d‚p. Puy-de-D“me, France (hyphen) Cleveland county of England clevis/ U-shaped iron at end of beam for attaching tackle, pl. -es clew ball of thread; (naut., verb or noun) (to draw up) lower corner of sail. See also clue cl. gt. (bookbinding) cloth gilt clich‚ (typ.), European term for a block or stereotype; a hackneyed phrase clicker (typ.), former title of foreman of a companionship (q.v.) Clicquot (Veuve) a brand of champagne clientele clients collectively (no accent, not ital.) climacteric (noun or adj.), (pertaining to) a critical period; grand --, the age of 63 climactic pertaining to a climax climatic pertaining to climate clinch to make fast a rope in a special way, to embrace, to settle conclusively; the action or result of these. See also clench Clinker (Humphry not -ey) by Smollett, 1771 clinometer instrument for measuring slopes, not k- Clio (Gr.), muse of history cliometrics (pl. used as sing.), statistical method of historical research cliqu/e, -ish, -ism, -y not -eish, -eism, -ey (not ital.) clish-ma-claver (Sc.), gossip (hyphens) Clitheroe Lancs. clitor/is (anat.), female organ; adj. -al clk. clerk cll. clauses Cllr. Councillor Cloaca Maxima sewer of anc. Rome (caps.) cloche (hort.), bell-glass or glass cover for plants; woman's close-fitting hat (not ital.) clock-face (hyphen) cloff an allowance on commodities, not clough cloisonn‚ (Fr.), a kind of enamel close (typ.), the second member of any pair of punctuation marks, as "]); pron. kloze close up (typ.), to push together, to remove spacing-out leads; close matter, unleaded, or thinly spaced close-up (noun) closure a stopping, esp. of debate in Parliament; in Fr. f. cl“ture Clos Vougeot a burgundy clot-bur (bot.), burdock, not clote-, cloth- clote (bot.), burdock and similar burry plants, not ---bur cloth/ abbr. cl.; -- of Bruges, gold brocade Clotho (Gr. myth.), the Fate that draws the thread of life cl“ture (Fr. f.), closure clou (Fr. m.), point of chief interest Cloud-cuckoo-land (hyphens, one cap.) cloudy (meteor.), abbr. c. clough a ravine clove hitch a knot (two words) clubbable sociable club-foot congenital disorder (hyphen) clubhouse (one word) clue information to be followed up. See also clew Cluniac (monk or nun) of branch of Benedictine order stemming from Cluny, France Clwyd river and county, N. Wales Clydebank Strathclyde, a town Clytemnestra wife of Agamemnon, not Clytae- 3.13 CM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CM Certified Master or Mistress, Chirurgiae Magister (Master of Surgery), (mus.) common metre, Corresponding Member, Member of the Order of Canada Cm curium (no point) c.m. causa mortis (by reason of death) cm. centimetre(s) (but no point in scientific and technical work) Cmd. Command paper (q.v.) (old series), with number following cmdg. commanding Cmdr. Commodore (naval) CMG Companion of (the Order of) St Michael and St George Cmnd. Command paper (q.v.) (new series), with number following CMP Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police CMS Church Missionary Society 3.14 CNAA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CNAA Council for National Academic Awards CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Cnossus Crete, use Knossos Cnut more correct form of Canute, not Knut 3.15 CO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CO Colorado (off postal abbr.), Commanding Officer, conscientious objector, criminal offence, Crown Office Co cobalt (no point) Co. Colon, Company, County c/o care of coad. coadjutor coaetaneous use coe- coagul/um a clot; pl. -a Coalbrookdale Shropshire coal/-dust, -face (hyphens) coal/field, -man (one word) coal-mine (hyphen) coalmouse (ornith.), the coal titmouse, not cole- coal-pit (hyphen) Coalville Leics. coastguard one man or the body of men (one word), abbr. CG coat of arms (three words) co-author noun and verb (hyphen) coaxial (one word) cobalt symbol Co Cobbe (Frances Power) 1822-1904, British social writer coble boat, not cobble Coblen/ce, -z W. Germany, use Koblenz COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), a computer-programming language; caps. or even s. caps. cobra de capello Indian snake, not da, di Coburg Iowa, US; Saxe---, Germany, not -ourg, -urgh coca S. Amer. shrub, source of cocaine Coca-Cola abbr. Coke, carbonated soft drink from cola nut and cacao (propr. terms) Cocagne use Cockaigne cocaine not -ain; pop. abbr. coke cocco (bot.), Jamaica plant tuber, not cocoa, coco coccy/x (anat.), end of spinal column; pl. -ges Cochin-China formerly part of Fr. Indo-China, now of Vietnam (hyphen) cochle/a the ear cavity; pl. -ae cochon de lait (Fr. m.), sucking pig Cockaigne London, not Cocagne, Cockayne cock-a-leekie (Sc.), soup, not cockie-leekie, cocky-leeky cockatiel small crested Australian parrot, not -teel cockatoo/ large crested Australian parrot; pl. -s cockatrice fabulous serpent Cockcroft (Sir John Douglas) 1897-1967, British nuclear scientist Cocker (Edward) 1631-75, reputed author of Arithmetic; "according to Cocker", accurate cockney native of E. London (not cap.) cockscomb a plant. See also coxcomb cockswain use coxswain Cocles (Horatius) who kept the Sublician Bridge coco trop. palm-tree bearing coconut. See also cacao, cocco coconut not cokernut Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands) Bay of Bengal cocotte small dish, (arch.) a prostitute Cocytus a river in Hades COD cash, or collect, on delivery COD Concise Oxford Dictionary cod. codex Code Napol‚on (Fr. m.), civil code promulgated 1804-11 cod/ex ancient MS, abbr. cod.; pl. -ices, abbr. codd. codfish (one word) codling small cod, elongated apple cod-liver oil (one hyphen) Cody (William Frederick) 1846-1917, "Buffalo Bill", US showman coed coeducational, girl at coeducational school (no point) coeducation/, -al (one word) coefficient (one word) Coelebs in Search of a Wife by Hannah More, 1709 Coelenterata a zool. phylum (not ital.) coeliac abdominal, not ce- coenobite member of monastic community, not cen- coequal (one word) coerulean use ce- coetaneous of the same age, not coae- coeternal (one word) Coeur de Lion Richard I of England, or Louis VIII of France (no hyphens) coeval of the same age (one word) coexist/, -ence (one word) coextensive (one word) C. of E. Church of England coffee bar (two words) coffee/-bean, -cup, -house, -pot (hyphens) coffer-dam a watertight enclosure cogito, ergo sum (Lat.), I think, and therefore I exist (motto of Descartes) cognate abbr. cog. cogniz/e to become conscious of, not -ise; -able, -ance, -ant cognoscent/e (It.), a connoisseur; pl. -i, not con- cognovit (actionem) (law), an acknowledgement that the action is just coheir/, -ess (one word) COHSE Confederation of Health Service Employees COI Central Office of Information COID Council of Industrial Design, now Design Council coiff/eur (Fr. m.), -euse (f.), hairdresser; -ure (f.), head-dress, hair-style Coire Grisons, Switzerland; use Chur coits use quoits coke pop. abbr. for cocaine Coke abbr. for Coca Cola (propr. term) Coke (Sir Edward) 1552-1634, Lord Chief Justice of England cokernut use coconut Col. Colonel, Colossians col. colonial, column cola W. Afr. tree and its seed, not k- colander a strainer, not colla-, culle- colcannon an Irish dish, not cale-, cole- cold composition (typ.) see hand-setting; (comp.) see strike-on Cold Harbor Va., US, scene of three Civil War battles Coldharbour Dorset, Glos., Surrey Cold Harbour Lincs., Oxon. cold/metal, -- type (typ.) sorts cast up for hand composition or correction; (comp.) see strike-on Coldstream/ Borders, a town; -- Guards, not The Coldstreams, abbr. CG cold war (the) (not caps.) colemouse use coalmouse Coleoptera (Zool.), the beetles cole-pixy use colt-pixie Colerain NC, US Coleraine Co. Londonderry Coleridge (Hartley) 1796-1849, English minor poet and critic, son of next; -- (Samuel Taylor), 1772-1834, English poet and critic; -- (Sara, not -ah), 1802-52, English writer Coleridge-Taylor (Samuel) 1875-1912, English composer coleslaw salad of chopped cabbage (one word) Colette pen-name of Sidonie Gabrielle Claudine Colette, 1873-1954, French writer colic/, -ky Coligny (Gaspard de) 1519-72, French Huguenot leader Coliseum London theatre. See also Coloss- coll. colleague, collect/ed, -ion, -or, college collage art composition with components pasted on to a surface collander use colander colla/ parte or -- voce (mus.), adapt to principal part or voice; abbr. col. p., or col. vo. collapsible not -able coll' arco (mus.), with the bow collar of SS see SS (collar of) collat. collateral, -ly collat/e (bind.) to check sequence of gathered sections; (typ.) to put the sheets of a book in right sequence; (bibliog.) to compare minutely two copies of same book, to provide information for such a comparison; -or, not -er colla voce see colla parte colleague abbr. coll. collect. collectively collectable not -ible collectanea (Lat. pl.), collected notes collect/ion, -or abbr. coll. collections an Oxford college examination collective nouns see nouns (collective) colleen (Anglo-Irish), a girl college abbr. coll. (cap. when used as part of name) CollЉge de France (m.) College of Arms abbr. CA College of Justice (Sc.), supreme civil courts collegi/an a member of a college; -ate, belonging to a college collegi/um an ecclesiastical body uncontrolled by the State; pl. -a col legno (mus.), with the wood of the bow Colles fracture (med., of wrist) collie a dog, not -y Collins a letter of thanks for hospitality (from the character in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice) Collins (William) Sons & Co., Ltd. publishers collogue to talk confidentially collop a piece of meat colloq. colloquial, -ly, -ism colloqui/um conference; pl. -a colloqu/y talk; pl. -ies; -ize, not -ise collotype (typ.), a planographic (q.v.) process used mainly for the finest reproduction work Colo. Colorado, US Cologne W. Germany, in Ger. K”ln Colombia (Republic of) S. America. See also Colu- Colombo cap. of Sri Lanka, not Colu- Colўn Cent. Amer.; abbr. Co. See also Columbus colon see punctuation IV Colonel/ abbr. Col.; -- Bogey (golf), the imaginary good player colonial abbr. col. coloniz/e not -ise; -able, -ation colonnade row of columns colophon (typ.), an inscription at the end of a book, giving the sort of details now usually found on the title-page; incorrect name for publisher's device or trade mark colophony rosin Colorado off. abbr. Colo. coloration not colour- Colosseum Rome. See also Colis- Colossians abbr. Col. coloss/us pl. -i Colossus of Rhodes (cap.) colourant not colorant Coloured/ (S. Afr.), of Asian or mixed ancestry (adj.); -s, Cape Coloured people (cap.). colourist not colorist Colour-Sergeant not -jeant; abbr. Col.-Sgt., Col.-Sergt. Colour (Trooping the) not Colours col. p. (mus.), colla parte (adapt to principal part) colporteur hawker of books, esp. bibles (not ital.) Colquhoun pron. ko-hoon (stress on second syllable) colt abbr. c. colter use cou- colt-pixie a mischievous fairy, not cole-pixy columbari/um a dovecot, place for cremation urns; pl. -a Columbia (British) Canada, abbr. BC Columbia (District of) US, abbr. DC (no points). See also Colo- columbium now called niobium Columbo use Colombo Columbus (Christopher) 1451-1506, Genoese navigator; in Sp. Cristўbal Colўn column abbr. col. colure (astr.), each of two great circles of the celestial sphere Colville of Culross (Viscount) col. vo. (mus.), colla voce (adapt to principal voice) Com. Commander, Communist com. comedy, comic, commercial, commission, -er, committee, common, -er, -ly, commun/e, -ity, communicat/e, -ed, -ion com/a (med.), stupor; pl. -as com/a (astr.), nebulous envelope round head of comet, (bot.) tuft of hair; pl. -ae comb. combin/e, -ed, -ing combat/, -ed, -ing, -ive Combermere (Viscount) combin/e, -ed, -ing abbr. comb. Comdr. Commander Comdt. Commandant come-at-able accessible (hyphens) Comecon economic association of Communist countries Com‚die Fran‡aise (La) off. name of Le Th‚ѓtre Fran‡ais (caps.) Com‚die Humaine (La) series of novels by Balzac, 1842-8 com‚dien/ (Fr.), actor; fem. -ne comedy abbr. com. come/ prima (mus.), as at first; -- sopra, as above, abbr. co. sa. comfit/ sweetmeat, not con- comfrey (bot.), ditch plant, not cum- comic abbr. com. Comintern the Communist (Third) International, 1919-43, not Kom- comitadji band of irregulars (in the Balkans), not k- comitatus (Lat.), a retinue, a county or shire; pl. same comitia (Lat. pl.), Roman assembly of the people Comitia (pl.), a meeting of the Senate of Dublin University; -- Aestivalia, ditto in summer; -- Hiemalia, ditto in winter; -- Vernalia, ditto in spring comity of nations international courtesy comm. (naval), Commodore comm. commentary, commerce, commonwealth comma/ pl. -s; see punctuation II commandant abbr. Comdt. commandeer to seize for mil. or other service Commander/ abbr. Cdr. (Admiralty), Com. or Comdr.; ---in-Chief (hyphens), abbr. C.-in-C. commanding abbr. cmdg.; Commanding Officer abbr. CO commando/ (member of) body of troops, esp. shock troops; pl. -s command paper abbr. C. (1870-99) or Cd. (1900-18) or Cmd. (1919-56) (old series); Cmnd. (1956- ) (new series), followed by number comme ci, comme ‡a (Fr.), indifferently, so-so commedia dell'arte Italian Renaissance comedy, mainly improvised by guild of professional actors comme il faut (Fr.), as it should be Commemoration at Oxford, annual ceremony in memory of founders and benefactors commencement ceremonial conferring of university degrees, as at Cambridge; (US) a speech-day commendam ecclesiastical benefice held in commendam, i.e. without duties commentary abbr. comm. commentator not -er commerce abbr. comm. Commissary-General (hyphen); abbr. CG commission/, -er abbr. com. commissionaire uniformed door-attendant (not ital.); in Fr. m. commissionnaire, less specific in meaning commit/, -ment, -table (not -ible), -tal, -ted, -ting committee, representative group from a larger body (coll. sing., with sing. verb); abbr. com. See also committor committ/er one who commits; -or (law), a judge who commits a lunatic to the care of a committee (stress on final syllable) Commodore (naval), abbr. Cdre, Cmdr. See also Air Commodore common/, -er, -ly abbr. com. Common Bench abbr. CB common metre (mus.), abbr. CM commonplace (adj.) (one word) Common Pleas abbr. CP common sense adj. with noun (hyphen when attrib.) commonsensical (adj.) (one word) Common Serjeant not -geant; abbr. CS or Com.-Serj. common time (mus.), abbr. C Common Version (of the Bible); abbr. CV or Com. Ver. commonwealth (cap. when part of name); abbr. comm. Commonwealth (Australian), abbr. Cwlth commune communal group (esp. sharing accommodation), small territorial division (France and elsewhere); abbr. com. communicat/e, -ed, -ion abbr. com. communications satellite not -ation (two words) communiqu‚ an official report Communist abbr. Com.; -- Party, abbr. CP communize to make common; not -ise commutator apparatus for reversing electric current commuter one who travels regularly to work in a town Comor/o Islands Indian Ocean, indep. 1975, adj. -an comp. comparative, comparison, compil/e, -ed, -er, -ation, compos/er, -ite, -ition, -itor, compounded compagnie (Fr. f.), company; abbr. Cie compagnon de voyage (Fr. m.), travelling companion Companies Act (no apos.) companionship (typ.), former name of a group of compositors working together under a clicker (q.v.); abbr. 'ship company abbr. Co., (mil.) Coy. (point). See also compagnie comparative abbr. comp. compare abbr. cf. (confer), or cp. comparison abbr. comp. compass (typ.), the compound points, when printed in full, to be hyphened without caps., as north-east, north-by-north-east, north-north-east, north-east-by-north. See also abbreviations, capitalization compendi/um pl. -a competit/or fem. -ress CompiЉgne d‚p. Oise, France compile, -ed, -er, -ation abbr. comp. complacen/t self-satisfied; -cy complaisan/t obliging; -ce Compleat Angler (The) by Izaak Walton, 1653 complement (verb and noun), to make complete, that which makes complete completorium (Lat.), compline; pl. -a complexion not -ction compliment (verb and noun), (to) praise, flatter(y) compline last service of the day (RCC), not complin composer, -ite, -ition, -itor abbr. comp. compos mentis (Lat.), in one's right mind compote stewed fruit compound, -ed abbr. comp. compound ranks or titles each word to have cap., as Assistant Adjutant-General, Vice-President comprehensible not -able comprise not -ize; -ed, -ing compromise not -ize compte/ (Fr. m.), an account; -- rendu, official report, pl. comptes rendus "Comptes Rendus" reports of the French Academy (caps.) Compton-Burnett (Dame Ivy) 1884-1969, English novelist (hyphen) comptroller retain when citing official title which has it, otherwise use controller Comptroller-General of the National Debt Office ditto of the Patent Office (caps., hyphen) computer calculating and data-processing machine computerize not -ise Com.-Serj. Common Serjeant Comsomol use K- Comte (Auguste) 1798-1857, French philosopher; -ian, -ism, -ist comte (Fr.), Count; fem. comtesse (not cap.) Con. Consul con to direct a ship's course, to examine, to swindle, not -nn, -un; -ning con. conclusion, conics, conversation con. contra (against, in opposition to) Conakry Guinea con amore (It.), with affection (not ital. in mus.) con brio (mus.), with vigour conc. concentrat/ed, -ion concensus use conse- concentration camp (two words) Concepciўn name of many Cent. and S. American places (but not in Brazil) concert/-goer, -hall, -master (hyphens) Concert/meister, -stЃck (Ger. mus.), now Konzert- (cap.) Concertgebouw Orchestra Amsterdam concertin/o (mus.) pl. group of soloists, short concerto, pl. -os concerto/ (mus.), pl. -s (but concerti grossi); abbr. cto. concessionaire holder of a concession, usu. of a monopoly from a foreign government (not ital.), in Fr. m. concessionnaire conch/ a shell; pl. -s conch. conchology conchy see conscientious objector concierg/e (Fr. m.f.), house-porter, -portress; -erie (f., no accent), porter's lodge Conciergerie (La) former Paris prison conclusion abbr. con. Concord Calif., Mass., NC, NH, US concordance index of words or phrases used in book or by author concordat an agreement (not ital.) Concorde make of aircraft concours (Fr. m.), a competition; -- d'‚l‚gance, parade of vehicles concur/, -red, -ring conde (Sp. & Port.), a count, not -dee Cond‚, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de ("The Great") 1621-86, French general condensed type a narrow typeface condottier/e (It.), a captain of mercenaries; pl. -i conductor not -er; abbr. c. con espressione (mus.), with expression, not ex-; abbr. con esp. coney use cony Coney Island NY, US conf. conference confection/ery (noun), -ary (adj.) Confederacy (US hist.), the league of seceding states in the Civil War confer (Lat.), compare; abbr. cf. conference abbr. conf. conf‚rence (Fr. f.), lecture confer/, -red, -ring, -rable, -rer but -ee, -ence, -ment Confessio Amantis by Gower, 1393 confetti bits of coloured paper, etc. confidant/ a trusted friend, fem. -e confr‚re (Fr. m.), colleague (not ital.) Confucius 551-479 BC, Chinese sage con fuoco (mus.), with passion cong. congregation, -al, -alist, -ist, congress, -ional cong‚/ (Fr. m.), leave; -- d'‚lire, leave to elect, not -- de lire Congo (Democratic Republic of) Cent. Africa, now Za‹re Congo (People's Republic of the) Cent. Africa, indep. 1960, formerly Fr. Middle Congo; adj. Congolese congou a black tea, not -o, kongo congregation/, -al, -alist (cap. as relig. denomination); abbr. cong. Congresbury Avon Congress India, the political party; US, the legislative body (cap.); spell out number, as fifty-fourth Congress, not 54th congress/, -ional abbr. C. or cong. conics geometry of the cone and its sections; abbr. con. conjugation inflexions of a verb; abbr. conj. conjunction connection; abbr. conj.; (astr.) apparent proximity of two heavenly bodies (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) conjunctiv/a mucous membrane between eyelid and eyeball; pl. -ae (not ital.); -itis, inflammation of this conjuror a magician; one bound by oath, not -er con moto (mus.), with (more) rapid motion Conn. Connecticut, US Conna Co. Cork Connacht province of Ireland Connah's Quay Clwyd connect/er one who connects; -or, that which connects Connecticut US; abbr. Conn. or (postal) CT connection not connexion connivance tacit assent, not -ence connoisseur well-informed judge in matters of taste (not ital.) conoscente use cogno- conquistador/ a conqueror, esp. of Mexico and Peru; pl. -es Conrad (Joseph) real name Teodor Jўzef Konrad Korzeniowski, 1857-1924, Polish-English novelist, not K- cons. consecrate(d), conservation, consonant, constable, constitution, -al Conscience (Hendrik) 1812-83, Belgian novelist conscience' sake conscientious objector abbr. CO; (First World War colloq.) conchy consenescence general decay consensus not -census conservat/oire (Fr. m.); -orio (It., Port., Sp.); Konservatorium (Ger. n., cap.) consol. consolidated console (archit.) bracket; key-desk of an organ; cabinet for radio(gram), etc. Consolidated Annuities abbr. Consols consomm‚ clear soup consonant abbr. cons. consonantize to make consonantal; not -ise con sordino (mus.), with a mute conspectus (Lat.), a general view (not ital.) con spirito (mus.), spiritedly constable abbr. c. or cons. Constance lake and town, Switzerland Constans Roman emperor 337-50 Constans mythical King of Britain Constant (Benjamin; in full, Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque), 1767-1830, French Swiss political novelist; -- (Benjamin Jean Joseph), 1845-1902, French painter Constantino/ple now usu. Istanbul; -politan Constitution of a country (cap. C) constitution/, -al abbr. cons. construction abbr. constr. Consuelo by George Sand, 1842 Consul abbr. C. or Con.; Lat. pl. consules, abbr. coss. Consul-General abbr. C.-G. Consumers' Association abbr. CA consummat/e (verb), to perfect or complete; (adj.), perfect, complete; noun -ion consummatum est (Lat.), it is finished cont. containing, contents, continent, continue, -d contadin/o Italian peasant, pl. -i; fem. -a, pl. -e contagi/um contagious matter; pl. -a containing abbr. cont. contakion use kontakion contang/o (Stock Exchange), charge for carrying over; pl. -os conte (Fr. m.), short story conte (It. m.), a count contemptible not -able contents abbr. cont. conterminous with a common end or boundary, not cot- Contes drolatiques by Balzac, 1832-7 contessa (It.), a countess Continent (the) (cap.); continent of Europe, etc. (not cap.); abbr. cont. continu/e, -ed abbr. cont. continu/o (mus.), an improvised keyboard accompaniment; pl. -os continu/um (philos., phys.), a continuous quantity; pl. -a cont-line (naut.), spiral space between rope strands, space between stowed casks contr. contract, -ed, -ion, -s, contrary contra against, in opposition to; abbr. con. contrabasso (It. mus.), the double-bass, abbr. CB; in Eng. contrabass contract/, -ed, -ion, -s abbr. contr. contracting-out (noun, hyphen) contractions see abbreviations contractor not -er contrafagotto (It. mus.), the double bassoon (one word) contra jus gentium (Lat.), against the law of nations contralt/o (mus.), lowest female voice; pl. -os; abbr. C. contra/ mundum (Lat.), against the world; -- pacem (law), against the peace contrariwise contrary abbr. contr. Contrat social (Le) by J. J. Rousseau, 1762 contretemps a mishap (not ital.) contributor not -er control/, -led, -ling controller see comptroller Controller-General but Comptroller-General of the National Debt Office and of the Patent Office Controller of Accounts abbr. CA conundrum/ riddle; pl. -s convector apparatus for heating by convection convenances (les) (Fr. f. pl.), the proprieties convener caller of a meeting convention/, -al abbr. conv. conventionalize not -ise conversation abbr. con. conversazione/ a meeting for learned conversation; pl. -s converter not -or convertible not -able convey/er (person); -or (thing) esp. in conveyor belt Convocation a provincial assembly of the Church of England; a legislative assembly of certain universities convolvulus/ flower; pl. -es Conwy river and town, Gwynedd cony/ a rabbit, not coney, pl. conies; ---garth, a rabbit-warren Conyngham (Marquess) Cooch Behar India, not Kuch cooee (esp. Australian bush) call, not -ey, -hee, -ie Cook (Captain James) 1728-79, British explorer; -- (Thomas), 1808-92, English travel agent cookie (Sc.) a bun, (US) a small cake or biscuit, not -ey, -y coolabah Austral. gum-tree, not -ibah coolie (Ind., Chin.), native hired labourer, not -y Coomassie Ghana, use Kumasi Cooper (James Fenimore one n), 1789-1851, US novelist co-operat/e, -ion, -ive (hyphen), but uncooperative (no hyphen) Co-operative Society (hyphen) co-opt (hyphen) co-ordinate (hyphen); but in math. usu. coordinate; and uncoordinated Cop. Copernican cop. copper, copulative copaiba (med.), a balsam from a S. American tree, not -va coparcen/ary (law), joint heirship to an undivided property, not -ery; -er, a joint heir COPEC Conference on Christian Politics, Economics, and Citizenship copeck a hundredth of a rouble, not -ec, -ek, ko-; abbr. c. Copenhagen Copernican abbr. Cop. copier not copyer copper abbr. cop.; symbol Cu (cuprum) copperas ferrous sulphate, green vitriol copperize to impregnate with copper, not -ise copro- (in compounds), dung-, not k- Copt. Coptic, liturgical language of Egyptian Christians copul/a (gram., logic, anat., mus.), that which connects; pl. -ae copulative abbr. cop. copy (typ.), matter to be reproduced in type. See also manuscript copy-book (hyphen) copyer use -ier copyholder (typ.), (formerly) a proof-reader's assistant copy preparation see manuscript copyright notice the copyright symbol °, name of copyright-owner, and date of publication must appear (usu. on the verso of the title-page) in every copy of a book claiming copyright protection under the Universal Copyright Convention (q.v.). See also Berne Convention copy/-typist, -writer (hyphens) coq/ (Fr. m.), cock; -- au vin, chicken cooked in wine; -- de bruyЉre, black game coquet/ fem. -te, a flirt; -ry, -ting, -tish coquille (Fr. typ. f.), a misprint Cor. 1 and 2 Corinthians cor. corpus; (mus.) cornet, corno (horn); coroner coram (Lat.), in presence of; -- judice (law), before a judge; -- nobis, before us; -- paribus, before one's equals; -- populo, before the people Coran use Koran cor anglais (mus.), instrument of oboe family coranto use courante Corcyra anc. name of Corfu Corday (Charlotte) 1768-93, French revolutionist cordelier Franciscan friar, wearing knotted waist-cord cordillera/ (Sp.), a mountain chain; pl. -s cordite an explosive Cordoba Spain and Argentina, not -va; in Sp. Cўrdoba cўrdoba monetary unit of Nicaragua cordon bleu blue ribbon, a first-rate cook cordon sanitaire sanitary cordon (of men) to prevent spread of contagious disease cordwain Spanish leather Corea/, -n use K- co-respondent in divorce case (hyphen) corf coal-miner's basket, tub, or trolley; lobster-cage; pl. corves Corfe Castle Dorset, castle and village Corflambo the giant in Spenser's Faerie Queene Corfu Gr. island, anc. name Corcyra, in mod. Gr. Kerkyra Corinthians, (First, Second, Epistle to the) abbr. 1 Cor., 2 Cor. Corn. Cornish, Cornwall corncrake bird (one word) corne/a the eyeball covering; pl. -as Corneille (Pierre) 1606-84, French playwright cornelian red quartz, not carnelian, -ion cornemuse French bagpipe corner-stone (hyphen) cornet (mus.), abbr. cor. cornett/o (mus.), old woodwind instrument; pl. -i cornfield (one word) cornflour finely ground maize cornflower blue-flowered plant Corniche (La) coast road from Nice to Genoa; in It. La Cornice Cornish/ abbr. Corn.; -- gillyflower, a variety of apple Corn Laws (caps.) corn/o (mus.), a horn, pl. -i; -o inglese (It.), cor anglais cornu/ (anat.), hornlike process; pl. -a Cornubia (Lat.), Cornwall cornucopia/ horn of plenty; pl. -s; adj. -n Cornwall abbr. Corn.; in Fr. f. Cornouailles coroll. corollary, inference corolla/ (bot.), pl. -s coron/a (archit., bot., anat., astr.), pl. -ae coroner cap. as title; abbr. cor. coronis mark of contraction (crasis) in Greek Corot (Jean Baptiste Camille) 1796-1875, French painter Corporal abbr. Cpl. corpor/al of the human body; -eal, physical, mortal, opp. to spiritual corporealize to materialize, not -ise corposant St Elmo's fire corps sing. and pl. corps/ d'arm‚e (Fr. m.), army corps, -- de ballet, company of ballet-dancers; -- de bataille, central part of an army; -- d'‚lite, a picked body; -- des lettres (Fr. typ.), the body of the type; -- diplomatique, diplomatic body corp/us body; pl. -ora, abbr. cor. Corpus Christi festival of institution of the Eucharist, on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi College Oxf. and Camb., abbr. CCC corpus delicti (law), the facts constituting an alleged offence corp/us lut/eum (physiol.), ovarian body; pl. -ora -ea corp/us vil/e worthless substance; pl. -ora -ia corr. correct/ion, -ive, -or; correspond, -ence, -ent, -ing; corrupt, -ed corral (noun and verb), pen (for) cattle (two rs) correcteur (Fr. typ. m.), corrector of the press correct/ion, -ive, -or abbr. corr. correction of proofs see proof-correction marks Correggio (Antonio Allegri da) 1494-1534, Italian painter corregidor (Sp.), a magistrate correlate bring into relation correlative abbr. correl. correspond/, -ence, -ent, -ing abbr. corr. Corresponding Member abbr. CM or Corr. Mem. CorrЉze, d‚p. France corrida a bullfight (not ital.); corrida de toros (Sp.), a bullfight (itals.) corrigend/um thing to be corrected; pl. -a Corr./ Mem. Corresponding Member; -- Sec., Corresponding Secretary corroboree Australian aboriginal dance, not -bery, -borie, -bory corrupt/, -ed, -ion abbr. corr. corrupter not -or corset close fitting inner bodice Corsica abbr. Cors.; in Fr. f. Corse corslet (armour) cuirass; combined waistband and brassiЉre; not -elet corso (It.), (horse-)race, street for it Corstorphine Edinburgh cort. cortex cortЉge (funeral) procession Cortes the legislative assembly of Spain Cort‚s (Hernando) 1485-1547, conqueror of Mexico cort/ex bark; pl. -ices, abbr. cort. Corunna in Sp. La Coru¤a corv‚e (Fr. f.), feudal forced labour, drudgery corvette a small frigate Coryate (Thomas) ?1577-1617, English traveller corybant/ a Phrygian priest; pl. -es (not ital.); adj. -ic, frenzied Corycian nymphs the Muses coryphae/us a chorus leader, not -eus; pl. -i coryph‚e (Fr. m.), chief ballet-dancer COS Chief of Staff Cos Gr. island, not Kos; hence cos lettuce cos (math.), cosine (no point) co. sa. (mus.), come sopra, as above cosec (math.), cosecant (no point) cosh (math.), hyperbolic cosine (no point) cosh/ar, -er (Heb.), use kosher CosЌ fan tutte ("All women are like that"), opera by Mozart, 1790 co-signatory (hyphen) cosine (math., no hyphen), abbr. cos cosmogony, cosmography abbr. cosmog. COSPAR Committee on Space Research coss. consules (consuls) cosseted pampered, not -etted co-star (hyphen) cotangent (math., no hyphen), abbr. cot cote (Fr. f.), market quotation, figure, mark, share c“te (Fr. f.), hillside, shore c“t‚ (Fr. m.), side C“te d'Azure eastern Mediterranean coast of France C“te-d'Or d‚p. France c“telette (Fr. f.), a cutlet coterie a "set" of persons (not ital.) coterminous use cont- C“te-r“tie (Fr. f.), a red wine c“tes de boeuf (Fr. f.), ribs of beef C“tes-du-Nord d‚p. France cotillion a dance; in Fr. m. cotillon cottar peasant, not -er cotter pin, wedge, etc. Cotter's Saturday Night (The) by Burns, 1786 Cottian Alps France and Italy cottier a cottager cotton/ in Fr. m. coton; -tail (one word), American rabbit; -- wool (two words), raw cotton Cottonian Library in British Museum (British Library, Reference Division) cottonize to make cotton-like, not -ise couch a kind of grass. See also cutch coud‚ (astr.), telescope with light-path bent at an angle Cou‚ism psychotherapy by auto-suggestion (Emile Cou‚, 1857-1926) couldn't to be printed close up couldst (no apos.) coul‚ (mus.), a slur coul‚e a lava-flow couleur (Fr. f.), colour; -- de rose, roseate (figurative) coulisses (pl.), the wings in a theatre couloir a gully Coulomb (Charles Augustin de) 1736-1806, French physicist; coulomb (elec.), unit of charge, abbr. C coulter a plough blade, not col- council/ assembly; -lor, member of a council, abbr. Cllr. council/ estate, -- flat, -- house (two words), properties owned by council; -house (hyphen), in which council meets counsel/ advice, barrister; -led, -ling; -lor, one who counsels count/ -ess (cap. as title); abbr. Ct. countdown (noun, one word) counter (typ.), space wholly or mainly enclosed within a letter, e.g.the centre of O counter/balance, -charge (one word) counter/-cheer, -claim (hyphens) counter-clockwise (one hyphen) counter-quarte (fencing) (hyphen), not -carte counter/-reformation (caps. with hist. reference); -revolution (hyphens) counter-tenor (mus.), abbr. C. Countesthorpe Leics. Counties palatine Cheshire and Lancs. (cap. C only) countrif/y,-ied not country- country/ dance, -- house (two words) countryside (one word) country-wide (hyphen) county abbr. Co. County Council/, -lor abbr. CC County court (one cap.), abbr. CC coup a stroke, esp. a political revolution Coupar Angus Tayside (no hyphen), not Cupar -- coup/ de foudre (Fr. m.), stroke of lightning; -- de fouet (fencing), a "beat"; -- de grѓce, a finishing stroke; -- de main, sudden attack to gain a position; -- de maЊtre, a master-stroke; -- de pied, a kick; -- de poing, blow with the fist, -- de soleil, sunstroke; -- d'essai, first attempt; -- d'‚tat, sudden or violent change in government; -- de theatre, sudden sensational act; -- d'oeil, a glance, wink coupe a shallow dish coup‚ a covered motor car for two (accent, not ital.) coupee in dancing, a salute to partner couper (Sc.), a dealer Couperin (Fran‡ois) 1688-1733, French composer coup manqu‚ (Fr. m.), a failure courante (music for) dance with gliding step, not coranto Cour de Cassation see Cassation courgette small marrow (not ital.) courier travelling attendant, in Fr. m. courrier Court abbr. C. or Ct. Courtauld Institute of Art London court bouillon (Fr. cook. m.), fish stock Courtelle propr. term for an acrylic fibre (cap.) Courtenay fam. name of Earl of Devon courtesan prostitute with wealthy clients court-house abbr. CH Courtmantle use Cu- court martial (noun, two words), pl. courts --; court-martial (verb, hyphen) Court of/ Appeal abbr. CA; -- -- Common Pleas, abbr. CCP; -- -- Probate, abbr. CP; -- -- St James's (apos.); -- -- Session, abbr. CS Courtrai Belgium, not -ay; in Fl., Kortrijk Courts of Justice (caps.) courtyard (one word) couscous NW African dish of granulated flour steamed over broth. See also cuscus cousin-german not -aine, -ane; pl. cousins-german co–te que co–te (Fr.), at any cost, not -- qui -- Coutts & Co. bankers coutur/ier, -iЉre a dressmaker Covenanter (Sc. hist.) covenantor (law) Coventry: sig. of Bp. of Coventry (colon) Coverley (Sir Roger de) cover-up (noun, hyphen) Cowling Lancs., N. Yorks. Cowlinge Suffolk Cowper (William) 1731-1800, English poet cowrie the shell, used as money in Africa and S. Asia, not -ry. See also kauri coxcomb a fop. See also cocks-comb coxswain (naut.), not cocks-; colloq. cox Coy. (mil.), company coyote N. American prairie wolf coypu S. American aquatic rodent, source of nutria fur, not -ou 3.16 CP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CP Cape Province (of S. Africa), Central Provinces, now Madhya Pradesh (India), Chief Patriarch, Civil Power, --Procedure, Clarendon Press, Clerk of the Peace, Code of Procedure, College of Preceptors, Common Pleas, -- Prayer, Communist Party, Congregatio Passionis (Passionist Fathers), Court of Probate cp. compare c.p. candlepower, carriage paid CPC Clerk of the Privy Council c.p./i. characters per inch; --l., ditto per line; --m., ditto per minute; --s., ditto per second, cycles per second Cpl. Corporal CPO Chief Petty Officer, Compulsory Purchase Order CPR Canadian Pacific Railway CPRE Council for the Protection of Rural England CPS Custos Privati Sigilli (Keeper of the Privy Seal) CPSA Civil and Public Services Association CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPU (comp.), central processing unit 3.17 CR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CR Carolina Regina (Queen Caroline), Carolus Rex (King Charles), Civis Romanus (a Roman citizen), Community of the Resurrection, Custos Rotulorum (Keeper of the Rolls), credit rating, current rate Cr chromium (no point) Cr. credit, -or, Crown cr. created Crabb (George) 1778-1854, English philologist Crabbe (George), 1754-1832, English poet Cracow acceptable Anglicized spelling of Krakўw, Poland Craigton Glasgow Crane (Harold Hart) 1899-1932, US poet; -- (Stephen), 1871-1900, US novelist and poet cranes-bill plant of the genus Geranium, not cranesbill crani/um skull; pl. -a crap/e gauzelike fabric, usu. black, for mourning; adj. -y. See also cr€pe crassa negligentia (law), criminal negligence crawfish large marine lobster crayfish freshwater crustacean CRC camera-ready copy cream/-laid a writing paper with wire marks; ---wove, ditto without created abbr. cr. Creation (the) (cap.) crЉche a day nursery Cr‚cy (battle of) 1346, not Cressy, Cr‚ci credit/, -or abbr. Cr. credit card (two words) cr‚dit/ foncier (Fr. m.), society for loans on real estate; -- mobilier, ditto on personal estate credo/ creed; pl. -s creese use kris Crefeld W. Germany, use Krefeld Creighton (Mandell) 1843-1901, Bp. and historian crematori/um pl. -a crЉme de la crЉme (Fr. f.), the very best, not cre-, cr€- Cremona a violin made there (cap.) crenate (bot.), notched (of leaves) crenellate(d) (mil.), furnish(ed) with battlements crenulate (bot.), finely notched Creole (strict use, usu. cap.) pure-blooded descendant of French, Spanish, Portuguese settlers in W. Indies, Louisiana, Mauritius, Africa, and E. Indies; (loose use, not cap.), a Negro born in America; a Creole-Negro half-breed speaking a Spanish or French dialect; dialect thus imposed by a dominant group creosote not kreosote cr€pe/ (Fr. m.), crape fabric other than black, (f.) pancake; -- de Chine, raw silk crepe; -- lisse, smooth crepe; -- Suzette, small pancake. See also crape crescendo/ (mus.), growing in force; abbr. cres., cresc.; (non-techn.), gradually increasing noise; pl. -s Cressy use Crecy cretaceous chalky, not -ious Cretan of Crete cretin type of mental defective; in Fr. m. cr‚tin, f. cr‚tine cretonne a cotton cloth Creusot (Le) d‚p. Saone-et-Loire, France, not -zot crevasse large fissure, esp. in the ice of a glacier CrЉvecoeur (Michel Guillaume Jean de) 1735-1813, French-born US writer crЉve-coeur (Fr. m.), heart-break; pl. same crevette (Fr. f.), prawn crevice small fissure Criccieth Gwynedd Crichton (James) 1560-?85, Scottish scholar and soldier, "the Admirable --" cricket/, -er, -ing cri de coeur (Fr. m.), passionate appeal crim. con. (law), criminal conversation, adultery crime passionnel (Fr. m.), crime caused by sexual passion (two ns) Crimplene propr. term for bulked Terylene (cap.) cring/e, -ing crinkum-crankum intricate, crooked, not -cum -cum cris/is pl. -es crispbread thin rye etc. biscuit (one word) crit. critic/al, -ized criteri/on standard of judgement; pl. -a criticaster a petty critic criticize not -ise critique a review (not ital.) Critique of Pure Reason in German Kritik der reinen Vernunft, by Kant, 1781 CRMP Corps of Royal Military Police Croat a native of Croatia; Serbo-Croat Hrvat crochet/ hooked-needle work; -ed, -ing Crockford in full Crockford's Clerical Directory, the "Who's Who" of the clergy, from 1858 Crockford's London club crocus/ pl. -es Croesus 6th c. BC, rich king (and the last) of Lydia croissant crescent-shaped roll, not croisant Croix de Guerre French decoration Cro-Magnon (anthrop.), of a prehistoric race, remains found at --, d‚p. Dordogne, France Cromartie (Earl of) cromesquis (Fr. cook. m.), see kromesky Crome Yellow by Aldous Huxley, 1921 Cronos use K- Crookback sobriquet of Richard III, not Crouchback Crookes (Sir William) 1832-1919, English physicist Croonian Lecture of Royal Society croquet/ game (not ital.); as verb, -ed, -ing croquette (Fr. f.), rissole (not ital.) crore (Ind.), ten millions, point thus: 1,00,00,000. See also lakh crosette use crossette crosier Bp.'s or Abp.'s staff, not -zier croslet use crosslet cross (typ.), proof-correction sign for a battered sort crossbar (one word) cross-bench(er) (Parl.) (hyphen) cross-bill (law), a promissory note given in exchange; a bill brought by defendant against plaintiff in a Chancery suit (hyphen) crossbill a passerine bird crossette (archit.), a ledge, not crose- Crossgates Cumbria, Fife, Powys, N. Yorks. Cross Gates W. Yorks. Crosshill Fife, Strathclyde Cross Hill Derby., Shropshire Crosskeys Co. Antrim, Co. Cavan, Gwent Cross Keys Kent, Wilts. crosslet (her.), small cross, not croslet cross, Maltese; Latin; Greek; Tau (See Figure 4 in topic FRONT_4) crossroad(s) (one word) cross/-section, -wind (hyphens) crossways not -way, -wise crossword (puzzle) crotchet/ a mus. note; a whim; -ed, -ing, -y Crouchback use Crookback croupier gaming-table attendant cro–ton (Fr. m.), a bit of crust or toast Crowland Lincs., Suffolk, not Croy- Crown (the) (cap. C) abbr. Cr. crown former size of paper, 15 x 20 in.; -- 4to, 10 x 7.5in.; -- 8vo, 7.5 x 5in. (untrimmed); basis for size of metric crown, 768 x 1008 mm. See also book sizes Crowner's quest dialectal for Coroner's inquest (cap. C only) Crown Office abbr. CO Crowther-Hunt (Baron) (hyphen) crozier use cros- CRP Calendarium Rotulorum Patentium (Calendar of the Patent Rolls) CRR Curia Regis Roll CRT cathode ray tube cru (wine), growth (no accent) Crucifixion (the) (cap. C) Cruft's Dog Show not -s' Cruikshank (George) 1792-1878, English caricaturist and illustrator crumhorn use krummhorn cruse a jar, not cruise crush bar (two words) crush-barrier (hyphen) Cruso NC, US Crusoe (Robinson) by Defoe, 1719 crux of an argument; pl. cruces (not ital.) crux/ ansata; commissa; decussata; stellata (See Figure 4 in topic FRONT_4) cryogenics the study of low-temperature refrigeration cryptogam/ (bot.), any member of the Cryptogamia, flowerless plants; adj. -ous crypto/gram anything written in code; -grapher, -graphic, -graphy crypton (chem.), use k- cryptonym a private name crystal. crystallography crystalliz/ation, -e not -is-; -ed, -ing 3.18 CS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CS Chemical Society (now part of Royal Society of Chemistry), Civil Service, Clerk to the Signet, College of Science, Common Serjeant, Court of Session, Custos Sigilli (Keeper of the Seal) Cs caesium (no point) c/s cycles per second Csar etc., use Ts- csardas Hungarian dance, pl. same, not cz- CSC Civil Service Commission, Conspicuous Service Cross (now DSC) CSE Certificate of Secondary Education CSI Companion of the Order of the Star of India CSM Company Sergeant-Major CSU Civil Service Union 3.19 CT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CT Connecticut (off. postal abbr.) Ct. Count, Court ct. cent CTC Cyclists' Touring Club Ctesiphon city of anc. Mesopotamia ctl. central, -s cto. (mus.), concerto cts. centimes, cents 3.20 CU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CU Cambridge University Cu cuprum (copper) (no point) cu. cubic cube root (two words) cubic/ abbr. c., cu., or cub. cubicul/um (archaeol.), burial-chamber; pl. -a cudgel/, -led, -ling CUDS Cambridge University Dramatic Society cue/, -ing. See also queue Cufic use Kufic cui bono? (Lat.), who gains by it? cuidad use ciudad Cuillins mountains in Skye cuirass/ body armour; -ier, soldier wearing it cuisine cookery (not ital.) culch oyster spawn, not cultch cul-de-sac a blind alley, a trap, pl. culs-de-sac cul/ex a gnat; pl. -ices cullender use colan- Cullinan famous diamond Culpeper Va., US, from Governor -- (Thomas, Lord), 1578-1662 cultivar (bot.), variety made by cultivation, abbr. cv. CUM Cambridge University Mission cum (Lat.), with (not ital.) Cumaean of Cumae, near Naples Cumbernauld Strathclyde, "new town", 1956 Cumbria county of England cum dividend with dividend; abbr. c.d. cumfrey use co- cum grano salis (Lat.), with a grain of salt cumin plant with aromatic seeds, not cummin cummerbund a waistbelt, not ku-, -band Cummings (Edward Estlin) 1894-1962, US poet who renounced use of capital letters cum multis aliis (Lat.), with many others cum. pref. cumulative preference cumquat use k- cumul/us (meteor.), a cloud form; pl. -i; abbr. k. cuneiform wedge-shaped, not cunif-, cunef- Cunninghame Graham (Robert Bontine) 1852-1936, British writer CUP Cambridge University Press Cupar/ Fife; -- Angus, Tayside, use Coupar Angus cupbearer (one word) cupro-nickel alloy of copper and nickel cuprum copper, symbol Cu cur. currency, current curable not -eable cura‡ao liqueur, not -oa curare a drug, not -a, -i, urari curb for verb, and curb of bridle. See also kerb curbstone use kerb- cur‚ French priest; petit --, French curate cure-all a universal remedy (hyphen) curfuffle use ker- Curia/ the papal court (cap.); -- advisare vult, the court desires to consider; abbr. c.a.v. Curie (Marie Sklodowska) 1867-1934, and her husband -- (Pierre), 1859-1906, French scientists curie unit of radioactivity, abbr. Ci (cap.); now replaced by becquerel curio/ an object of art; pl. -s (not ital.) curium symbol Cm curlicue a decorative curl, not -eque, -ycue currach a coracle, not -agh Curragh (The) Co. Kildare curren/t, -cy abbr. cur.; electric current, symbol I or i (ital.) currente calamo (Lat.), easily, fluently curricul/um course of study, pl. -a; -um vitae, summary of a career, pl. -a vitae; abbr. c.v. Currie Lothian Curry Co. Sligo cursor (comp.), movable spot of light on VDU (q.v.) screen, indicating item being edited curtain-raiser (theat.), Fr. lever de rideau Curtiss (Glenn Hammond) 1878-1930, US pioneer aviator Curtmantle sobriquet of Henry II, not Cou- curtsy/ not -sey; -ing curvilinear (one word) Curwen (John) 1816-80, pioneer of tonic sol-fa cuscus/ a marsupial; ---grass, of India. See also couscous custodia legis (Lat.), in the custody of the law custom-house (hyphen); abbr. CH cust/os (Lat. m.), a custodian, pl. -odes; Custos/ Privati Sigilli, Keeper of the Privy Seal, abbr. CPS; -- Rotulorum, Keeper of the Rolls, abbr. CR; -- Sigilli, ditto Seal, abbr. CS cut and dried (adj., no hyphens) cut-back (noun, hyphen) Cutch India, use K- cutch catechu, extract of Indian plants, tough paper sheets used by gold-beaters, not k-. See also couch cut/-off -out (nouns), -price (adj.) (hyphens) cuts (typ.), illustrations Cutty Sark famous clipper, now in dry dock at Greenwich cutty-stool stool of repentance cuv‚e a vatful, or sort, of wine Cuyp Dutch artists, not K- 3.21 cv.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- cv. (bot.), cultivar c.v. curriculum vitae CVO Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 3.22 Cwlth... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Cwlth (no point), Commonwealth (Australian) Cwmbran Gwent, "new town", 1949 Cwmcarn Gwent CWS Co-operative Wholesale Society cwt. hundredweight (but no point in scientific and technical work) 3.23 cybernetics... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- cybernetics study of communication processes in animals and machines cyc. cyclopaed/ia, -ic Cycle of the Saros (astr.), 6,585.5 days cyclopaed/ia, -ic; but use -ped- in quoting titles using that form; abbr. cyc. Cyclop/s a giant with one eye; pl. -es; adj. -ean cyclotron apparatus for accelerating particles, used in nuclear disintegration, artificial radioactivity, etc. cyder use cider Cym. Cymric cyma (archit.), a moulding of the cornice cymbalist a cymbal-player. See cembalist cymbal/o a dulcimer, pl. -os cymbiform boat-shaped, not cymbae- Cymmrodorion (Honourable Society of) (two ms) Cymric Welsh, not K- Cymru Wales Cymry the Welsh nation CYMS Catholic Young Men's Society Cynewulf eighth century, Anglo-Saxon poet cynocephalus a dog-headed creature Cynthia the moon Cynthius epithet of Apollo cypher use cipher cy pres (law), as near as possible to a testator's intentions Cyprian of Cyprus; --, in Lat. Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus, c.200-58, Christian writer and martyr Cypriot inhabitant or language of Cyprus Cyprus independent republic 1960 Cyrenaic pertaining to Cyrene or its school of philosophy Cyrillic (pertaining to) the alphabet used by Slavonic peoples of the Eastern Church (two ls) cyst/ (biol.), sac; -ic; not ci- Cytherean pertaining to Aphrodite, not -ian 3.24 CZ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- CZ Canal Zone (Panama) Czar etc., use Ts- cz rd s use cs- Czech native or language of Bohemia Czechoslovak not -ian, (person) belonging to Czechoslovakia Czerny (Karl) 1791-1857, Austrian composer 4.0 D =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 4.1 D... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- D 500, deuterium (= heavy hydrogen), the fourth in a series D. Deputy, (US) Democrat, Duke, Deus (God), Dominus (Lord), prefix to enumeration of Schubert's works (see Deutsch) d (prefix) deci- d. date, daughter, day, dead, degree, departs, desert/ed, -er, died, dime, dioptre, dose, (Fr.) douane (customs), droite (the right hand), (it.) destra (right), (Lat.) decretum (a decree), denarii (pence), denarius (penny), (meteor.) drizzling d' as prefix to an un-Anglicized proper name should, in accordance with continental practice, be lower case and not cap., as d'Arsonval, except at beginning of sentence. Signatures to be copied. See also accents 4.2 DA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DA deposit account, (US) District Attorney Da. Danish da (prefix) deca- DAB Dictionary of American Biography da/ ballo (mus.), dance style; -- capo, or -- capo al fine, repeat to the word fine, abbr. DC; -- capo dal segno, repeat from the sign, abbr. DS; -- capella, or -- chiesa, in church style Dacca use Dhaka d'accord (Fr.), I agree Dachau Nazi concentration camp, 1933-45 dachshund badger-dog dacoit Indian robber, not dak-, dec- dactyl/ foot of three syllables, adj. -ic (See Figure 1 in topic FRONT_4) Dada/ unconventional art c.1920; -ism daddy-long-legs the crane-fly (hyphens) dado/ wooden skirting; pl. -s Daedalus builder of the Cretan labyrinth daemon (Gr. myth.), supernatural being, indwelling spirit, not daimon, demon daffadowndilly a daffodil, not daffi-, daffo-, daffy- (one word) Dagapur Ethiopia dagger, double -- See reference marks (See Figure 5 in topic FRONT_4) The dagger in Eng. before, in Ger. after, a person's name, signifies "dead" or "died" daggle-tail use draggle- dago/ Spaniard, Portuguese, or Italian (derog.), pl. -s Dagonet, Sir King Arthur's fool Daguerre (Louis Jacques Mand‚) 1789-1851, French pioneer of photography daguerreotype (not cap.) dahabeeyah Nile sailing-boat Dahomey W. Africa, now Benin D il ђireann Lower House of Irish Parliament d'ailleurs (Fr.), besides daimio/ Japanese noble; pl. -s Daimler motor car daiquiri a cocktail dais small platform, not da‹s dakoit use dac- Dakota (North and South) off. abbrs. N. Dak. or ND, S. Dak. or SD Dalai Lama the Grand Lama of Tibet Dali (Salvador), 1904-89, Spanish painter Dalila see Delilah Dallapiccola (Luigi) 1904-75, Italian composer Dalmatian spotted dog, not -ion dal segno (It. mus.), repeat from the sign, abbr. DS damageable not -gable Damara/, -land SW Africa damascen/e, -er ornament(er) in metal, not -keen, -kin Dame aux Camelias (La) play by Dumas fils, 1848 Damien de Veuster (Joseph) 1840-89, Belgian priest to leper colony in Hawaiian Islands, "Father Damien" damnosa hereditas (Lat.), a legacy involving loss damnum absque injuria (Lat.), damage without wrong Damon and Pythias (Gr. myth.), model friends Dan. (Book of) Daniel Dan/a‰ mother of Perseus, also asteroid; Danaea, fern genus; -a‹d, dau. of Danaus; -aus, son of Belus Dandie Dinmont breed of Scottish terrier, from Andrew Dinmont, farmer in Scott's Guy Mannering dandruff scurf, not -riff Danegeld land-tax, not -lt Daniel (Book of) abbr. Dan. Daniell's battery (elec.), usu. called a Daniell cell Danish/ abbr. Da. danke sh”n (Ger.), many thanks Dannebrog Danish national standard, also order of knighthood, not Dane- d'Annunzio (Gabriele) 1864-1938, Italian writer danse macabre (Fr. f.), dance of death danseuse (Fr. f.), a female dancer Dant/e Alighieri 1265-1321, Italian poet; -ean, -esque, -ist (caps) Danzig Baltic free port daou use dhow DAR daughters of the American revolution d'Arblay (Mme) 1752-1840, the English novelist Fanny Burney Darby and Joan devoted old married couple d'Arc (Jeanne) Joan of Arc, 1412-31 Darcy de Knayth (Baroness) daredevil (one word) daren't to be printed close up dare say (two words) Dar es Salaam cap. of Tanzania (no hyphens) Darjeeling not Darji- Dark Ages (the) (caps.) dark-room (hyphen) darshan (Hindi), seeing a revered person Darwen Lancs., not Over -- Darwin/ (Charles Robert) 1809-82, author of Origin of Species; -- (Erasmus), 1731-1802, English physician and poet, grandfather of Charles; -ian, -ism, -ist das (Ger.), the (neut. sing. nominative and accusative); also that. See also das heisst dash see punctuation XII dashboard (one word) das/ heisst (Ger.) that is to say, abbr. d.h.; -- ist, that is, abbr. d.i. dass (Ger.), that (conjunction) dat. dative data see datum data/bank, -base (one word) datable capable of being dated, not -eable data processing (hyphen when attrib.) date abbr. d. The order is day, month, year, as 5 June 1903; in Fr. le 5 juin 1903; in Ger. den 5. Juni 1903. Names of days and months generally in full, but may be abbreviated in footnotes. All-figure form in Britain 5.6.03; in US 6.5.03 (month first), international dating system (see BS 4795) is year, month, day, e.g. 1971-04-20. No comma in four-figure years, but 10,000 BC, etc. For periods use least number of figures, as 1904-7, 1920-1, 1926-8; but 1890-1905, 1913-15, and always in full in display matter date-line (hyphen) dative indirect object; abbr. dat. dat/um thing known or granted, pl. -a daube braised meat stew Daudet (Alphonse) 1840-97, French novelist; -- (L‚on), 1867-1942, French writer and politician daughter/ abbr. d. or dau.; ---in- law, pl. daughters-in-law (hyphens) d'Aumale (duc) Daumier (Honor‚) 1808-79, French painter Dauntsey's School Devizes dauphin eldest son of King of France, 1349-1830; dauphiness, his wife, in Fr. dauphine Dauphin‚ region of SE France Dav. David Davenant (Sir William) 1606-68, English playwright and poet, Poet Laureate 1660-8 Davies (Sir Henry Walford) 1869-1941, musician; -- (William Henry), 1871-1940, poet da Vinci (Leonardo) see Leonardo da Vinci Davis (Jefferson), 1808-89, Pres. Confederate States Davis/ apparatus, for escape from submarine; -- Cup, tennis trophy Davy (Sir Humphry), not -ey, -ey, 1778-1829, English chemist, inventor of Davy lamp Davy Jones's locker the sea-bed Dawley Shropshire day abbr. d.; (typ.), of the week, and of fasts, feasts, festivals, holidays, to have initial caps. Abbr., when necessary, Sun., Mon., Tue., Wed., Thur., Fri., Sat. In Fr. the names do not take caps., as lundi Dayak use Dyak day-bed (hyphen) daybook (one word); abbr. d.b. daybreak (one word) day-dream (hyphen) Day-Lewis see Lewis daylight (one word) day/-long, -room (hyphens) day nursery (two words) day's journey (Heb.), 16.95 miles day/time, -work (one word) Dayton Ohio, US Daytona Beach Fla., US 4.3 DB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DB Domesday Book dB decibel (no point) d.b. daybook, double bed, double-breasted DBE Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire dbk. drawback dbl. double 4.4 DC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DC 600, deputy-consul, District of Columbia (US), (mus.) da capo (from the beginning) d.c. direct current (elec.) D.Ch. Doctor of Surgery DCL Doctor of Civil Law DCM Distinguished Conduct Medal DCMG Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George DCVO Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 4.5 DD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DD direct debit, Divinitatis Doctor (doctor of Divinity) D.d. Deo dedit (gave to God) dd in Welsh, a separate letter, not to be divided dd. delivered d.d. dono dedit (gave as a gift) DDA Dangerous Drugs Act D-Day 6 June 1944 DDD dat, dicat, dedicat (gives, devotes, and dedicates); dono dedit dedicavit (gave and consecrated as a gift) DDR (Ger.), Deutsche Demokratische Republik (German Democratic Republic) DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery DDT dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane (an insecticide) 4.6 DE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DE Delaware (off. postal abbr.), Department of Employment de as prefix to a proper name, in accordance with continental practice, should not have initial cap., as de Candolle; except when Anglicized, as De Vinne, or at beginning of sentence. Signatures to be copied deaconate use diac- dead abbr. d. dead heat (noun), dead-heat (verb) Dead Letter Office now Returned ditto; dead/line, -lock (one word); -- reckoning (naut.), abbr. DR; -- reprint (typ.), a reprint with no correction; -- weight, abbr. d.w. dean wooded valley, use dene Dean of Faculty (Sc.), (not of the), president of the Faculty of Advocates; abbr. DF Dear/ Madam, -- Sir in printed letter full left (comma, no dash) deasil (Sc.), clockwise, opp. to withershins deathbed (one word) death/ -rate, -roll, -trap, -warrant, -watch beetle (hyphens) deb colloq. for d‚butante (no point) deb. debenture d‚bѓcle a downfall debarkation disembarkation debatable not -eable debauchee a libertine debenture/ abbr. deb.; ---holder (hyphen) debonair gaily elegant, not -aire; in Fr. d‚bonnaire Debrett (Peerage) debris ruins (no accent); in Fr. m. d‚bris d‚but/, -ant fem. -ante (not ital.). See also deb Dec. Decani, December, (archit.) Decorated dec. deceased, declaration, declared, declension, declination, decorative dec. (mus.) decrescendo d‚c. (Fr.), d‚c‚d/‚, fem. -‚e (deceased), d‚cembre (not cap.) (December) deca- prefix meaning ten, abbr. da Decalogue the Ten Commandments Decameron (The) by Boccaccio, 1352 Decan India, use Decc- Decani dean's or south side of a choir (north side in Durham Cathedral), abbr. Dec.; opp. to Cantoris decanter bottle to hold decanted liquor Deccan India, not Decan deceased abbr. dec. d‚c‚d/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, deceased; abbr. d‚c. December abbr. Dec.; in Fr. m. d‚cembre, abbr. d‚c. (not cap.) decenni/um a decade; pl. -a decentralize not -ise decern (Sc. law), to judge. See also discern deci- prefix meaning one-tenth, abbr. d decibar one-tenth of a bar, q.v. decibel unit for comparing intensity of noises, power, etc.; abbr. dB Decies (Baron) decigram not -mme, abbr. dg (no point in scientific and technical work) decilitre abbr. dl (no point in scientific and technical work) decimal currency (British, as from 15 February 1971). For amounts less than a pound express as (new) pence: 54p (roman, no point); for amounts of one pound or more express as pounds and decimal fractions of a pound (point in medial position, omitting p); the (new) halfpenny should be expressed as a fraction decimal fractions. No decimal can be plural, or take verb in pl., however many numerals it contains; (typ.) print in numerals. The decimal point should be on the line, as 1.5, except in decimal currency. In languages other than English, a decimal comma is often used (1,5) decimalize not -ise. But Decimal Currency Board used -ise, -isation decimal point (two words) decimator one who decimates, takes every tenth part or man, not -er decimetre one-tenth of a metre, 3.937 in., not -er; abbr. dm (no point in scientific and technical work) decimo-octavo (typ.), 18mo (not ital.); see eighteenmo deckle edge ragged edge of hand-made paper, not -el declar/ation, -ed abbr. dec. Declaration of Independence US, 4 July 1776 d‚class/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, who has fallen to an inferior status declension (gram.), system of case-endings; abbr. dec. declinable not -eable declination (astr.), angular distance from the celestial equator; abbr. dec. decoit use dac- decollate to behead; Decollation of St John the Baptist, 29 August d‚collet/age (Fr. m.), (wearing of) low neck of dress; -‚, fem. -‚e, with low-necked dress decolorize not -ise decolour to render colourless d‚cor stage or room furnishings and fittings decorat/e, -or Decoration Day (US), usu. last Mon. in May decorative abbr. dec. decorum propriety of conduct decree nisi (law), the first stage in the dissolution of a marriage decrepit decayed, not -id decrescendo/ (mus.), decreasing in loudness; abbr. dec. or decres.; as noun, pl. -s decret/um (Lat.), a decree; pl. -a; abbr. d. Dedlock (Sir Leicester and Lady) in Dickens's Bleak House deducible able to be inferred, not -cable deductible able to be subtracted, not -able deemster a judge (Isle of Man), not dempster de-escalate (hyphen) def. defective, defendant, deferred (shares), defined, definite, definition, defunct de facto (Lat.), in actual fact defecat/e, -or not defae- defective abbr. def. defector not -er defence not -se (except US) defendant abbr. def. d‚fense/ d'afficher (Fr.), stick no bills; -- d'entrer, no admittance; -- de fumer, no smoking defensible not -ceable, -sable defensor fidei (Lat.), Defender of the Faith; abbr. DF defer/,-ence, -rable, -red, -rer -ring deferred (shares), abbr. def. de fide (Lat.), authentic, to be believed as part of the (Christian) faith definable not -eable defin/ed, -ite, -ition; abbr. def. definite article see the deflate to remove air, to reverse economic inflation defle/ct to bend downwards; -xion, correct, but -ction is increasingly common, and usual in US Defoe (Daniel) 1661-1731, English writer, not de Foe defunct abbr. def. deg. degree(s) d‚gag/‚ (Fr. m.), fem. -‚e, unconstrained Degas (Hilaire Germain Edgar) 1834-1917, French painter (no accent) de Gaulle (General Charles Andr‚ Joseph Marie) 1890-1970, French President 1944-5, 1959-69 degauss/, -ing anti-magnetic-mine device or method degradable not -eable degree 1/360th part of circle; -- of latitude, 69 statute or 60 geog. miles; abbr. d. or deg. degrees of/ inclination (typ.), to be in words, as "an angle of forty-five degrees", except in scientific and technical work; -- -- temperature, to be in figures d‚gringolade (Fr. f.), rapid deterioration de/ haut en bas (Fr.), contemptuously; -- haute lutte, with a high hand De‹aneira wife of Hercules; also an asteroid de-ice (hyphen) Dei/ gratia (Lat.), by the grace of God; abbr. DG; -- judicium, the judgement of God (see also Deo) Deity (the) see capitalization d‚j… vu (Fr.), seen before d‚jeuner/ (Fr. m.), breakfast or lunch; petit --, coffee and rolls on rising; -- … la fourchette, meat breakfast, early lunch de jure (Lat.), by right Dekker (Thomas) c.1570-1640, English playwright Del. Delaware (off. abbr.) del. delegate, delete del. delineavit (drew this) Delacroix (Ferdinand Victor EugЉne) 1799-1863, French painter de la Mare (Walter) 1873-1956, English poet de la Ram‚e (Louise) pseud. Ouida De la Roche (Mazo) 1885-1961, Canadian novelist Delaroche (Paul) 1797-1856, French painter Delaware off. abbr. Del. or (postal) DE De La Warr (Earl) dele (typ.), delete (proof-correction sign ) deleatur (Lat.), let it be deleted delegate abbr. del. delenda (Lat.), things to be deleted delft, delftware glazed earthenware made at Delft (formerly Delf) in Holland Delibes (L‚o) 1836-91, French composer delicatesse delicacy (not ital.); in Fr. f. d‚licatesse delicatessen (Germanic pl. of above), prepared foods, shop or department selling them Delilah (OT), but Dalila in Milton's Samson Agonistes delineable that can be delineated delineavit (Lat.), drew this; abbr. del. delirium/ disordered state of mind, with hallucinations, pl. -s; -- tremens, delirium with trembling induced by heavy drinking, abbr. d.t., d.t.'s De L'Isle (Viscount) deliverer not -or Della Cruscan (noun and adj.), (member) of Florentine Accademia della Crusca, concerned with purity of Italian, sixteenth century; or of English poetical group in Florence, eighteenth century Della Robbia an enamelled terracotta invented by Luca della Robbia. See also Robbia Delphi Greece, site of ancient oracle, in Gr. Delphoi de luxe (Fr.), luxurious dem (Ger.), to or for the (m. and neut. sing., dative) dem. (typ.), demy demagog/ue, -y, -uery, -ic (of, action of) a leader of the people dem/ain use -esne de mal en pis (Fr.), from bad to worse demarcate to mark the limits of, not -kate demarch chief officer of anc. Attic deme; modern Greek mayor d‚marche (Fr. f.), political procedure demean to lower in dignity, to conduct (oneself) demeanour bearing towards another d‚menti (Fr. m.), official denial dementia mental enfeeblement (not ital.) demesne a landed estate, not -ain demi/god, -john (one word) demilitarize not -ise demi/-monde (Fr. f.), prostitutes (ital., hyphen); ---pension, accommodation with one main meal per day; ---saison, spring or autumn fabric demise death; to bequeath, not -ize demitasse small coffee-cup; in Fr. f. demi-tasse demo/ colloq. for demonstration, pl. -s demobilize to discharge from the army; not -ise; colloq. demob Democrat/, -ic abbr. (US) D. democratize not -ise Democrit/us 5th c. BC, Greek philosopher; adj. -ean d‚mod/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, out of fashion demoiselle young lady (not ital.) Demoivre (Abraham) 1667-1754, French mathematician (one word) demon see daemon demon. demonstrative demonetize to divest of value as currency, not -ise demon/ic, -ize not dae- demonstrable not -atable demonstrator not -er demoralize not -ise De Morgan (Augustus) 1806-71, English mathematician; -- (William Frend), 1839-1917, his son, English novelist de mortuis nil nisi bonum or bene (Lat.), speak nothing but good of the dead demos the people (not ital.) dempster use deem- demurrable that may be demurred to demurrage undue detention of ship, railway wagon, etc.; compensation for this demurrer (law), plea that opponent's facts, though true, do not support his case demy a scholar at Magdalen Coll., Oxford; pl. demies demy pron. demeye, with stress on second syllable (typ.), former size of paper, 17.5 x 22.5 in.; -- 4to, 11.25 x 8.75in.; -- 8vo, 8.75 x 5 in. (untrimmed); basis for size of metric demy, 888 x 1128 mm. See also book sizes D.En. Department of Energy den (Ger.), the (m. sing., accusative); to the (pl., dative) Den. Denmark denar use dinar denar/ius penny; pl. -ii, pence; abbr. d. denationalize not -ise dene wooded valley, not dean D.Eng. Doctor of Engineering dengue not -- fever, denga, -gey Denholm Borders Denholme W. Yorks. deniable etc., see deny denier one-twelfth of French sou; unit of silk, rayon, nylon yarn weight denim twilled cotton fabric for overalls, etc. Denmark abbr. Den. See also Assemblies de nos jours (Fr.), of our time denouement an unravelling (no accent, not ital.) denounce give notice to terminate (treaty) de nouveau (Fr.), afresh de novo (Lat.), afresh dent. dent/al, -ist, -istry dentelle (Fr. f.), lace-work dentil one of the toothlike blocks under the bed-moulding of a cornice, not -el, -ile den/y, -iable, -ial, -ier deoch an doris (Sc.), a parting-cup, not the many variants deodand personal chattel that has caused death deodar E. Indian cedar deodoriz/e not -ise; -er Deo/ favente (Lat.), with God's favour; -- gratias, thanks to God; -- volente, God willing, abbr. DV (see also Dei) dep. departs, deposed, deputy d‚p. (Fr.), d‚partement (shire), d‚put‚ (deputy) DEP Department of Employment and Productivity, now DE d‚partement (Fr. m.), shire; abbr. d‚p. department abbr. dept. departmentalize not -ise Department of Education and Science abbr. DES Department of Employment abbr. DE Department of Energy abbr. D.En. Department of Health and Social Security, abbr. DHSS Department of Industry abbr. DI Department of the Environment abbr. D.o.E. Department of Trade abbr. D.o.T. Department of Trade and Industry see now Department/ of Trade, -- Industry d‚pays/‚ (Fr.) fem. -‚e, out of one's usual element depend/ant (noun), -ence, -ent (adj.) depilatory removing, or remover of, hair de pis en pis (Fr.), from bad to worse de plano (law), clearly depolarize not -ise deposed abbr. dep. depositary a person depositor not -er depository a place depot in Fr. m. d‚p“t depressible not -able de profundis (Lat.), out of the depths de proprio motu (Lat.), of his, or her, own accord dept. department d‚put‚ a member of the lower French Chamber deputize not -ise deputy abbr. dep. Deputy Lieutenant abbr. DL De Quincey (Thomas) 1785-1859, English essayist der (Ger.), the (m. sing. nominative) of or to or for the (f. sing., genitive and dative, or m., f, and neut. pl., genitive) der. deriv/ation, -ative, -ed Derbyshire abbr. Derby. de rЉgle (Fr.), in order de rigueur (Fr.), according to etiquette derisible laughable, not -able derisory derisive, scoffing deriv/ation, -ative, -ed; abbr. der. derm the true skin; also derm/a, -is dernier/ (Fr.), last; -- cri, the very latest; -- ressort, a last resource derring-do daring action, not doe Derry postally acceptable abbr. of Londonderry (town or county) der Tag (Ger.), the (great) day derv fuel oil for heavy vehicles DES Department of Education des (Fr.), of the (pl.); as prefix to a proper name, treat as de, q.v. dЉs (Fr.), since des (Ger.), of the (m. and neut. sing., genitive) Descartes (Ren‚) 1596-1650, French mathematician and philosopher; adj. Cartesian descend/ant (noun), person or thing descended; -ent (adj.), descending descender (typ.), lower part of letters such as g, j, p, q, y descendible that may descend or be descended, not -able desert a wilderness; to abandon. See also dessert desert/ed, -er abbr. d. d‚shabill‚ (Fr. m.), undress, dishabille desiccate to dry, not dessicate desiderat/um something desired; pl. -a (not ital.) desirable not -eable Des Moines Iowa, US desorb, desorption release from adsorbed state despatch use dis- desperado/ a desperate man; pl. -es (not ital.) despicable despise not dis-, -ize despotize to act the despot, not -ise dessert a dinner course. See also desert dessertspoonful/ pl. -s, two drams (one word) dessicate use desiccate destra/ (It.), right-hand side, abbr. d.; -- mano (mus.), the right hand, abbr. DM destructible not -able destructor a refuse-burning furnace, not -er desuetude disuse desunt/ cetera (Lat.), the rest are missing; -- multa, many things are wanting Detaille (Jean Baptiste ђdouard) 1848-1912, French painter (no accent) detector (person or thing), not -er de te fabula narratur (Lat.), of thee is the story told detent a catch (mechanical) d‚tente (Ft. f.), cessation of strained relations between States d‚tenu/ (Fr.), fem. -e, one detained in custody deterrent not -ant detonat/e, -or detour a circuitous way; in Fr. m. d‚tour detract/or fem. -ress detritus debris (not ital.) de trop (Fr.), not wanted; superfluous Deus/ (Lat.), God, abbr. D.; -- avertat! God forbid! -- det, God grant; -- misereatur, God be merciful deus ex machina "a god from a machine" (device in anc. Gr. theatre), a solution or intervention in the nick of time deuterium symbol D (no point); -- oxide, heavy water Deuteronomy abbr. Deut. Deutsch/ (Andr‚), Ltd., publishers; -- (Otto Erich), 1883-1967 compiler of thematic catalogue of Schubert's works, see D. Deutsche Mark (W. Ger. curency), usu. written and spoken Deutschmark or D-Mark, abbr. DM (no point). See also mark Deutschland, Deutsches Reich Ger. names for Germany de Valera (ђamon) 1882-1975, Prime Minister of Ireland, 1937-48, 1951-4, 1957-9, President, 1959-73 Devanagari Ind. alphabet develop/, -able, -ment not -pe devest see divest deviat/e, -or not -er deviling a young devil devilling working as a hack devilry not -try devil's advocate official at papal court who proposed objections to a canonization, an adverse critic Devil's Island penal settlement, Fr. Guiana devis/e not -ize; -er, one who devises (non-legal) devis/ee one who is bequeathed real estate; -or, one who bequeaths it devitalize to render lifeless, not -ise devoir an act of civility (not ital. Devon off. name of the county Devonshire abbr. Devon. De Vries (Hugo) 1848-1935, Dutch botanist DEW distant early warning Dewalee use Diwali dewar vacuum flask (not cap.) De Wet (Christian Rudolph) 1854-1922, Boer general and statesman Dewey (George) 1837-1917, US admiral; -- (John), 1859-1952, US philosopher; -- (Melvil), 1851-1931, US librarian; -- (Thomas Edmund), 1902-71, US politician De Witt (Jan) 1625-72, Dutch statesman dexter (her.), the shield-bearer's right, the observer's left, opp. sinister dextrous/ not -erous; -ly 4.7 DF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DF defensor fidei (Defender of the Faith), Dean of Faculty, direction-find/er, -ing DFC Distinguished Flying Cross DFM Distinguished Flying Medal dft. draft 4.8 DG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DG Dei gratia (by the grace of God), Deo gratias (thanks to God), Director-General, Dragoon Guards dg decigram(s) (no point in scientific and technical work d.h. (Ger.), das heisst (that is to say) 4.9 Dhaka... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Dhaka Bangladesh dhobi Indian washerman dhooly use doolie dhoti nether garment of male Hindu, not -ee, -ootie dhow an Arab vessel (accepted misspelling of dow), not daou, daw DHSS Department of Health and Social Security Dhuleep use Du- dhurrie Indian cotton fabric, not durrie 4.10 DI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DI Defence Intelligence, Department of Industry d.i. (Ger.), das ist (that is) dia. diameter diablerie devilry, not -ry (not ital.) diachylon a plaster, not -um, -culum diaconate office of deacon, not de- diaeresis (typ.), sign directing the second of two vowels to be pronounced separately, as in na‹ve; not die- Diaghilev (Sergei Pavlovich) 1872-1929, Russian ballet impresario diagnos/is pl. -es dial/, -led, -ling dialect/, -al, -ic, -ical; abbr. dial. diallage (rhet.), figure of speech in which various arguments are brought to bear on one point, (mineral.) a brown, grey, or green mineral similar to augite dialling/ code, -- tone (two words) dialogue conversation in drama, novels, etc., not necessarily between two persons only dialyse (chem.), to separate by filtration through a membrane, not -ize, -yze dialys/is pl. -es diamant‚ (Fr.), sparkling with powdered crystal diameter abbr. dia. or diam. diamond (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 4.5 pt. diarchy rule by two authorities, not dy- diarrhoea not -oea diaspora a dispersal; (cap.) that of the Jews after the Babylonian captivity of 597-538 BC diatessaron a harmony of the four gospels (not cap.) diathes/is a habit of body, pl. -es DIC Diploma of Membership of Imperial College, London dic/ey risky, not -cy; -ier, -iest dichotomize to divide into two parts, not -ise Dickens House London, headquarters of the Dickens Fellowship (no apos.) dickey use dicky Dicksee (Sir Frank) 1853-1928, painter, PRA 1924-8 dicky rear seat (usu. folding type), false shirt-front, small bird, not -ey dict. dictator, dictionary Dictaphone (propr. term) dictionnaire (Fr. m., two ns), dictionary dict/um a saying; pl. -a dicy use dicey didactyl two-fingered, not -le didn't to be printed close up Didot (typ.), European system for type measurement; 12 pt. Didot = 4.512 mm. See also body didst (no apos.) die (Ger.), the (f. sing., and m., f., and neut. pl., nominative and accusative) diecious use dioe- died abbr. d. See also dagger die-hard (hyphen) dieresis use diae- dies (Lat.), day(s) diesel compression-ignition engine dies/ fausti (Lat.), auspicious days; -- infausti, inauspicious days; -- irae, day of wrath dies/is (typ.), rare name for double dagger; pl. -es (See Figure 5 in topic FRONT_4) dies/ juridicus (Lat.), a day on which courts sit; -- nefasti, blank days; -- non (law), a day on which no business is done die-stamping (typ.), intaglio (q.v.) process leaving raised impression dietitian not -cian Dieu et mon droit God and my right (English royal motto) Die Wacht am Rhein (Ger.), the Watch on the Rhine, famous German patriotic song differ/, -ence abbr. diff. differenti/a a distinguishing mark; pl. -ae digamma archaic Gr. letter digester person or instrument, not -or digestible not -able digitiz/ation (comp.), electronic reduction of characters, by scanning, to a series of digital signals; -ed fount, fount so prepared stored electronically in photosetter (also called ECM) dignitary not -atory digraph two letters represeing one sound, as ph in digraph. See also dipthongs and Hart's Rules, p. 62 dike not dyke diktat categorical statement (not ital.) dil. dilute dilapidat/e, -ed, -ion not de- dilatable not -eable dilatation expansion, "more correct than dilation" (OED) dilator muscle or instrument that expands, incorrectly formed but more common than dilatator dilemma/ position involving choice between two unsatisfactory lines of argument or action; pl. -s dilettant/e (It.), a lover of or dabbler in the fine arts; pl. -es or -i Dilhorne (Viscount) fam. name Manningham-Buller diligence a stage-coach (not ital.) Dillon (Viscount) diluvi/um (geol.), aqueous deposit; pl. -a (not ital.) dim. dimidium (one half), diminutive dim. diminuendo dime (US), ten cents; abbr. d. diminuendo (It. mus.), getting softer; abbr. dim. DIN Deutsche Industrie-Norm; the international paper-size system (some trimmed sizes in mm.): A0, 841 x 1,189; A4, 210 x 297; A5, 148 x 210; B0, 1,000 x 1,414; B1, 707 x 1,000. For some untrimmed sizes in this system, see book sizes Dinan d‚p. Cotes-du-Nord, France Dinant Belgium dinar Byzantine gold coin (denarius); unit of currency in various Asian and African countries and Yugoslavia, not de- Dinard d‚p. Cotes-du-Nord, France d'Indy (Paul Marie Th‚odore Vincent) 1851-1931, French composer (small d) Ding an sich (Ger. philos. n.), thing in itself ding-dong (hyphen) dinghy small boat, not -gey, -gy dingo/ Australian native dog; pl. -es dingy grimy. See also dinghy dining/-car, -room, -table (hyphens) dinner-jacket abbr. DJ dioces/e, -an; abbr. dioc. dioecious (bot.), not die- Diogenes 412-323 BC, Cynic philosopher Diogenes Laertius biographer of philosophers, about AD 200 dionym a binomial name, as Homo sapiens Dionysia (noun pl.), orgiastic and dramatic festival(s) of Dionysus Dionysi/ac of Dionysus; -an, of Dionysus or of Dionysius Dionysius 430-367 BC, and his son, fl. 350 BC, tyrants of Syracuse Dionysus Greek god Bacchus dioptre lens measure, abbr. d. Dioscuri (the) Castor and Pollux Dip. Diploma Dip. A.D. Diploma in Art and Design Dip. Ed. Diploma in Education Dip. H.E. Diploma of Higher Education diphtheria not dipth- diphthongs (typ.), combined letters to represent single sounds, are employed in Danish, French, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Old-English words, and as phonetic symbols, instead of the separate letters ae, oe. ae and oe should be used in Latin and Greek words. Generally no ligatures are used in US. See also German diplomat not now diplomatist; abbr. dipl. diplomate one holding a diploma; in Fr. dipl“m/‚, fem. -‚e Diplomatic Lectureship in, not Diplomatics dipsomania/, -c Directoire French Directory of 1795-9; adj., of the dress or furniture of the period (cap.) directress female director directrix (geom.) Dirichlet series (math.) dirigible dirigisme (Fr. m.), economic control by the State dirndl Alpine peasant bodice and full skirt dis- see dys- dis. discipline, discontinue, -ed, discount, (typ.) distribute dis aliter visum (Lat.), the gods have thought otherwise disappoint (one s, two ps) disassemble take (machine) apart. See also dissemble disassociate use dissociate disburden not -then disbursement not -sment disc now accepted for disk, esp. in compds., disc harrow, disc jockey, slipped disc; also compact (optical) disc disc. discover/ed, -et; discount disc jockey, abbr. DJ discern/ to see; -ible. See also decern disciplinary not -ery discipline abbr. dis. discipular disciple-like disco/ dancing-party with records, pl. -s discobol/us a discus-thrower, not -ulus; pl. -i (not cap.). The Discobolus (cap.), the lost statue by Myron, of which discoboli are copies discoloration not discolour- discolour/, -ed, -ment not discolor discomfit/, -ed, -ing to thwart; noun, -ure discomfort (noun) lack of ease; (verb) to make uneasy disconnection discontinu/e, -ed abbr. dis. discoth‚que room or small hall used for dancing to recorded music discount abbr. dis. discover/ed, -er; abbr. disc. discreet judicious discrete separate disect use dissect disenfranchise use disfranchise disenthral/ not -enthrall, -inthral(l); -led, -ment disenthrone use dethrone diseu/r (Fr. m.), artist entertaining with monologues, fem. -se disfavour not -vor disfranchise not -ize disguis/e, -er dishabille untidy dress dishevelled with hair or dress in disorder, not -eled disinterested impartial (not the same as uninterested) disjecta membra (Lat.), scattered remains, but "disjecti membra poetae" (Horace) disk (in comp. input) of limp plastic, storing input-material and driving photosetter dismissible not -able disorganiz/e, -er not -ise disorient/ed, -ing and disorientat/ed, -ing, are equally established in modern usage. See also orient dispatch/, -er not des- dispensable not -ible dispensary abbr. disp. dispise use de- display/ (typ.), the setting and leading of titles, advertisements, etc., direction to set in this style; -- type, of size or cut suited to this, or any type cast in an especially durable metal Disraeli (Benjamin) 1804-81, Earl of Beaconsfield d'Israeli (Isaac) 1766-1848, writer, father of the foregoing dissect/, -ion, -or not dise- disseis/e to dispossess wrongfully, not -ze; -ee, -in, -or, -oress dissemble to conceal. See also disassemble disseminat/e to scatter abroad; -or Dissenter from Church of England (cap.) dissertation abbr. diss. dissociate to separate, not disassociate dissoluble not -uable dissolvable not -ible dissyllable use disy- dissymmetry not disy- dist. distance, distilled, distinguish, -ed, district distension state of being stretched, not -tion distich/ couplet; pl. -s distil/ but -lation; -led, abbr. dist. distingu/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, distinguished-looking distinguish/, -ed; abbr. dist. distrait/ (Fr.), fem. -e, absent-minded distributary one of the streams of a river delta distribute (typ.), to put type back into case, or to melt down type; abbr. dis. distributor one who or that which distributes district abbr. dist. District/ Attorney (US), abbr. DA; -- Court, -- of Columbia, abbr. DC; -- Registry, DR disyllab/le, -ic, -ize of two syllables, not diss-; in Fr. m. dissyllabe disymmetry use diss- ditheism belief in two gods, not dy- dithyramb wild hymn of Bacchic revellers, not dythi- ditto abbr. do. div. divide, -d, dividend, divine, division, divisor, divorce, (Fr.) divers (diverse) divers sundry diverse different diverticul/um a byway, esp. of the intestines; pl. -a divertiment/o (It.), a kind of ballet, (mus.) entertainment-piece, pl. -i; also (Fr.) divertissement divest not de- (except in law, as devest out of) divid/e, -ed, -end, division divisor, abbr. div. Sign for ц divide et impera (Lat.), divide and rule Divina Commedia (La) 1300-18, by Dante, not Come- Divis (Ger. typ. n.), the hyphen divisi (mus.), in several parts divisible not -able divisim (Lat.), separately division of words. Usually divide a word after a vowel, taking over the consonant. In present participles take over -ing, as sound-ing, divid-ing; but trick-ling, chuck-ling, and similar words. Generally, when two consonants or vowels come together divide between them, as splen-dour, appreci-ate. Terminations such as -cian, -sion, -tion should not be divided when forming one sound, as Gre-cian, ascen-sion, subtrac-tion. Hyphenated words should be divided at the hyphen, and in lexical work etc. a second hyphen may be used to clarify their spelling, e.g. second-/-hand. Avoid divisions which might confuse: leg-ends (le-gends), reap-pear (re-appear), ex-acting (exact-ing). American printers divide strictly according to pronunciation. For a fuller treatment and for word-division in foreign languages see Hart's Rules, pp. 14-16, 97-8, etc. divisor (math.), a factor divorc/‚ fem. -‚e, a divorced person; Eng. divorcee is common gender Diwali Hindu festival, not Dewalee Dixie/ or -land (one word), the Southern States, US DIY do it yourself 4.11 DJ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DJ dinner-jacket, disc jockey Djakarta Indonesia, use Jak- djellaba, djibbah use j- Djibouti formerly French Territory of Afars and Issas, use Jibuti djinn see jinnee 4.12 DL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DL Deputy-Lieutenant dl decilitre(s) (no point in scientific and technical work) D.Lit. Doctor of Literature; D.Litt., Doctor of Letters. See also Lit.D., Litt.D. DLM (mus.), double long metre DLO Dead Letter Office, now Returned -- -- 4.13 DM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DM Deputy Master, Deutsche Mark (W. Ger. currency), Doctor of Medicine (Oxford), (Fr.) Docteur en M‚decine (Doctor of Medicine), (It. mus.) destra mano (the right hand) dm decimetre(s) (no point in scientific and technical work) D-Mark see Deutsche Mark D.Mus. Doctor of Music 4.14 DN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DN Dominus noster (our Lord) DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNB Dictionary of National Biography Dnieper River White Russia-Ukraine; in Russ. Dnepr Dniester River Ukraine; in Russ. Dnestr D-notice official request to news editors not to publish item 4.15 do... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- do (noun), pl. dos do (mus.), use doh do. ditto, the same DOA dead on arrival doat use dote Dobermann pinscher German breed of hound doc. document(s) Docent (Ger. m.) a university teacher, now Doz- doch-an-doris use deoch an doris docket/, -ed, -ing dockyard (one word) Doctor abbr. D., (but Dr before name); Doctor of/ Canon Law or Civil Law, DCL; -- -- Dental Surgery, DDS; -- -- Divinity, DD; -- -- Laws, LL D; -- -- Letters, D.Litt. or Lit(t).D.; -- -- Literature, Lit.D.; -- -- Medicine, MD or DM; -- -- Music, D.Mus. or Mus.D.; -- -- Philosophy, Ph.D or D.Phil.; -- -- Science, D.Sc. or Sc.D.; -- -- Veterinary Science or Surgery, DVS Doctors' Commons London, where marriage licences were formerly issued by the Bishop of London's Registry (apos.) doctrinaire an unpractical theorist; theoretical and unpractical (not ital.) documentary (noun), factual report or film documents (typ.), to be an exact reprint; abbr. doc. dodecaphonic (mus.), of the twelve-note scale dodgem (car at fun-fair) dodo/ extinct flightless bird; pl. -s D.o.E. Department of the Environment doesn't to be printed close up dogana (It. f.), custom-house dogate office of doge, not -eate (not ital.) dogcart (one word) dog-days 3 July-11 August (hyphen) doge chief magistrate of Venice (not ital.) dogfight, dogfish (one word) doggerel unpoetic verse, not -grel Doggett's Coat and Badge trophies of Thames Watermen's championship doggie noun; doggy, adj. doghouse (one word) dog-Latin barbarous Latin (hyphen) dogma/ authoritative doctrine; pl. -s dogmatize not -ise dogsbody (naut. slang) junior officer; general drudge dog-star (hyphen) doh (mus.), not do Dohn nyi (Ern”) 1877-1960, Hungarian composer doily a napkin, not -ey, doyley, -ly, d'oyley, -ie dolce (mus.), sweetly dolce/ far niente (It.), delightful idleness; -- vita, sweet life doleful not -ll Dolgellau Gwynedd, not -ey dollar mark (typ.), to be before, and close up to, the figures, as $50. Various dollars differentiated as $A (Australian), $HK (Hong Kong), $US, etc. Dollfuss (Engelbert) 1892-1934, Austrian politician, Chancellor 1932-4 doll's house not -s' dolman Turkish robe, hussar's jacket, woman's mantle dolmen prehistoric tomb dolorous doleful, but dolour DOM Deo optimo maximo (To God the best and greatest); Dominus omnium magister (God the Master, or Lord, of all) Dom (Ger.), cathedral; (Russ.) house; (Port.) title of nobility; also title of certain monks, as Dom Gasquet; not Don dom. domestic, dominion domaine a vineyard Domenichino real name Domenico Zampieri, 1581-1641, Italian painter "Domesday Book" not Dooms-; abbr. DB domestic abbr. dom. domicile not -cil Domine dirige nos (Lat.), O Lord, direct us (motto of the City of London) Dominica one of the Windward Islands, W. Indies Dominican Republic W. Indies, formerly Santo Domingo, the eastern portion of the island of Hispaniola dominie (old Sc.), teacher, preacher; (current locally) headmaster dominion abbr. dom. Dominion Day Canada, 1 July domino/ cloak, mask, piece in game; pl. -es Dominus/ (Lat.), Lord; abbr. D.; -- noster, our Lord, DN Domus Procerum (law), the House of Lords; abbr. DP or Dom. Proc. Don Spanish title; see Dom Donegal Ireland Donegall (Marquess of) Donizetti (Gaetano) 1797-1848, Italian composer donna (It.), a lady (ital.) Donne (John), 1573-1631, English poet donn‚e (Fr. f.), basic fact don't to be printed close up doolie (Ind.), a litter, palanquin, not dhooley, -lie, -ly, dooly Doolittle (Eliza) heroine of Shaw's Pygmalion; -- (Hilda), 1886-1961, US poet "Doomsday Book" use Domesday door-keeper (hyphen) doormouse use dor- Doornik Fl. for Tournai dop (Afrik.), brandy, tot doppelg„nger (Ger. m.), a wraith Doppelpunkt (Ger. typ. m.), the colon doppio (movimento) (It.), double (speed) Doppler effect (phys.), apparent change of frequency when source of vibrations is approaching or receding, from Christian Johann Doppler, 1803-53, Austrian physicist; not ” Dor. Doric DORA Defence of the Realm Act, 1914 Dor‚ (Paul Gustave) 1833-83, French painter and engraver dormer window (two words) dormeuse (Fr. f.), a settee, nightcap, travelling sleeping carriage dor/mouse not door-; pl. -mice dormy (golf), as many up as there are holes to play, not -ie Dorneywood Bucks., country house used as off. residence by any Minister designated by the Prime Minister dorp (Afrik.), village, country town d'Orsay (Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, Count) 1801-52, "the last dandy" Dorset not Dorsetshire dory, John Dory fish, not -ey dos- -dos (Fr.), back to back, a sofa made for sitting so dosage (med.), not -eage dose (med.), abbr. d. dosimeter not dosemeter Dos Passos (John Roderigo) 1896-1970, US writer dossier papers referring to some matter (not ital.) Dostoevsky (Fyodor Mikhailovich) 1821-81, Russian novelist D.o.T. Department of Trade dot (Fr. f.), dowry dot/e to show great fondness, not doat; -age, -ard Douai d‚p. Nord, France, not -y; Douai School, but Douay Bible douane custom-house; abbr. d. double (typ.), a word, etc., erroneously repeated double-barrelled (hyphen), not -eled double-bass (mus.), (hyphen) double entendre word or phrase of two meanings, one of them usu. indecent (obs. Fr., now Anglicized; the mod. Fr. is double entente (un mot …)) double pica (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 22 pt. doublure (Fr. typ. f.), ornamental inner lining to a book-cover doucement (Fr. mus.), sweetly douceur (Fr. f.), a gratuity douche jet of water directed at the body (not ital.) doughboy (US), a dumpling, an American infantryman (one word) doughnut (one word) Doukhobors use Duk- Dounreay Highland, atomic research station douse to drench with water, extinguish. See also dowse douzaine (Fr. f), dozen; abbr. dzne. dovecot not -cote dow use dhow dowager a widow with a dower or retaining her title; abbr. dow. dowel/ headless pin usu. of wood, to fasten with this; -led, -ling dower widow's life-interest in her husband's property Dow-Jones NY Stock Exchange index (hyphen) Down N. Ireland downbeat (one word) Downe (Viscount) down/fall, -hill (one word) down-market (adj., hyphen) down/pour, -right, -stairs, -stream, -trodden, -wind (one word) dowry money or property brought by a bride to her husband dowse to use a divining rod (see also douse) doyen/ the senior member of a society (not ital.); fem. -ne d'oyl/ey, -ie use doily D'Oyly Carte (Richard) 1844-1901, theatrical impresario doze to sleep dozen/ -s, abbr. doz. Dozent (Ger. m.), a university teacher, not now Doc- (cap.) 4.16 DP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DP displaced person (refugee); (law) Domus Procerum (the House of Lords) DPAS Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society DPH Diploma in Public Health D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy (Oxford, Sussex, York); Ph.D. more usual DPP Director of Public Prosecutions 4.17 DR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DR (naut.) dead reckoning, dispatch rider, District/ Railway, -- Registry, (Ger.) Deutsches Reich (German Empire) Dr doctor (before name) dr. drachm, -s, drachma (dram or coin), -s, dram, -s, drawer drachm use dram, except for apothecaries' measure and weight; abbr. dr. drachma/ a dram, various coins; pl. -s, abbr. dr. draft a deduction in weighing, a mil. party, a money order, a rough sketch; to draw off, to sketch; abbr. dft. See also draught draftsman one who drafts documents. See also draughtsman drag‚e a sweetmeat enclosing drug or nut or fruit draggle-tail a slut, not daggle- dragoman/ Arabic interpreter; pl. -s, not -men dragon-fly (hyphen) dragonnade French persecution of Protestants in 1681, not -onade, -oonade Dragoon Guards abbr. DG; these are not "Guardsmen" dram sixty grains, one teaspoonful, sixty minims, small drink, see drachm; pl. -s, abbr. dr. dramat/ic, -ist abbr. dram. dramatis personae (list of) characters in a play, abbr. dram. pers. dramatize not -ise Drang nach Osten (Ger.), desire for expansion eastwards Drapier's Letters by Swift, 1724 draught act of drawing, a take of fish, 20 lb. of eels, act of drinking, a dose, a vessel's depth in water, a current of air, liquor "on draught". See also draft draughtsman one who makes drawings, plans, etc., piece in game of draughts. See also draftsman drawback in tech. meaning of excise duty remitted, abbr. dbk. drawer abbr. dr. drawing-room (hyphen) draw-on cover (bind.), limp cover glued to back of book Drdla (Franz) 1868-1944, Czech composer dreadnought thick cloth, battleship, not -naught Dred Scott Negro slave (19th c.), subject of US law case Dreiser (Theodore) 1871-1945, US novelist driblet a trickle, not dribb- dri/er, -est, -ly; also drier, one who or that which dries; but dry/ish, -ness driftwood (one word) drip/-dry, -proof (hyphens) drivable not -eable drivell/ed, -er, -ing (two ls) drive out (typ.), to set matter with wide word spacing, such setting drizzling (meteor.), abbr. d. droit moral and legal right droit de seigneur (Fr. m.), lord's right to enjoy vassal's bride droite (Fr. f.), the right hand; abbr. d. Drontheim use Trondheim dropped head (typ.), opening title of chapter etc. set lower than first line of text on other pages droshky (Russ. pl. drozhki), a four-wheeled vehicle, not -sky drought/, -y arid(ity), not drouth DRP Deutsches Reichspatent (German patent) drum/beat, -fire, -head, -stick (one word) drunkenness (three ns) Druse one of a Syrian sect, not Druz, -e Dryasdust a dull pedant (character in prefaces of Scott's novels) (one word, cap.) dry/er, -est, -ly use dri- dry goods (US), textiles dry/ish, -ness dry-point etching needle, the work produced by it (hyphen) 4.18 DS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DS (mus.) dal segno (from the sign) disseminated sclerosis Ds. dominus; at Cambridge, a Bachelor of Arts DSC Distinguished Service Cross D.Sc. Doctor of Science DSIR Department of Scientific and Industrial Research DSM Distinguished Service Medal; (mus.) double short metre DSO (Companion of the) Distinguished Service Order d.s.p. decessit sine prole (died without issue) d.t., d.t.'s delirium tremens 4.19 Du.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Du. Dutch du as prefix to a proper name, in accordance with continental practice, should not have initial cap., as du Chѓtelet, except when Anglicized or at beginning of sentence. Signatures to be copied Dual Monarchy (caps.) dub. dubitans (doubting), dubius (dubious) Du Barry (Marie Jeanne B‚cu comtesse) 1746-93, favourite of Louis XV of France dubbin grease for leather, not -ing Dublin abbr. Dubl. Dubois-Raymond (Emil) 1818-96, German physiologist, not du Bois duc (Fr.), Duke; fem. duchesse (not cap.) duces tecum (Lat.), a subpoena du Chaillu (Paul Belloni) 1837-1904, French-American explorer in Africa duckbill (one word); duck-billed platypus (one hyphen) ductus (Lat. med.), a duct; pl. same Dudevant see Sand (George) duell/er, -ing, -ist (two ls) duenna Spanish chaperon (not ital.) duffle/ coarse woollen cloth; -bag, -coat (hyphens) Dufy (Raoul) 1877-1953, French painter dug-out canoe made from single tree-trunk (hyphen) Duguesclin (Bernard) 1314-80, Constable of France duiker (Afrik.), a small antelope, not duy- duke cap. as title, abbr. D.; in Fr. duc (not cap.) Dukhobors Russian sect, not Douk- Duleep Singh not Dhuleep, Dulip dullness not dulness Dulong and Petit (law of) (physics) Dumas (Davy de la Pailleterie Alexandre) 1802-70, French writer; -- (fils, Alexandre), his son, 1824-95, also writer; -- (Jean Baptiste Andr‚), 1800-84, chemist du Maurier (George Louis Palmella Busson) 1834-96, English artist and author; -- (Sir Gerald), 1873-1934, his son, actor-manager; -- (Dame Daphne), 1907-89, his daughter, author Dumbarton Strathclyde Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, DC, at which -- -- Conference was held, 1944 dumb-bell (hyphen) dumbfound/, -ed, -er not dumf- Dumfries & Galloway region of Scotland dum sola (et casta) (law), while unmarried (and chaste) Dunbarton former Scottish county. See also Dumbarton Dunblane Central, not Dum- Duncan-Sandys (Baron) (hyphen) Dunelm: sig. of Bp. of Durham (colon); of Durham University (no point, no colon) dungaree coarse calico; pl. overalls made of it; not -eree(s) duniwassal (Sc.), a Highland gentleman, not dunni- Dunkirk d‚p. Nord, France; in Fr. Dunkerque Dun Laoghaire port of Dublin Dunnottar Castle Grampian Duns Scotus (Johannes) 1265 or 1274-1308, metaphysician duo/ pair of artistes; pl. -s duodecimo/ or twelvemo/ (typ.), a book based on 12 leaves, 24 pages, to the sheet; pl. -s; abbr. 12mo duologue (stage) conversation between two duplex/ apartment (US), one on two floors; -- house (US), one for two families duplication of points see punctuation XV Du Pont family of American industrialists Duquesne/ (Abraham, marquis) 1610-88, French admiral; -- Fort, French fort, 1754, renamed Fort Pitt (Pittsburg, Pa.), 1758, on its capture by the English dur (Ger. mus.), major durab/le, -ility DЃrer (Albrecht) 1471-1528, German painter; Dureresque, in his style duress constraint, not -e D'Urfey (Thomas) 1653-1723, English playwright Durham abbr. Dur. DЃrrenmatt (Friedrich) b. 1921, Swiss playwright durrie use dhurrie Dushanbe formerly Stalinabad, cap. of Tadjikistan, USSR Dussek (Jan Ladislav) 1760-1812, Bohemian composer DЃsseldorf W. Germany dust-bowl area denuded of vegetation by drought (hyphen); Dust Bowl (caps., no hyphen), the region along the western edge of the Great Plains, US Dutch/ abbr. Du.; -- alphabet (typ.), same as English but q and x are used only in borrowed foreign words. Accented letters are often used in stressed syllables. Marked letters ‰ and ”, diaeresis. ch must never be separated; for y use ij, cap. IJ dutiable subject to duty duumvir/ one of a pair of Roman officials; Eng. pl. -s dux top pupil (not ital.) dux (Lat.), a leader, pl. duces; -- gregis, leader of the flock duyker use dui- 4.20 DV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- DV Deo volente (God willing) DVS Doctor of Veterinary Science (or Surgery) 4.21 d.w.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- d.w. dead weight, delivered weight dwarf/ pl. -s dwt. pennyweight, -s, 24 troy grains, not pwt. d.w.t. dead-weight tonnage 4.22 Dy... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Dy dysprosium (no point) Dyak of Borneo, not Day- dyarchy use diarchy Dyce Airport Aberdeen dyeing (cloth, etc.) dye-line diazo print (hyphen) Dyfed Welsh county dying (ceasing to live) dyke use dike dynamics science of matter and motion (sing.); abbr. dyn. dynamo/ pl. -s dyne unit of force; abbr. dyn (no point) dyotheism use ditheism dys- prefix meaning difficult or defective; distinguish it from dis-, meaning apart dysentery dyslex/ia word-blindness; adj. -ic dyspep/sia chronic indigestion, not dis-; adj. -tic dysprosium symbol Dy dytheism use di- dythiramb use dithy- 4.23 dzho... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- dzho cow-yak hybrid, not the many variants dziggetai Mongolian wild ass, not the many variants dzne. (Fr.), douzaine (dozen) D-Zug (Ger. m.), Durchgangszug (an express train) 5.0 E =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 5.1 E... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- E Egyptian, einsteinium (no point), (prefix) exa-, the fifth in a series. See also Lloyd's E. Earl, east, -ern, English e eccentricity of ellipse, (dyn.) coefficient of elasticity, (elec.) electromotive force of cell e (It., Port.), and ‚ (Port.), is Љ (It.), is Љ (e grave accent), to be used for the last syllable of past tenses and participles when that otherwise mute syllable is to be separately pronounced, as "Hence, loathЉd Melancholy!". See also accents e. (meteor.), wet air but no rain 5.2 each... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- each (gram.) must be followed by verb and pronoun in sing., as "each dog knows its own master"; abbr. ea. EAEC European Atomic Energy Community (now Euratom) eagre tidal wave, not -er E. & O. E. errors and omissions excepted earache (one word) ear-drum (hyphen) earl (cap. as title); abbr. E. Earls Court London (no apos.) ear/mark, -phone (one word) ear/-piece, -plug, -ring (hyphens) earth (the) cap. only in astronomical contexts and in a list of planets (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) earthwork (one word) east/, -ern abbr. E. See also capitalization, compass eastbound (one word) East Bridgford Notts. East End London (caps.) East-Ender (hyphen) Easter Day first Sunday after the calendar full moon on, or next after, 21 March East Kilbride Strathclyde, "new town", 1947 easy chair (two words) easygoing (adj., one word) eau/-de-Cologne, -- de-Nil, -- de-vie (hyphens); -- forte, nitric acid, also an etching; ---fortiste, an etcher; ---sucr‚e, sugar and water (not ital.) 5.3 EB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EB Encyclopaedia Britannica Ebbw Vale Gwent, a town ebd. (Ger.), ebenda, ibid. Eblis chief of fallen angels in Muslim myth., not I- ebonize not -ise Ebor. Eboracum (York) Ebor: sig. of Abp. of York (colon) EBU European Broadcasting Union eburnean like ivory, not -ian 5.4 EC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EC East-Central (postal district of London), Education(al) Committee, Electricity Council, Engineer Captain, Episcopal Church, Established Church, Executive Committee ‚cart‚ a game of cards Ecce Homo "Behold the Man" eccentric/, -ally, -ity. For math. sense see also excentric Ecclefechan Dumfries & Galloway, birthplace of Carlyle, Dec. 1795 Ecclesiastes in OT, abbr. Eccles. ecclesiastical abbr. eccles. Eccelsiatical signs (See Figure 4 in topic FRONT_4) Ecclesiasticus in Apocr., abbr. Ecclus. ECG electrocardiogram Echegaray (Jos‚) 1833-1916, Spanish playwright echelon (not ital., no accent) echo/ pl. -es, not -os echt (Ger.), genuine ‚clair small pastry filled with cream ‚claircissement (Fr. m.), explanation ‚clat renown (not ital.) eclectic borrowing freely from various sources eclogue a pastoral poem ECM electronic character master. See also digitized fount ecology the study of organisms in their environment, not oe-; abbr. ecol. Economist (The) (cap. T) economize not -ise econom/y, -ical, -ics, -ist abbr. econ. ‚cossais (Fr.), fem. -e, Scottish (not cap.); also ‚cossaise, a dance (not ital.) ecraseur surgical instrument (no accent) ‚crevisse (Fr. f.), crayfish ecru unbleached linen colour (no accent, not ital.) ECSC European Coal and Steel Community ecstasy rapture, not ex-, -cy ECT electroconvulsive therapy ECU European Currency Unit Ecuador/ not Eq-; abbr. Ecua., adj. -ean ecumenic/, -al belonging to the entire Christian Church, not oec- except in special uses eczema a skin inflammation 5.5 ed.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ed. edited, editor ed. cit. the edition cited EDD English Dialect Dictionary Edda/ a collection of Icelandic legends; pl. -s; The Elder --, a collection of poems, eleventh century and earlier; The Younger --, thirteenth-century stories, prosody, and commentary Eddy (Mary Morse Baker) 1821-1910, founder of Christian Science Eddystone Lighthouse edelweiss Alpine plant edema/, -tous use oed- Edgbaston Birmingham, not Edge- edge-tool not edged --, but "with edged tools" (fig. sense) edgeways not -way, -wise Edgeworth (Maria) 1767-1849, English novelist; -- (Richard Lovell), 1744-1817, her father, English educationist Edgware London; -- Road edh use eth edidit (Lat.), edited this edile use aedile Edinburgh abbr. Edin. Edipus use Oe- Edirne formerly Adrianople, Turkey Edison (Thomas Alva) 1847-1931, US inventor ‚dit/‚ fem. -‚e, par (Fr.), published by ‚diteur (Fr. m.), a publisher, not editor edition the state of a book (also the copies, or any one copy, so printed) at its first publication, and after each revision, enlargement, abridgement, or change of format (2nd, 3rd, etc./revised/enlarged/abridged/ paperback, etc., edition); not any reprint containing no substantial alteration (see impression); abbrev. edn.; in trade practice 1/e, 2/e, etc. = 1st, 2nd, etc., edn. See also reprint ‚dition de luxe (Fr.), a sumptuous edition (ital.) editio/ princeps a first printed edition; pl. -nes principes editor abbr. ed., pl. eds. or edd. edn. edition EDP electronic data processing EDS English Dialect Society educ/ate, -able educationist not -alist educ/e, -ible Eduskunta Parliament of Finland 5.6 EE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EE Early English ee (Sc.), eye; pl. een E.E. & M.P. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary EEC European Economic Community (the Common Market) EEG Electroencephalogram eerie weird, not -y; eerily EETS Early English Text Society 5.7 effect... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- effect/er one who effects; -or (biol.), an organ that effects a response to a stimulus Effendi Turkish title of respect, not -dee effluvi/um vapour from decaying matter; pl. -a effluxion that which flows out, not -ction EFTA European Free Trade Association 5.8 e.g.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- e.g. exempli gratia (for example) (l.c., not ital., comma before). Use "for example" rather than e.g. egg/head, -shell (one word) ego/ the self which is conscious and thinks; pl. -s egotize to act egotistically, not -ise egret the lesser white heron (see also aigrette) Egypt/, -ian. See also United Arab Republic egyptian (typ.), a typeface with thick stems and slab serifs Egyptolog/ist, -y abbr. Egyptol. (cap.) 5.9 eh... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- eh when exclamation, to be followed by exclamation mark; when question, by question mark Ehrenburg (Ilya Grigorevich) 1891-1967, Russian writer 5.10 ei... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- -ei- not -ie-, in: beige, ceiling, conceit, conceive, counterfeit, cuneiform, deceit, deceive, forfeit, geisha, heifer, heinous, inveigh, inveigle, kaleidoscope, leisure, meiosis, neigh/, -bour, -bourhood, neither, nonpareil, obeisance, perceive, plebeian, receipt, receive, Seidlitz, seigneur, seigniorage, seise, seize, seizure, sleight, surfeit, their, weir, weird. See also -ie- eidol/on a phantom; pl. -a Eifel Mountains W. Germany Eiffel/ (Alexandre Gustave) 1832-1923, French engineer; -- Tower, Paris eigen/frequency, -function, -value (math. and phys., one word) eighteenmo/ (typ.), a book based on 18 leaves, 36 pages, to the sheet; also called octodecimo, decimo-octavo; pl. -s; abbr. 18mo Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the US, 1920, introducing prohibition of intoxicating liquor; repealed by Twenty-first Amendment, 1933 eigret/, -te use aigrette. See also egret eikon use icon Eikon Basilike pamphlet reputedly by Charles I, more probably by John Gauden, 1605-52, bishop and writer; another, written by Titus Oates, ded. to William III and attacking James II Einstein (Albert) 1879-1955, German physicist (naturalized American 1940); -- (Alfred), 1880-1952, German musicologist einsteinium symbol E Eire in Gaelic means "Ireland"; former off. name of the Republic of Ireland (or "the Irish Republic"), i.e. the 26 counties, formerly Irish Free State eirenicon a peace proposal, not ir- Eisenhower (Dwight David) 1890-1969, President of US, 1953-61 American general, Supreme Commander of Allied Expeditionary Force in Second World War Eisenstein (Sergei Mikhailovich) 1898-1948, Russian film-director eisteddfod/ a congress of Welsh bards; pl. -s either (gram.), correlative or, not nor; for number of following verb, see neither 5.11 ejector... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ejector one who, that which, ejects, not -er ejusdem/ (Lat.), of the same, abbr. ejusd.; -- generis, of the same kind 5.12 El... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- El (Heb.), God el (Sp. m.), the ‚l (Sp.), he Elagabalus 204-22, emperor of Rome 218-22, not Elio-, Helio- El Al Israel Airlines, Ltd. El Alamein Egypt; battle, 1942 ‚lan dash, spirit; -- vital, life-force (ital.) Elbrus (Mount), Caucasus, not -ruz, -urz Elburz mts., Iran, not -bruz elchee Anglicized version of elchi, Turkish ambassador Elder Brethren of Trinity House (caps.) El Dorado the golden land (two words, not ital.) eldorado/ place of great abundance, pl. -s elec. electricity, electrical, electuary elector not -er; (hist.) German prince electing emperor (cap. as title) Electra complex exaggerated attachment of daughter to father, the fem. analogue of Oedipus complex electress not -toress electro/ (no point), abbr. of electrotype; pl. -s electrocute to put to death by electricity, not -icute electroencephalogram (one word), abbr. EEC electrolyse to break up by electric means, not -yze electrolyte solution able to conduct electric current electromagnet/ic, -ism (pertaining to) electricity and magnetism (one word) electrometer electricity measurer (one word) electromotive producing electricity (one word) electromotor an electric motor (one word) electron-volt unit of energy (hyphen); abbr. eV (one cap.) electroplate coat with metal by electrolysis, objects thus made (one word) electrostatic of electricity at rest (one word) electrotype duplicate printing plate made by copper electrolysis (one word); abbr. electro electuary a sweetened medicine; abbr. elec. eleemosynary charitable eleg/y funeral song, pensive poem; adj. -iac; -ist, writer of elegy, not -iast; -ize, write elegy, not -ise. See also elogy, eulogy elementary abbr. elem. elements (chemical), no point after symbols. See also under each name elench/us (logic), a refutation; pl. -i; adj. elenctic, not -chtic elephant name for a former size of paper, 20 x 27 in. Elephantine Egypt, famed for archaeological yields elevator not -er Elgin Marbles transported to British Museum from Athens, 1805-12, by Earl of Elgin El Giza Egypt, site of the pyramids, use Giza Elia pseud. of Charles Lamb Elias Gr. form of Elijah used in NT (AV) Elien: sig. of Bp. of Ely (colon) eligible not -able Eliogabalus use Ela- Eliot fam. name of Earl of St Germans; - (George), 1819-90, pseud. of Mary Ann, or Marian, Evans, English novelist; -- (Thomas Stearns), 1888-1965, US (naturalized British) poet ђlisabethville Zaire, now Lubumbashi elision (typ.), suppression of letters or syllables in such contractions as e'en, there'll, I'd, you've, it's (it is, has), William's (William is, has). In Eng. and Ger. set close up. In Fr. put a space after an apostrophe following a word of two or more syllables (e.g. bonn' petite but j'ai). In It. set close up where the apostrophe follows a consonant (e.g. dall'aver but a' miei). In Gr., Lat., Sp. to be spaced. See also ellipsis ‚lite the chosen ones; size of letters on some typewriters (not ital.) elixir alchemist's preparation to change metals into gold or to prolong life indefinitely Elizabeth abbr. Eliz. Ellice Islands W. Pacific, now Tuvalu Elliot in fam. name of Earl of Minto; family in Jane Austen's Persuasion Elliott (Ebenezer) 1781-1849, English poet ellips/is the omission of words; pl. -es; (typ.) three points (not asterisks) separated by normal space of line are sufficient. When three points are used at the end of an incomplete sentence a fourth point should not be added; normal space before the first point. Where the sentence is complete, the closing point is set close up, followed by the three points for omission. See Hart's Rules for rules in foreign languages. See also elision Ellis Island New York harbour ‚loge (Fr. m.), an oration of praise; Anglicized as eloge (no accent) elogy; elogi/um pl. -a; eloge (see above); (funeral) oration of praise. See also elegy, eulogy Elohim (Heb.), the Deity eloin (law), to abscond, not -gn Elois/a, -e see H‚lo‹se E. long. east longitude El Paso Texas, US, not -ss- El Salvador republic of Cent. America, cap. San Salvador Elsass-Lothringen use Alsace-Lorraine Elsevier see Elzevier Elsinore Eng. for Dan. Helsingor elucidator one who makes clear, not -er elusive difficult to grasp, mentally or physically. See illusive elver a young eel Elyot (Sir Thomas) ?1499-1546, English writer Elys‚e palace, Paris Elysium (Gr. myth.), abode of dead heroes (cap., not ital.) elytr/on hard wing-case of beetle; pl. -a (not ital.) Elzevier Dutch family of booksellers and printers, in business ?1583-1712, not Elzevir, although the form is found in some bibliographical sources. The name of the modern publisher is Elsevier 5.13 EM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EM Earl Marshal, Edward Medal, Equitum Magister (Master of the Horse) Em. Emmanuel, Emily, Emma em (typ.), the square of the body of any size of type; also the standard unit of typographic measurement, equal to 12 pt., 4.2 mm., the "pica" em 'em them EMA European Monetary Agreement Emanuel School Wandsworth embalmment preservation of dead body by aromatic drugs (three ms); embalming is the more usual noun embargo/ temporary ban on trade; pl. -es embarkation not -cation embarras/ (Fr. m.); -- de richesse(s), a superfluity of good things; -- du choix, difficulty of choosing, not de embarrass/, -ment embassy not am- embathe not im- embed/, -ded, -ding not im- embezzlement fraudulent appropriation of money, not -lment emblaz/e, -onry not im- embod/y, -ied, -ier, -iment not im- embolden not im- embonpoint plumpness (not ital.) embosom to receive into one's affections, not im- emboss to raise in relief, not im- embouchement a river-mouth (not ital.) embouchure (mus.), mouthpiece, shaping of the mouth embower to shelter with trees, not im- embrangle to entangle, confuse, not im- embrasure door or window recess, widening inwards, not -zure embroglio use im- embroil to confuse, involve in hostility, not im- embrue use im- embryo/ pl. -s embryology abbr. embryol. embue use im- em dash (typ.), a long dash (--); see punctuation XII emend to alter or remove errors in a text etc. See also amend emerald (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 6.5 pt. emerit/us honourably retired; pl -i; fem. -a emerods use haemorrhoids Emerson (Ralph Waldo) 1803-82, US poet, essayist, and philosopher emeu (bird), use emu ‚meute (Fr. f.), insurrection e.m.f. electromotive force EMI Electrical and Musical Industries (Ltd.) ‚migr/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, an emigrant, esp. political exile ‚minence grise (Fr. f.), power behind the throne Emir in Turk. and Indian titles. See also Amir Emmanuel/ College Cambridge; -- (I -III), Kings of Italy, properly Emanuele Emmental Swiss cheese, not -thal emmesh use enm- Emmet (Robert) 1778-1803, Irish patriot Emp. Emperor, Empress empaestic connected with embossing, not -estic empanel/ to enrol, not im-; -led, -ling empassion use im- Emperor abbr. Emp. emphas/is pl. -es emphasize not -ise emplane not en- employ/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e; pl. -‚s, fem. -‚es (not ital.), use employee/s (m. and f., no accent) empolder use im- empori/um centre of commerce, large shop; pl. -a emprise (arch.), chivalrous enterprise, not -ize emptor a purchaser empyema pus in a cavity, esp. of a lung empyre/an the highest heaven; adj. -al empyreum/a the "burnt" smell of organic matter; not -ruma; pl. -ata em rule (typ.), a long dash (--); see punctuation XII EMS European Monetary System emu Australian running bird, not emeu e.m.u. electromagnetic unit(s) emulator rival, not -er 5.14 en... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- en (typ.), half the width of an em enactor not -er enamel/led, -ler, -ling enamorato use in- enamoured inspired with love en/ arriЉre (Fr.), behind; -- attendant, meanwhile; -- avant, forward; -- bloc, in the mass; -- brosse, bristly-cut enc. enclos/ed, -ure encaenia Commemoration at Oxford, not -cenia (not ital.) encage, encapsulate, encase not in- enceinte pregnant, a fortified enclosure enchase to put in a setting, engrave, not in- enchiridi/on handbook or manual; pl. -a (not ital.) en clair (Fr.), in ordinary language (not in cipher) enclave territory surrounded by foreign dominions enclos/e, -ure not in- (but Inclosure Acts) encomium/ a eulogy; pl. -s (not ital.) encore again (not ital.) encroach to intrude usurpingly, not in- encrust not in-; but incrustation encumber to hamper, burden, not in- encyclopaed/ia, -ic, -ical, -ism, -ist, -ize but use -ped- in quoting titles where that spelling was preferred; abbr. ency. Encyclopaedia Britannica abbr. EB, Ency. Brit. Encyclop‚die the French encyclopaedia ed. by Diderot, 1751-72; encyclop‚diste, a writer for it (not cap.) en dash (typ.), a short dash as in "1914-18", "the Fischer-Spassky match"; contrast hyphen. See also punctuation XII endemic regularly found in a specified place, opp. to epidemic endemn/ify, -ity use in- endent/, -ure use in- en/ dernier ressort (Fr.), as a last resource; -- deshabille, in undress end leaves see endpapers endors/e to write on the back of, not in-; -able, not -eable, -ible endpapers (bind.), the sheets at the beginning and end of a book, half of each pasted to inside of cover, half forming flyleaf endue to clothe, not in- endur/e, -able, -ed, -er, -ing not in- endways not -wise Endymion Greek legend, and Keats's poem; also Disraeli's last novel ENEA European Nuclear Energy Agency enema/ (syringe for making) injection into rectum; pl. -s (not ital.) energize not -ise en/ face (Fr.), facing; -- famille, with one's family enfant/ gѓt‚ (Fr. m.), spoilt child; -- prodigue (l'), the prodigal son; -- terrible, indiscreet person enfeoff (hist.), to transfer land to possession of a subordinate tenant. See also fee, feoff/ee, -ment en f€te (Fr.), in festivity enfin (Fr.), finally (one word) enfold not in- enforce/, -able not in- enfranchis/e, -able, -ement, -ing not -ize Eng. England, English eng. engineer, -ing, engrav/ed, -er, -ing Engadine Switzerland; in Ger. Engadin engag/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, morally committed en gar‡on (Fr.), as a bachelor Engels (Friedrich) 1820-95, German socialist, associate of Karl Marx engineer/, -ing abbr. eng. engine-room (hyphen) Engl/and, -glish abbr. Eng. English (typ.), name for former size of type, about 14 pt. engraft not in- engrain to dye in the raw state, not in-. See also ingrain en grande/ tenue or -- -- toilette (Fr.), in full dress; en grand seigneur, magnificently engross to buy wholesale, copy in a large hand, absorb attention of, not in- engulf not in-, -gulph enigma/ riddle; pl. -s enjambment in verse, the continuation of sense beyond the end of a line; in Fr. m. enjambement en masse (Fr.), in a body enmesh to entangle, not emm-, imm- Enniskillen Co. Fermanagh; -- (Earl of), but Inniskilling Dragoons and Fusiliers ennui boredom (not ital.) ennuy/‚ fem. -‚e, bored (not ital.) ENO English National Opera enoculate use in- enology use oen- en/ pantoufles (Fr.), relaxed; -- passant, by the way, in passing (also of a pawn capture in chess); -- pension, as a boarder enplane use em- en/ poste (Fr.), in official position; -- prince, in princely style; -- prise (chess), in a position to be taken enquire to ask. See also inquire enquiry a question, the general word, "inquiry" being reserved for an official investigation en/ rapport (Fr.), in sympathy; -- regle, as it should be, in order; -- revanche, in revenge enrol/, -ment not enroll-; but -led, -ler, -ling en route (Fr.), on the way en rule (typ.), see en dash, punctuation XII ens an entity; Lat. pl. entia En Saga (Swed.), A Saga (title of tone-poem by Sibelius, 1892) Enschede Netherlands, but Ensched‚ en Zonen, printing house at Haarlem ensconce to protect with an earthwork, establish snugly, not ins-, es- en secondes noces (Fr.), by second marriage ensemble general effect, group of players (not ital.) ensheath not -the ensilage storage of green fodder in pits or silos ensnare/, -ment not in- en somme (Fr.), in short ensuing not -eing en suite (Fr.), to match, forming a unit ensuite (Fr.), after, following (one word) ensure to make safe. See also assurance, insurance enswathe to wrap, not in- ENT ear, nose, and throat entailed estate one settled on a series of heirs, not in- entente/ meaning; -- cordiale, cordial understanding, (caps.) that between Britain and France, 1904 onwards; entente (un mot … double), a word or phrase with two meanings, pl. mots … double entente. See double entendre enterprise not -ize enthral/, -led, -ler, -ling, -ment enthron/e, -ization not in- entitle not in-. See also intitule entomology the study of insects; abbr. entom. entourage surroundings, attendants (not ital.) en-tout-cas (Fr.), umbrella-cum-parasol; En-Tout-Cas (caps.) propr. term for type of hard tennis-court entozo/on internal parasite; pl. -a (not ital.) entr'acte/ (performance in) the interval between two acts; pl. -s en train (Fr.), in progress entrain to board a train, to put aboard a train entrain (Fr. m.), heartiness entrammel/ to entangle; -led, -ling entrap/, -ped, -ping not in- entreat to beseech, not in- entrechat a jump in which a dancer strikes the heels together several times (not ital.) entrec“te (cook.), the "undercut" entr‚e a dish served between courses, right of admission (not ital.) entremets side dishes (not ital.) entrench not in- entre nous (Fr.), confidentially entrep“t a market (not ital.) entrepreneur/ person in control of business enterprise, a contractor (not ital.); adj. -ial entresol a storey between ground floor and first floor (not ital.) entrust not in- Ent. Sta. Hall Entered at Stationers' Hall en/twine, -twist not in- enunciat/e, -or enure use inure envelop/ (verb), -ed, -ment envelope (noun) Env. Extr. Envoy Extraordinary enweave use in- enwrap/, -ped, -ping not in- enwreath not in- enzootic endemic in animals enzyme (chem.), protein with catalytic properties 5.15 EO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EO Education Officer Eocene (geol.) (cap., not ital.) e.o.d. every other day EOL (comp.), end of line eon use aeon Eothen ("from the east"), by Kinglake, 1844 5.16 EP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- EP electroplate Ep. Epistle e.p. (chess), en passant epact age of the moon on 1 Jan. ‚pat/ant (Fr.), shocking; -er les bourgeois, to shake up the hidebound epaulette shoulder-piece, not -et EPDA Emergency Powers Defence Act ‚p‚e sword used in fencing epergne table ornament to hold flowers or fruit (not ital., no accent) ђpernay French white wine Eph. Ephesians, Ephraim ephah Hebrew measure, not epha ephedrine an alkaloid used as cardiac depressive or for asthma, not -in ephemer/a same as -on; pl. -as (not ital.) ephemer/is an astronomical almanac; pl. -ides ephemer/on insect that lives for a day, pl. -ons (not ital.); (bibliog.) printed item intended for transient use (e.g. theatre programme, bottle label), pl. -a Ephesians abbr. Eph. ephod Jewish priestly vestment ephor/ Spartan magistrate, pl. -s ephphatha (Aram.), "Be opened" epicedi/um funeral ode; pl. -a epicene sexless (contemptuous), (gram.) referring to either sex epicentre point over centre of earthquake Epicoene by Ben Jonson, 1609 epicure/ one who indulges in a refined way in the pleasures of the table; adj. -an Epicurean a philosopher who identifies pleasure with virtue, following the Greek Epicurus, 342-270 BC epideictic adapted for display, not -ktic epidemic (disease) breaking out locally and lasting only for a time epidermis the outer skin or cuticle epilogue concluding part of a lit. work epiornis use aepy- epiphany the manifestation of a god; (cap.) 6 Jan., the manifestation of Christ to the "wise men" epiphyte a plant that lives on the surface of another Epirot inhabitant of Epirus, not -te episcopal belonging to bishops; abbr. episc.; (cap.) title of Anglican Churches in Scotland and US "Epithalamion" by Spenser, 1595 epithalami/um a nuptial song; pl. -a epitheli/um surface tissue; pl. -a epitomize to shorten, summarize, not -ise epizo/on (zool.), an animal that lives on the surface of another; pl. -a; -otic, epidemic in animals e pluribus unum (Lat.), many made one (motto of US) EPNS electroplated nickel silver eppur si muove (It.), and yet it does move (ascribed to Galileo, after his recantation) ‚preuve (Fr. typ. f.), a proof ‚pris/ (Fr.), fem. -e, enamoured Epstein (Sir Jacob) 1880-1959, English sculptor epuis/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, exhausted; out of print epyornis use ae- 5.17 eq.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- eq. equal equable uniform, not easily disturbed. See also equatable Equador use Ecu- equal/ to (no longer with) -led, -ling equaliz/e, -ation not -ise equal mark (typ.), = (a space before and after) equanimity evenness of mind or temper equatable able to be regarded as equal. See also equable Equator/, -ial abbr. Eq. equerry off. attendant on royal personage, not -ery equestri/an horseman; fem. -enne equilibri/um balance, pl. -a equinoctial not -xial equinox/ period of year when night and day are equal; pl. -es equivalent abbr. equiv. equivocator user of misleading words, not -er equivoque a quibble (not ital.) 5.18 ER... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ER Eastern Region, Edwardus Rex (King Edward), Elizabetha Regina (Queen Elizabeth) Er erbium (no point) eraser one who, or that which, rubs out, not -or Erasmus (Desiderius) 1466-1536, Dutch scholar Erato (Gr.), the lyric muse erbium symbol Er Erckmann-Chatrian joint pseud. of two French writers collaborating from 1848 to 1870 Erdgeist (Ger. myth.), an earth-spirit Erechtheum temple at Athens erector one who, or that which, erects, not -er erethism (path.), excitement, not ery- Erevan Armenia, use Yerevan Erewhon by Butler, 1872 erf (Afrik.), plot of ground; pl. erven erg unit of work ergo therefore Erie one of the Great Lakes (US and Canada) Erin go bragh (Ir.), Erin for ever Eriny/s (Gr. myth.), ally of the three Furies, Eumenides, or avenging deities; pl. -es Eris Greek goddess of discord erl-king in Germanic myth.; in Ger. Erlk”nig (rom. quoted as title of poem by Goethe and of songs by Loewe, Schubert, and others) Ernie device for selecting weekly and monthly winners in Premium Savings Bonds (Electronic Random Number Indicator Equipment) "Eroica" Symphony by Beethoven, 1804 Eros Greek god of love erpetolog/y, -ist use h- errat/um error in writing or printing; pl. -a (not ital.) erroneous wrong, not -ious ersatz (Ger.), substitute Erse the Highland or Irish Gaelic language erstens (Ger.), in the first place; erstgeboren, first-born erven see erf erysipelas a skin disease, St Anthony's fire, not -us erythism use ere- Erzerum Turkish Armenia, not -oum, -om 5.19 ES... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ES (paper), engine-sized ESA European Space Agency escalade to mount and enter by a ladder escalat/e, -ion to rise, rising, steadily and inevitably, like an escalator escallop shellfish, use scallop escalope collop, slice of meat escargot edible snail escarp/, -ment a steep slope, not -pe Escaut Fr. for Schelde eschalot use shallot eschatology (theol.) doctrine of last things escheator official who watches over forfeited property, not -er eschscholtzia a yellow-flowered plant esconce use ens- Escorial Spain, not Escu- escritoire not -oir (not ital.) Esculap/ius, -ian use Ae- escutcheon heraldic shield, plate for keyhole, etc., not scut- Esdras in the Apocrypha, First, Second, Book of, abbr. 1, 2 Esd. Eskimo/ not Esquimau; pl. -s ESN educationally subnormal esophag/us, -eal use oes- esp. especially ESP extra-sensory perception espagnol/ fem. -e (Fr.), Spanish espagnolette fastening for french window espalier a lattice-work, a trained fruit-tree (not ital.) especially abbr. esp. Esperanto an artificial universal language, invented by L. L. Zamenhof, 1887 espiЉglerie roguishness (not ital.) espionage spying (not ital.) espressivo (mus.), with expression, not ex- espresso apparatus for making coffee under pressure, the coffee produced, not exp- (not ital.) esprit/ (Fr. m.), genius, wit; -- de corps, members' respect for a society; -- de l'escalier, inspiration too late; -- fort, a strong-minded person, pl. esprits forts (ital.) Esquimalt Vancouver Island, Canada, not -ault Esquimau use Eskimo Esquire abbr. Esq.; J. Smith, jun., Esq., not Esq., jun. ess name of the letter s; pl. esses ess. essences essays (typ.), cited titles to be roman quoted; caps. as in title Essouan use Aswan established abbr. est. Established Church (caps.); abbr. EC Establishment (the) (the values held by) the established sector of society (cap.) estamin a woollen fabric, not ‚t- estaminet (Fr. m.), a caf‚ estanci/a (Sp.-Amer.), cattle farm; -ero, its keeper Estate/s of the Realm the Parliament of Scotland before union with England in 1707; -s (the Three), Lords Spiritual (bishops), Lords Temporal, Commons; -- (the Third), French bourgeoisie before the Revolution; -- (the Fourth), the Press Esther (OT), not to be abbr., but Rest of Esth. (Apocr.) esthet/e, -ic use aes- estimator not -er estiv/al, -ation use aes- Estonia not Esth-, a Soviet Socialist Republic. See also USSR estoppel (law), a conclusive admission, not -ple, -pal estr/ogen, -us use oe- ESU English-Speaking Union e.s.u. electrostatic unit(s) 5.20 ET... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ET English translation ETA estimated time of arrival et alibi (Lat.), and elsewhere; abbr. et al. et alii (Lat.), and others; abbr. et al., not et als. etalon (phys.), interference-device (no accent, not ital.) ‚tamin use estamin ‚tat-major (Fr. m.), a staff of military officers et cetera (not ital.), abbr. etc.; comma before "etc." if more than one term precedes; comma after "etc." if it would be needed after an equivalent phrase such as "and the like". etceteras extras, sundries (one word) Eternal City (the) Rome eth Old-English and Icelandic letter (distinguish from thorn and wyn, qq.v.), also used in phonetic script; not edh ether medium filling all space, not ae- ethereal/, -ity, -ly not -ial Etherege (Sir George) ?1635-91, English playwright ethics the science of morals Ethiopia modern name of Abyssinia ethn/ic concerning races; -ology, -ological, abbr. ethnol. et hoc genus omne (Lat.), and all this kind of thing ethology the study of character formation or animal behaviour etiology use ae- etiquette conventions of courtesy (not ital.) Etna Sicily, not Ae- ‚trier (Fr. m.), short rope-ladder et sequen/s and the following, abbr. et seq. or et sq.; pl. -tes, n. -tia, abbr. et sqq. ‚tude/ a study; ‚tude de concert (mus.), concert study (ital.) ‚tui case for small articles, not etwee (not ital.) etymolog/y the study of derivations; -ical, -ically, -ist, -ize; abbr. etym. etym/on a root-word, pl. -a 5.21 Eu... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Eu europium (no point) eucalypt/us (bot.), pl. -uses euchre a card-game, not eucher, eucre Euclid/ c.300 BC, Athenian geometer, his treatise (cap.); adj. -ean (cap.) eudemon a good angel Euer (Ger. m.), your; abbr. Ew. EugЉne French Christian name (Љ); -- (Prince, of Savoy), 1663-1736, Austrian general Eug‚nie (Empress) 1826-1920, wife of Napoleon III (‚) eulogium/ eulogy; pl. -s eulogize not -ise eulogy (a not an), spoken or written praise. See also elegy, elogy Eumenides (Gr. myth.), the avenging Furies: Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera; (ital.) play by Aeschylus euonymus (a not an), plant of genus Euonymus, e.g. spindle-tree euphem/ism (a not an), a mild term for something unpleasant; -istic(al); abbr. euphem. euphemize not -ise euphonize not -ise euphony (a not an), agreeable sound euphorbia (bot.), spurge euphor/ia a feeling of well-being; -ic Euphues a prose romance in affected style, 1579, by John Lyly; hence euphuism Euratom European Atomic Energy Community Eure-et-Loir Fr. d‚p.; not Loire; not to be confused with Fr. d‚p. Eure eureka I have found (it)!, not heu- (not ital.). See also heuristic eurhythmic not eury- Europe abbr. Eur. European (a not an); abbr. Eur. Europeanize not -ise (cap.) europium symbol Eu Euterpe (Gr.), muse of music euthanasia peaceful death, mercy killing 5.22 eV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- eV electron-volt evangelize to inform about the Gospel, not -ise evaporimeter instrument to measure evaporation, not -ometer evening abbr. evng. even pages (typ.), the left-hand, or verso, pages even s. caps. (typ.), word(s) set entirely in small capitals ever joined to interrogatives used universally (whatever is, is right) but not to those used emphatically (what ever do you mean?) everglades (US), tracts of low swampy ground; (cap.) a large area like this in Florida evermore (one word) every must be followed by verb and pronoun in sing., as "every bird tries to protect its young" every/body, -day (adj.), Everyman, -one (but -- one when each word to retain its meaning; cf. Hart's Rules, p. 77), -thing, -way (adverb), -where (one word) 5.23 Ew.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ew. (Ger.), Euer etc. (your) ewe female sheep (a, not an) ewer jug (a, not an) Ewigkeit (Ger. f.), eternity 5.24 ex... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ex (Lat.), out of, excluding (not ital.) ex. example, executed, executive exa- prefix meaning 10«18 times, abbr. E exactor one who exacts, not -er exaggeration exalter one who exalts, not -or examination/ colloq. exam; -- paper, the questions; -- script, the answers examplar use exemplar example abbr. ex., pl. exx.; in Fr. m. exemple exanimate lifeless, depressed ex animo (Lat.), from the mind, earnestly exasperate to irritate, not -irate Exc. Excellency exc. excellent, except, -ed, -ion exc. excudit (engraved this) Excalibur King Arthur's sword, not -bar, -boor (not ital.). See also Caliburn ex cathedra (Lat.), from the Pope's, professor's, chair, with authority excavator not -er excellence/ superiority; pl. -s, not -cies Excellenc/y pl. -ies (persons), abbr. Exc. excellent abbr. exc. excentric used in math. sense instead of eccentric to avoid sense of "odd" except/, -ed, -ion abbr. exc. exceptionable open to criticism exceptional out of the ordinary exceptis excipiendis (Lat.), with the necessary exceptions excerpt an extract exch. exchange, exchequer exchange abbr. exch.; Stock -- (caps.), abbr. St. Ex. exchangeable not -gable exchequer abbr. exch. excisable liable to excise duty, removable by excision, not -eable excise (verb), not -ize excit/able not -eable; -ability, not -ibility exciter one who, or that which, excites, (elec.) auxiliary machine supplying current for another, not -or excitor (anat.), a nerve stimulating part of the body, not -er exclamat/ion, -ory abbr. excl., or exclam. exclamation mark (!), see punctuation VII excreta pl., excreted matter (not ital.) excudit (Lat.), engraved this; abbr. exc. ex curia (Lat.), out of court, not -ѓ excursus/ a digression; pl. -es (not ital.) excusable not -eable ex-directory (hyphen) ex dividend without next dividend; abbr. ex div. or x.d. exeat/ "let him depart", a formal leave of temporary absence; pl. -s (not ital.) See also exit, exit execut/ed, -ive abbr. ex. execut/or one who carries out a plan, etc.; (law) person appointed to execute will, not -er, abbr. exor.; fem. -rix, abbr. exrx., pl. -rices exege/sis explanation; pl. -ses (not ital.); adj. -tic exemplaire (Fr. m.), a specimen, a copy; in Ger. n. Exemplar exemplar pattern, not exa- exemple (Fr. m.), example exempli gratia (Lat.), for example; abbr. e.g. (l.c., not ital., comma before) exequatur/ an off. recognition by a foreign government of a consul or other agent; pl. -s (not ital.) exequies (pl.), funeral ceremony (not ital.) exercise not -ize Exeter in Lat. Exonia, abbr. Exon. See also Exon: exeunt/ see exit; -- omnes (Lat. stage direction), they all leave ex gratia (Lat.), voluntary exhibitor not -er exhilarat/e to enliven; -ing, -ion ex hypothesi (Lat.), by hypothesis exigency urgency exigent urgent exiguous small, scanty ex interest without next interest; abbr. ex int. or x.i. existence not -ance existentialism the philosophy that the individual is a free and responsible agent determining his own development exit/ a way out; pl. -s exit (Lat. stage direction), he or she goes out; pl. exeunt, they go out (ital.). See also exeat ex lege (Lat.), arising from law ex-libris (sing. and pl.), "from the library of", a book-plate (not ital.); abbr. ex lib. ex new without the right to new shares; abbr. ex n. or x.n. ex nihilo nihil fit (Lat.), out of nothing, nothing comes exodi/um conclusion of a drama, a farce following it; pl. -a; Anglicized as exode. See also exordium exodus a departure, esp. of a body of people; (cap., OT), departure of Israelites from Egypt, biblical book, abbr. Exod. ex officiis (Lat.), by virtue of official positions ex officio (Lat.), by virtue of one's official position exon officer of the Yeomen of the Guard Exon: sig. of Bp. of Exeter (colon) exor. executor exorcize to expel an evil spirit from, not -ise exordium/ introductory part of a discourse; pl. -s. See also exodium exotic type non-roman faces, e.g. Arabic, Hebrew exp. export, -ation, -ed, express expanded type (typ.), a type with unusually wide face ex parte (Lat.), one-sided(ly) ex pede Herculem (Lat.), judge from the sample expendable able to be sacrificed for some end expense not -ce experimenter not -or expertise expert knowledge expertize give expert opinion experto crede (Lat.), believe one who has tried it expi/ate, -able explanation abbr. expl. explicit (Lat.) (here) ends; as noun, the conclusion (of a book) export/, -ation, -ed abbr. exp. expos‚ explanation, exposure (not ital.) expositor one who expounds, not -er ex post facto (Lat.), after the fact expostulator one who remonstrates, not -er Ex-President (caps.) express abbr. exp. expressible not -able expressivo (mus.), with expresion, use es- expresso use es- expressway (one word) exrx. executrix ext. extension, exterior, external, -ly, extinct, extra, extract extasy, extatic use ecs- extempore (adj. and adv.), unprepared, without preparation (not ital.) extemporize not -ise extender not -or extendible not -able, but in gen. use next extensible not -able extension abbr. ext. extensor a muscle, not -er extent (typ.), the amount of printed space, expressed in ens (see en) or pages, filled by a given batch of copy exterior abbr. ext. external/, -ly abbr. ext. externalize not -ise externe non-resident hospital physician, day-pupil exterritorial use extra- extinct abbr. ext. extirpator one who destroys completely, not -er extol/, -led, -ler, -ling extra extract, abbr. ext. extractable not -ible extractor not -er extracts see authorities, quotations extra/-marital outside marriage, -mural, outside the scope of ordinary teaching (one word); but Extra-Mural Studies (of universities) extraneous brought in from outside, not -ious extra-sensory perception abbr. ESP extraterritorial not under local jurisdiction, not exterr- extravaganza a fantastic composition (not ital.) extrovert not extra- ex ungue leonem (Lat.), judge from the sample exuviae cast coverings of animals ex voto/ an offering made in pursuance of a vow; pl. -s exx. examples Exzellenz (Ger. f.), Excellency; abbrev. Exz., not Exc- 5.25 Eyck... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Eyck see Van Eyck eye/ball, -bath, -bright, -brow, -ful, -glass (one word) eyeing not eying eye/lash, -lid (one word) eye-muscles (hyphen) eye/piece (optics), -sight, -sore, -wash, -witness (one word) eyot islet, use ait Eyre & Spottiswoode (Publishers), Ltd. eyrie not aerie eyrir coin of Iceland, one-hundredth of krona; pl. aurar 5.26 Ezekiel... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ezekiel abbr. Ezek. Ezra not to be abbr. 6.0 F =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 6.1 F... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- F Fahrenheit, fail, farad, fluorine, (photog.) focal length, (math.) function, (pencils) fine, (on timepiece regulator) fast, the sixth in a series F. fair, Fellow, felon, formul/a, -ae, Friday, all proper names with this initial except those beginning ff f femto-, (math.) function f. farthing, fathom, female, feminine, filly, (photog.) focal length, (meteor.) fog, following, franc, free, from, furlong f (mus.), forte (loud) f. (Lat.), fortasse (perhaps) (Ger.) fЃr (for) 6.2 FA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- FA Football Association; F‚d‚ration A‚ronautique Fa. Florida, use Fla. fa (mus.), use fah Faber & Faber, Ltd. publishers fabliau/ a metrical tale; pl. -x fac. facsimile fa‡ade front face of a building (not ital.) face (typ.), the printing surface of type; the design of a particular fount facet/ one side of a cut gem; -ed, -ing, not -tt- facetiae humorous anecdotes (not ital.) facia tablet over shop, with occupier's name; dashboard of a motor car. See also fascia facies (nat. hist.), general aspect facile princeps (Lat.), easily best (ital.) facilis descensus Averni (not Averno) (Lat.), easy is the descent to Avernus fa‡on de parler (Fr.), mere form of words facsimile/ exact copy (one word, not ital.;) pl. -s; abbr. fac. facta, non verba (Lat.), deeds, not words factious characterized by faction(s) factitious not natural factorize not -ise factotum/ servant who attends to everything; pl. -s (not ital.) factum est (Lat.), it is done facul/a bright solar spot; pl. -ae; not fae- fado/ Portuguese folk-song; pl. -s faec/es pl., excrement; adj. -al faerie (arch. and poet.), Fairyland, not -y Faerie Queene (The) by Spenser, 1590-6 Faeroe Isles Danish, in N. Atlantic, use The Faeroes; adj. Faeroese fag-end (hyphen) faggot bundle of sticks, seasoned meatball, derog. name for woman fah (mus.), not fa Fahrenheit temperature scale; abbr. F FAIA Fellow of the Association of International Accountants faience glazed pottery, not fa‹-, fay- fain‚ant idle, idler (not ital.) faint ruled (paper), use feint fair abbr. F. fair and square (no hyphens except when attrib.) fair copy transcript free from corrections; abbr. f. co. Fair Isle Shetland, and knitting-design fair play (two words) fairway not fare- (one word) fairyland (one word) fairy-tale (hyphen) fait accompli (un) (Fr. m.), an accomplished fact faith-heal/er, -ing (hyphen) Faizabad Uttar Pradesh (India), use Fyz- fakir Muslim or Hindu religious mendicant, not the many variants Falang/e, -ist (member of) political party in Spain or Syria faldstool not fold- (one word) Falernian wine of ancient Campania Falkland/ Islands S. Atlantic; -- (Viscount) Falk Laws 1874-5, German anti-Catholic laws introduced by politician Adalbert Falk Falla (Manuel de), 1876-1946, Spanish composer fal-lal piece of finery, not fallol; collect. noun fallallery fallible liable to err, not -able Fallodon (Edward, Viscount Grey of) 1862-1933, English statesman, not -en fall-out (noun), from nuclear explosion (hyphen) falsa lectio (Lat.), a false reading; abbr. f.l. falucca use felucca falutin see high-falutin FAM Free and Accepted Masons fam. familiar, family familiarize not -ise family abbr. fam. See also botany, zoology fan/ belt, club, dance (two words) fandango/ (Sp.), a dance or its music; pl. -es (not ital.) Faneuil Hall historic building, Boston, Mass., US fanfaronade arrogant talk, not -nnade, -farronade fanlight (one word) fantas/ia (mus.), a free composition (not ital.); pl. -ias fantasize not -ise fantasmagoria use phantas- fantast a dreamer, not ph- fantasy not ph- Fanti tribe in Ghana, not -te, -tee Fantin-Latour (Henri) 1836-1904, French painter fantoccini (It.), marionettes fantom use ph- FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of UN) FAP First Aid Post faqu/eer, -ir use fakir far. farriery, farthing farad/ (elec.), unit of capacitance; abbr. F (no point); -ic current (med.), not -aic Faraday (Michael) 1791-1867, English chemist fareway use fair- farewell (one word) far/-fetched, -flung (hyphens) farinaceous starchy, not -ious Faringdon Oxon., not Farr- farm-hand (hyphen) farm/house, stead, yard (one word) Farne Islands N. Sea, not Farn, Fearne, Ferne far niente (It.), doing nothing. See also dolce -- -- Faroe use Faeroe farouche sullen from shyness (not ital.) Farquhar (George) 1678-1707, Irish dramatist farrago/ a hotchpotch, not fara-; pl. -s Farrar (Frederick William, Dean) 1831-1903, English divine and writer farriery horse-shoeing; abbr. far. Farringdon Within, Without wards of the City of London Farsi language of Iran farth/er, -est use further/er, -est farthing abbr. f. or far. FAS Fellow of the Anthropological Society; ditto Antiquarian Society fasces (pl.), a bundle of rods, the symbol of power fasci/a (archit.), long flat surface under eaves or cornice; pl. -ae. See also facia fascicle, fascicule fascicul/us (pl. -i), a bundle, bunch; one part of a book published in instalments Fasc/ism, -ist (noun and adj.); -istic (adj.) Fastens/-een, -eve, -even (Sc.), Shrove Tuesday, not Feastings- fata Morgana mirage seen in Str. of Messina (ital.) Fates (the Three) Atropos, Clotho, and Lachesis fat face type display type (q.v.) with thick stems and fine hair-lines Father (relig.), abbr. Fr.; (the), as Deity (cap.) father-in-law pl. fathers-in-law (hyphens) father of the chapel see chapel fathom abbr. f. or fm. fatstock (one word) faubourg (Fr. m.), a suburb, cap. F when with name (not ital.) Faulkland in The Rivals, by Sheridan Faulkner (William) 1897-1962, US novelist faultfind/er, -ing (one word) faun/ Latin rural deity; pl. -s fauna/ (collect.sing.), the animals of a region or epoch; pl. -s not ital.) Faure (Fran‡ois F‚lix) 1841-99, French statesman Faur‚ (Gabriel) 1845-1924, French composer faute de mieux (Fr.), for want of better fauteuil/ (Fr.), armchair, membership of French Academy; pl. -s Fauves (Les) group of painters led by Matisse; fauvism, style of painting associated with them (not cap.) faux pas (Fr. m.), a blunder (two words, pl. same) favour/, -able, -ite, -itism Fawkes (Guy) 1570-1606, conspirator fawn young deer, its colour; as verb, to grovel fayence use faience FBA Fellow of the British Academy, not FRBA FBAA Fellow of the British Association of Accountants and Auditors FBCS, Fellow ofthe British Computer Society FBI (US) Federal Bureau of Investigation FBIM Fellow of the British Institute of Management FBOA Fellow of the British Optical Association FC Football Club, Free Church (of Scotland) FCA Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (or Ireland) (off.) FCGI Fellow of the City and Guilds of London Institute FCIA Fellow of the Corporation of Insurance Agents FCIB Fellow of the Corporation of Insurance Brokers FCII Fellow of the Chartered Insurance Institute FCMA Fellow of the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office f. co. fair copy FCP Fellow of the College of Preceptors fcp. foolscap FCS Fellow of the Chemical Society, now FRSC FCSA Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators FCSP Fellow of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy FCST Fellow of the College of Speech Therapists FD fidei dlfensor (Defender of the Faith) Fe ferrum (iron) (no point) Fearne Islands use Farne feasible practicable, not -able Feastings- see Fastens- featherfew use fever- featherweight paper light but bulky book paper February abbr. Feb. fecal, feces use fae- fecerunt (Lat. pl.), made this; abbr. ff fecial use fetial fecit (Lat.), made this; abbr. fec. fedayeen Arab guerrillas (pl.) Federal Assemblies see Assemblies Federalist abbr. Fed. federalize not -ise fee/ (law), an inherited estate of land; -- simple, estate unlimited as to class of heir (two words); ---tail, estate so limited (hyphen). See also fief feedback return of part of output to input (one word) feedstock (one word) feeoff use fief feeoffee use feoffee feet see foot feff/ use fief; -ment, use feoffment Fehmgericht (Ger.), use Femgericht, qv. Feilding fam. name of Earl of Denbigh. See also Fie- feint (noun) sham attack, (verb) to pretend feint ruled (paper), not faint feld/spar a rock-forming mineral; adj. -spathic; not felspar F‚libre member of F‚librige, school of Proven‡al writers Felixstowe Suffolk fellah/ Egyptian peasant; pl. -in, not -s, -een. fellmonger hide-dealer felloe wheel rim, not felly Fellow abbr. F; in Lat., socius; or, in the Royal Society, sodalis fellow/ citizen, - men (two words) fellow/-feeling, -traveller (hyphens) felly use felloe felo de se (Anglo-Lat.), suicide; pl. felos de se felon one who commits a grave crime; abbr. F. felspar use feldspar felucca small Mediterranean vessel, not fal-, fil- fem. feminine female (bot., zool., sociol.), abbr. f. feme/ (law), wife, not femme; -- covert, married woman, -- sole, woman without husband (two words). See also femme Femgericht/ (Ger.), pl. -e, medieval German tribunal, Anglicized as Vehmgericht, q.v. feminine abbr. f. or fem. feminize to make feminine, not -ise femme/ de chambre (Fr. f.), chambermaid, lady's maid, pl. femmes -- --; -- fatale, a dangerously attractive woman; -- galante, a prostitute; -- incomprise, an unappreciated woman; -- savante, a learned woman. See also feme femto- prefix meaning "10 to the power of -15", abbr. f fem/ur thigh bone, pl. -ora (not ital.); -oral fencible able to be fenced; (hist., noun) soldier liable only for home service; not -able F‚nelon (Fran‡ois de Salignac de La Mothe) 1651-1715, French ecclesiastic and writer, not F‚n‚- fenestr/a (anat.), a small hole in a bone; pl. -ae (not ital.) fenugreek leguminous plant, not foenu- feoff use fief feoff/ee (hist.), one enfeoffed, not feeo-; -ment, act of enfeoffing. See also enfeoff, fee, fief ferae naturae (law), adj., wild (of animals), literally "of a wild nature" Ferd. Ferdinand Ferdausi Persian poet, use Fir- fer de lance venomous snake (trop. S. Amer.) Ferghana cent. Asia, not -gana Feringhee in the Orient, a European, esp. a Portuguese; not the many variants Fermanagh County N. Ireland, abbr. Ferm. fermium symbol Fm Ferne Islands use Farne Ferrara Italy; -- (Andrea), 16th c., Italian swordsmith Ferrari (Paolo) 1822-89, Italian dramatist Ferrero (Guglielmo) 1871-1942, Italian historian ferret/, -ed, -er, -ing ferrule metal cap on end of stick (two rs), not ferrel. ferule ferrum iron, symbol Fe ferryman (one word) fertilize not -ise ferule a cane or rod for punishment (one r). See also ferrule fess (her.), not fesse festa (It.), a festival Festschrift/ (Ger. f.), writings presented to scholar; pl. -en f€t/e entertainment, -ed (not ital.); f€te-champ€tre outdoor entertainment; F€te-Dieu, feast of Corpus Christi, pl. Fetes--- (ital., hyphen) fetial ambassadorial, not fec- fetid ill-smelling, not foe- fetish/ inanimate object worshipped by savages, (psych.) abnormal cause of sexual desire, not -ich, -iche; -eer, -ism,-ist (not ital.) fetor bad smell, not foe- fetus use foe- feu/ (Sc.), ground-rent, pl. -s feu/ (Fr.), late, deceased; fem. -e Feuchtwanger (Lion) 1884-1958, German novelist feud. feudal feudalize to make feudal, not -ise feu/ d'artifice (Fr. m.), firework, pl. feux --; -- de joie, a salute, pl. feux -- -- feu-duty (hyphen) feuille (Fr. typ. f.), a sheet Feuillet (Octave) 1821-90, French novelist and playwright feuillet/ (Fr. typ. m.), a leaf; -- blanc, blank leaf feuilletage (Fr. cook. m.), puff-pastry feuilleton (Fr. m.), light literature; in Fr. part of newspaper etc. devoted to this Feulhs use Fulahs feverfew (bot.), Chrysanthemum parthenium, not feather-, fetter-, -foe f‚vrier (Fr. m.), February, abbr. f‚v. (not cap.) fez/ a cap; pl. -zes (not ital.); adj. -zed FF Felicissimi Fratres (Most Fortunate Brothers) ff (typ.), as initials for proper name, not Ff; in Welsh, a separate letter, not to be divided ff. folios, following (pl., preferred to et seqq.) ff (mus.), fortissimo (very loud) ff fecerunt, q.v. FFA Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries (Scotland) FFAS Fellow of the Faculty of Architects and Surveyors fff (mus.), fortississimo (as loud as possible) F.F.Hom. Fellow of the Faculty of Homoeopathy FFPS Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons FFR Fellow of the Faculty of Radiologists FGS Fellow of the Geological Society FH fire hydrant FHA Fellow of the Institute of Health Service Administrators FHS Fellow of the Heraldry Society FIA Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries F.I.A.A. & S. Fellow Architect Member of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors FIAC Fellow of the Institute of Company Accountants fiacre a four-wheeled cab FIAI Fellow of the Institute of Industrial and Commercial Accountants fianc/‚ fem. -‚e, one betrothed (not ital.) fianchetto/ (chess), placing bishop on long diagonal (pl. -es; not ital.) fianna the militia of Finn and other legendary Irish kings; Fianna/, pl., the Fenians; -- Eireann, the Fenians of Ireland; -- F il, the Irish Republican party F.I.Arb. Fellow of the Institute of Arbitrators FIAS Fellow Surveyor Member of the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors fiasco/ a failure; pl. -s fiat formal authorization (not ital.) Fiat Fabbrica Italiana Automobile Torino (It. motor car, company, and factory) fiat/ justitia (Lat.),let justice be done; -- lux, let there be light FIB Fellow of the Institute of Bankers F.I.Biol. Fellow of the Institute of Biology fibrin blood protein appearing as network of fibres, not -ine fibul/a leg-bone, brooch; pl. -ae FICE Fellow of the Institute of Civil Engineers fiche microfiche; pl. same fichu woman's neckerchief (not ital.) FICS Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers; ditto International College of Surgeons fic/tion, -titious abbr. fict. fictionalize not -ise FID Fellow of the Institute of Directors fidalgo (Port.), a noble fiddle-de-dee nonsense (hyphens) Fidei Defensor (Lat.), Defender of the Faith; abbr. FD or Fid. Def. fides Punica (Lat.), Punic faith, bad faith fidget/, -ed, -ily, -ing, -y (one t only) FIDO Fog Investigation Dispersal Operation fidus Achates (Lat.), a trusty friend FIEE Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers fief (hist.), land held by tenant of a superior, not feoff. See also enfeoff, fee, feoff/ee, -ment field-glasses (hyphen) Fielding (Henry) 1707-54, English novelist. See also Fei- Field Marshal (two words, caps. as title); abbr. FM Field Officer (two words, caps. as title); abbr. FO fieri facias (Lat.), "see that it is done", a writ; abbr. fi. fa. fiesta festivity, holiday FIFST Fellow of the Institute of Food Science and Technology fift/y, -ieth symbol L fig. figure, figurative, -ly, figure figurant/ (Fr. m.), a member of the ballet chorus, pl. -s; fem. -e, pl. -es. Also (It. m. or f.) -e, pl. -i figure-head (hyphen) figures term used by some printers for arabic numerals; BS 2961 recommends the term numerals (q.v.) for both arabic and roman. See also authorities, decimal currency, lakh FIHE Fellow of the Institute of Health Education F.I.Inst. Fellow of the Imperial Institute FIJ use FJI Fiji/ W. Pacific, indep. 1970; adj. -an only of Polynesians, otherwise Fiji filagree use filigree Fildes (Sir Luke) 1844-1927, English painter filemot a yellowish-brown, "dead leaf" colour, not filamort, filmot, phil- filet (cook.), fillet filfot use fy- filibeg (Sc.), kilt, not the many variants filibuster one who obstructs public business by a long speech, the speech, not fill- filigree/ ornamental metallic lace-work, adj. -d, not fila-, file; -- letter (typ.), an initial with filigree background filing cabinet (two words) Filipin/as Sp. for Philippine Islands; -o(s), native(s) of the islands fille de/ chambre (Fr. f.), chamber-maid, lady's maid, pl. filles -- --; -- joie, a prostitute fillet/ in Fr. m. filet; -ed, -ing fillibeg use fili- filling-station (hyphen) fillip/ a stimulus; -ed, -ing fillipeen use philippina fillister a kind of plane-tool (two ls) filmot use filemot filmsetting (typ.), composition and correction on photographic film instead of in metal filoselle floss silk (not ital.) fils (Fr. m.), son, as Dumas fils (not ital.) filter/ device for separating solid matter from liquid; -bed, -paper (hyphens). See also philtre filucca use felucca F.I.Mech.E. Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Fin. Finland, Finnish finable liable to a fine finale conclusion (not ital.) finalize not -ise fin de siЉcle (Fr. f.), end of the (nineteenth) century, decadent fine (mus.), end of the piece Fine Gael Irish political party fine-paper edition abbr. FP finesse subtlety (not ital.) fine-tooth comb (one hyphen) finger-mark (hyphen) finger/print, -tip (one word) finick/ing, -y fastidious finis the end (not ital.) Finistere d‚p. France Finisterre/ weather-forecast sea area; -- (Cape), Spain finnan haddock smoked haddock (two words), not the many variants Finnegans Wake novel by James Joyce, 1939 (no apos.) Finnish/ abbr. Fin.; -- language (typ.), is set in ordinary roman characters Finno-Karelia a former Soviet Socialist Republic. See USSR Fin. Sec. Financial Secretary F.Inst.P. Fellow of the Institute of Physics FIOB Fellow of the Institute of Building FIOP Fellow of the Institute of Printing fiord (Norw.), arm of the sea, not now fjord (not ital.) fioritura (mus.), decoration of melody FIPA Fellow of the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising FIQS Fellow of the Institute of Quantity Surveyors fir. firkin, -s Firbank (Ronald) 1886-1926, English novelist Firdausi ?930-1020, Persian poet, not Ferdausi, Firdousi, Firdusi fire/-alarm, -engine, -escape, -guard, -hydrant abbr. FH (hyphens) fire/arm(s), -man, -place, -side (one word) fire/ brigade, -- insurance (two words) Firenze It. for Florence fire-plug abbr. FP fireproof (one word) firkin/ small cask; pl. -s; abbr. fir. firman/ an edict, pl. -s firn n‚v‚, granular snow not yet compressed into ice at head of glacier (not ital.) first (adj.), abbr. 1st first aid (two words) first/-born, -class (adj. and adv.), -fruit (hyphens) firsthand (adj., one word), but at first hand (two words) first proof (typ.), the first impression taken, and corrected by the "copy" first-rate (hyphen) First World War 1914-18 (caps.); also World War I firth an estuary, not fri- FIS Fellow of the Institute of Statisticians FISA Fellow of the Incorporated Secretaries Association Fischer (Robert James) b. 1943, US chess master Fischer-Dieskau (Dietrich) b. 1925, German baritone fisgig use fiz- fish/ cake, -- finger (two words) fishing/-line, -rod (hyphens) fissile able to undergo fission, not fissionable FIST Fellow of the Institute of Science Technology fisticuffs not fisty- fistul/a opening of internal organ to the exterior or to another organ, pl. -ae (not ital.) fit (arch.) section of a poem, not fytte FitzGerald/ fam. name of Duke of Leinster; -- (Edward), 1809-83, English poet and translator (one word), cap. G Fitzgerald/ (Francis Scott Key) 1896-1940, US novelist; -- (George Francis), 1851-1901, Irish physicist, devised the theory of -- contraction, lower-case g Fitzwilliam/ College, -- Museum Cambridge fivefold (one word) fixed star sign (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) fizgig flirtatious girl, small firework, not fis-, fizz- fizz a sound, not fiz FJI Fellow of the Institute of Journalists, not FIJ fjord use fiord FL (naval) Flag Lieutenant, Florida (off. postal abbr.) Fl. Flanders, Flemish fl. florin, fluid, (Neth. etc.) gulden fl. flores (flowers), floruit (flourished) f.l. falsa lectio (a false reading) Fla. Florida (off. abbr.) FLA Fellow of the Library Association flabbergast to dumbfound, not flaba-, flaber- flabell/um (eccl. and bot.), a fan; pl. -a flag/-boat, -day (hyphens) flageolet (mus.) small flute, (bot.) kidney bean, not -elet (not ital.) flag-pole (hyphen) flag/ship, -staff (one word) flak anti-aircraft fire, not -ck flamb‚ (Fr. cook.), served in flames flambeau/ a torch; pl. -s (not ital.) flamboyant showy, (archit.) with flamelike lines (not ital.) flamenco/ type of gypsy song or dance from Andalusia, pl. -s (not ital.) flame-thrower (hyphen) flamingo/ trop. bird; pl. -s flammable inflammable Flamsteed (John) 1646-1719, first English Astronomer Royal (1675-1719), not -stead Flanders abbr. Fl. flѓn/erie (Fr. f.), lounging; -eur, fem. -euse, an idler flannelette cotton imitation of flannel, not -llette flannelled not -eled flash/back, -light, -point (one word) flat/ back (bind.), see square back; ---impression or -- pull (typ.), see rough pull flat-fish (hyphen) flatworm (one word) Flaubert (Gustave) 1821-80 French novelist flautist not flut- flavour/, -ed, -ing, -less but flavorous flЉche (Fr. f.), an arrow; flЉche (archit., not ital.), a slender spire flection use flexion fledgeling not fledgling Fleming a native of Flanders Fleming (Sir Alexander) 1881-1955, Scottish bacteriologist, discovered penicillin fleur-de-lis heraldic lily, not fleur-de-lys, nor flower-de-luce; pl. fleurs-de-lis (not ital.) fleuret (bind.), flower-shaped ornament fleuron a type ornament flexible not -able flexion not -ction flexitime system of working variable hours, not flext- flibbertigibbet frivolous person Fliegende Holl„nder (Der) (The Flying Dutchman), opera by Wagner, 1843 flier use flyer flintlock (one word) floatation use flotation floccinaucinihilipilification estimating as worthless (one word) floccul/us (Lat.), a small tuft, (astr.) small solar cloud, (anat.) a small lobe in the cerebellum; pl. -i flong (typ.), material used for making the mould for stereotyping Flood (the), in Genesis (cap.) flood/gate, -light (one word) floozie not -sie flor. floruit (flourished) flora/ (collect. sing.) the plants of a region or epoch; pl. -s (not ital.) floreat may he, she, it flourish Floren/ce in It. Firenze; adj. -tine flores (Lat.), flowers; abbr. fl. florescen/ce, -t floriat/e, -ed florally decorated, not -eate Florida off. abbr. Fla. or (postal) FL florilegi/um an anthology, pl. -a florin abbr. fl. floruit (Lat.), flourished, abbr. fl., or flor., followed by date(s) (not ital. when used as noun) flotation not floatation flotsam and jetsam (naut.), floating wreckage and goods thrown overboard (esp. when washed ashore) flourished abbr. fl. (floruit) flow chart (two words) flower-de-luce use fleur-de-lis flowers (typ.), type ornaments flow rate (two words) FLS Fellow of the Linnean Society (off. spelling), not Linnae- Flt. Lt. Flight Lieutenant Flt. Sgt. Flight Sergeant flu influenza (no point) fluffing (typ.), release of paper fluff or dust during printing FlЃgel (Johann Gottfried) 1788-1855, German lexicographer flugelhorn kind of bugle flugelman use fugle- fluid abbr. fl. fluidize not -ise fluky not -ey flummox to confound, not -ix, -ox flunkey/ liveried servant (now derog.), pl. -s; not -ky fluoresce/, -nce, -nt be made luminous, etc. fluoridate add fluoride to fluorinate introduce fluorine into fluorine not -in; symbol F fluoroscope instrument for X-ray examination, with fluorescent screen fluorspar (chem.), calcium fluoride as mineral flush (typ.), set to margin of columns or page Flushing Netherlands, in Du. Vlissingen flustr/a a seaweed; pl. -ae (not ital.) flutist use flautist fluty, flutelike not -ey fluxions (math.), not -ctions fly/ light carriage, pl. -s flyer not flier fly/leaf (typ.), a blank leaf at beginning or end of a book, also blank leaf of a circular; -sheet, a two- or four-page tract (one word) flyover road or railway bridge (one word) fly-past (noun, hyphen) flywheel (one word) FM field magnet, Field Marshal, Foreign Mission, frequency modulation Fm fermium (no point) fm. fathom FMS Fellow of the Medical Society f.n., fn. footnote FO Field Officer, (naval) Flag Officer, (RAF) Flying Officer, Foreign Office fo. folio FOC father of the chapel (see chapel) focalize not -ise Foch (Ferdinand) 1851-1929, French general fo'c'sle use forecastle focus/ pl. -es, (sci.) foci focus/ed, -es, -ing not -uss- foehn use fohn foenugreek use fe- Foerster (Friedrich Wilhelm) 1869-1966, German philosopher and polit. writer foet/id, -or use fe- foet/us child or young animal developed in womb, pl. -uses; -al, -ation, -icide; not fet- fog (meteor.), abbr. f. foggy obscured by fog fog/y one with antiquated notions, not -ey, -ie; pl. -ies f”hn Alpine south wind, not foehn foie (Fr. m.), liver Fokine (Michel) 1880-1942, Russian-American choreographer fol. folio, following fold as suffix forms one word (e.g. threefold) fold-out oversize page in book (hyphen) foldstool use fald- foliaceous leaflike, not -ious foliate (verb) number folios consecutively, (adj.) leaflike Folies BergЉre (ital.) folio/ (typ.), a sheet of MS or copy; a page number; a book based on two leaves, four pages, to the sheet; pl. -s; as verb, -ed, not -'d; abbr. fo., fol. foli/um (Lat.), a leaf; pl. -a folk-dance (hyphen) Folketing Danish Parliament; not -thing folklor/e, -ism, -ist, -istic (one word) folk/-song, -tale (hyphens) follic/le (bot., med.), small sac, not -cule; but -ular, -ulated following abbr. f. or fol. fonda (Sp.), an inn fondant a sweetmeat (not ital.) fondue melted cheese, eggs, etc., not fondu fons et origo (Lat.), source and origin font (US typ.), Eng. fount Fontainebleau d‚p. Seine-et-Marne, France Fonteyn (Dame Margot) b. 1919, English prima ballerina foodstuff (one word) foolproof (one word) foolscap former size of paper, 17 x 13.5 in.; -- 4to, 8.5 x 6.75 in.; -- 8vo, 6.75 x 4.25 in.(untrimmed). See also book sizes foot in metric system 30.48 centimetres; abbr. ft; not now in scientific use foot-and-mouth disease (hyphens) football (one word) foot/-brake, -bridge (hyphens) foot candle (two words) foot/hills, -hold, -lights, -loose (one word) footnotes in copy should be written either at the bottom of the folio or on a separate sheet, with reference figures for identification; (typ.) all references In text to be by superior figures outside the punctuation mark or quote, except in math. setting (see reference marks). For a second set of cues use superior letters. At page make-up, leave apparent white between end of text and first line of notes foot/path, -plate, -print (one word) Foots Cray London Footscray Vic., Australia foot/sore, -step, -stool, -way, -wear (one word) for. foreign, forestry foram/en (anat., bot.), an orifice; pl. -ina forasmuch (one word) foray a raid, not forr- forbade see forbid for/bear to abstain, past -bore, partic. -borne. See also forebear Forbes-Robertson (Sir Johnston) 1853-1937, English actor for/bid past -bade, partic. -bidden, -bidding force majeure (Fr. f.), circumstances beyond one's control forcemeat meat finely chopped and seasoned, not forced- (one word) forceps surgical pincers; pl. same forcible not -cable Ford (Ford Madox) orig. surname Hueffer, 1873-1939, English writer forearm (noun and verb, one word) forebear ancestor. See also forbear forebod/e, -ing not forb- forecast forecastle not fo'c'sle foreclose foredge (bind.), the edge of a book opposite the binding, not fore-edge. See also margins fore-edge (hyphen in non-technical uses) fore-end not forend Forefathers' Day (US), anniversary of landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass., 21 Dec. 1620, usu. celebrated on 22 Dec. forefend use forf- fore/finger, -front (one word) foregather use forg- fore/go to go before, past -went, partic. -gone, -going. See also forgo forehead foreign abbr. for. Foreign and Commonwealth Office formed, 1968, from the two separate Offices; abbr. FCO Foreign/ Mission abbr. FM; -- Office (caps.), abbr. FO, combined, 1968, with the Commonwealth Office forel early vellum-like covering for books, not forr- fore/leg, -lock, -mast, -play (one word) fore/run past -ran, partic. -run; -runner (one word) fore/said, -see, -shadow, -shore -shorten, -sight, -skin, -stall, not for- (one word) Forester (Cecil Scott) 1899-1966, English novelist foretell not fort-, fortel for ever for always (two words); forever, continually (one word) forewarn not for- (one word) foreword (of book), not forw-. See also preliminary matter forfeit forfend avert, not fore- forgather not fore- forget-me-not (bot.) forgett/able, -ing forgivable not -eable for/go to abstain from, past -went, partic. -gone, -going. See also forego formalin a germicide or preservative, not -ine formalize not -ise format/ (typ.), the size (octavo, quarto, etc.) of a book; (loosely) its general typ. style and appearance; (comp.) a frequently-used set of typographical commands stored in the keyboard (not ital.); as verb, past -ted, partic. -ted, -ting forme (typ.), a body of type secured in the frame called a chase; not form former first of two. See also latter formul/a pl. -as, (sci.) -ae (not ital.); abbr. F. forray use foray forrel use forel forsaid use fore- Fors Clavigera by Ruskin, 1871-84 Forster (John) 1812-76, English biographer (see also Foster); -- (Edward Morgan), 1879-1970, English novelist forsw/ear, -ore, -orn forsythia ornamental shrub Fort cap. F when with name, as Fort Southwick, Tilbury Fort; abbr. Ft. fort. fortification, fortified forte/ person's strong point (not ital.); (mus.), strong and loud, abbr. f; ---piano, loud, then immediately soft (hyphen), abbr. fp; --piano, early form of pianoforte (one word) fortell use fore- fortissimo/ (mus.), very loud; as noun, pl. -s; abbr. ff fortississimo/ (mus.), as loud as possible; as noun, pl. -s; abbr. fff fortiter in re (Lat.), bravely in action. See also suaviter in modo FORTRAN Formula Translation, a computer compiler language forty-eightmo (typ.), a book based on 48 leaves, 96 pages, to tbe sheet; abbr. 48mo forwarn use fore- forzando (mus.), forced; abbr. fz (no point). See also sforzando foss/a (anat.), a cavity; pl. -ae fosse a ditch, not foss fossilize not -ise Foster (Birket) 1825-99, English painter; -- (John), 1770-1843, Englisb essayist (see also Forster); -- (Stephen Collins), 1826-64, US song-writer; -- (Sir Harry Hylton-), see Hylton-Foster Fotheringhay Castle Northants, 1066-1604 Foucault (John Bernard L‚on) 1819-68, French physicist Foucquet use Fouq- foul/ adv. -ly; -up (hyphen as noun) Foulahs use Fulahs foulard a fabric (not ital.) foul proof (typ.), a proof-reader's marked proof as opposed to the corrected (or clean, q.v.) proof which succeeds it foundry not -ery; -- proof, final proof from forme which has been prepared for plating fount (typ.), a complete set of type of one particular face and size; in US font Fouqu‚ (Friedrich, Baron de la Mode) 1777-1843, German poet and dramatist Fouquet (Jean) 1416-80, French painter; -- (Nicolas), 1615-80, French statesman; not Foucq- four-colour process (typ.), printing in yellow, magenta, cyan, and black to give a complete colour reproduction fourfold (one word) Fourier (Fran‡ois Marie Charles) 1772-1837, French socialist, hence Fourier/ism, -ist, -ite; -- (Jean Baptiste Joseph), 1768-1830, French mathematician and physicist, hence Fourier Series four-poster four-post bed four/score, -some (one word) four-stroke (hyphen) Fourth of July US Independence Day (caps.) Fourth of June George III's birthday, day of celebration at Eton Fowler (Francis George) 1870-1918, English lexicographer; -- (Henry Watson), 1858-1933, English lexicographer, author of Modern English Usage and joint author, with brother F. G., of The King's English Fox (Charles James) 1749-1806, English politician; -- (George), 1624-91, English preacher, founder of Society of Friends (Quakers) Foxe (John), 1516-87, English martyrologist foxed paper stained with yellowish-brown spots fox/glove, -hole, -hound (one word) fox/-hunt, -terrier (hyphens) foxtrot (one word) foyer theatre lounge (not ital.) FP Fine Paper (the best edition of a work); fire-plug; (Sc.) former pupil(s) f.p. freezing-point fp (mus.), forte-piano, loud, then immediately soft FPA Family Planning Association, Foreign Press Association F.Ph.S. Fellow of the Philosophical Society of England FPS Fellow of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Fr francium (no point) Fr. Father, France, French, Friar, Friday; (Ger.) Frau (Mrs, wife) (It.) Fratelli (Brothers) fr. fragment, franc, from, (Ger.) frei (free) fra (It.), brother, friar (no point) fracas noisy quarrel; pl. same (not ital.) fractionalize not -ise fractions (typ.), spell out simple fractions in textual matter, e.g. one-half, two-thirds, one and three-quarters; hyphenate compounded numeral in compound fractions such as nine thirty-seconds, forty-seven sixty-fourths; in statistical matter use one-piece fractions where available, but if these are not available use split fractions, i.e. those with dividing line attached to denominators and the numerator justified above it; but to avoid difficult handwork complex non-displayed fractions are now often set in fount-size numerals with a solidus between, e.g. 19/100. For math. setting, see Hart's Rules, pp. 55-6 fractions, decimal see decimal fractions FRAD Fellow of the Royal Academy of Dancing fraenum not fre- F.R.Ae.S. Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society F.R.Ag.Ss. Fellow of the Royal Agricultural Societies FRAI Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute Fraktur (typ.), name for German style of black letter FRAM Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music framable not -eable framework (one word) franc (Fr. m.), coin (not ital.); abbr. f. or fr., pl. f. or frs., to be put after the figures, as 10 f. 50 c., or 10.50 fr. fran‡aise (… la) (Fr.), in the French style, not cap. F France abbr. Fr. Franche-Comt‚ province, France franchise the right to vote, not -ize francium symbol Fr Franck (C‚sar Auguste) 1822-90, Belgian-born French organist and composer Franco (General Francisco) 1892-1975, Spanish head of state 1939-75 franc-tireur (Fr. m.), an irregular sharpshooter; pl. francs-tireurs franglais (Fr. m.), French regarded as including too many borrowings from English Frankenstein (in Mary Shelley's novel), the maker of the monster, not the monster Frankfort Ind. and Ky. (US) Frankfurt/-on-Main W. Germany; -- -on-Oder, E. Germany; in Ger. Frankfurt/ am Main, -- an der Oder (no hyphens) frankfurter seasoned smoked sausage Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung German newspaper, not Frankfor-, fur- Franz Josef Land Arctic Ocean (USSR) frappant (Fr.), striking, affecting frapp‚ (Fr.), iced FRAS Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, ditto Asiatic Society Fraser family name of Barons Lovat, Saltoun, and Strathalmond. See also Frazer Fraser River Brit. Columbia, Canada Fraser's Magazine frat/e (It.), a friar; pl. -i fraternize not -ise Frau/ (Ger. f.), Mrs, wife, not Fr„u; abbr. Fr.; pl. -en Fr„ulein (Ger. n.), Miss, unmarried lady; pl. same; abbr. Frl. Fraunhofer/ (Joseph von) German physicist, discoverer of -- lines in sun's spectrum (no umlaut) Frazer (Sir James George) 1854-1941, English anthropologist. See also Fraser FRBS Fellow of the Royal Botanic Society; Fellow of the Royal Society of British Sculptors FRCGP Fellow of the Royal College of General Practitioners FRCM Fellow of the Royal College of Music FRCO Fellow of the Royal College of Organists FRCOG Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists FRCP Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London F.R.C.Path. Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists FRCS Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, England FRCVS Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London F.R.Econ.S. Fellow of the Royal Economic Society Fred. Frederic, Frederick. When it is a full name, or a diminutive of familiarity, it takes no point Fredericton New Brunswick, Canada, not -ck- free and easy (three words) freeboard (one word) free-born (hyphen) freedman an emancipated slave; freeman, one to whom the freedom of a city has been given free/-for-all, -hand (adj.) (hyphens) free/hold, -holder (one word) free-lance (noun & verb) Freemantle use Frem- Freemason/, -ry (cap., one word) free-range (adj., hyphen) free/-thinker, -thought (hyphens) free will the power of self-determination (two words); freewill (adj., one word) freeze to convert to ice. See also frieze freezing-point abbr. f.p. frei (Ger.), free; abbr. fr. Freiberg Saxony, Germany Freiburg/ im Breisgau Baden, Germany; Ger. abbr. -- i.B. Freiburg Switzerland, use Fribourg Freiherr Get. title; abbr. Frhr. FreischЃtz (Der) opera by Weber, 1819 freize use frieze Fremantle W. Australia, not Free- French abbr. Fr.; (typ.), alphabet as English; see accents. There are strict rules for capitalization, division of words, spacing, etc. The following must suffice here, but reference to Hart's Rules, pp. 89-103, is strongly recommended. Division of words is according to spoken syllables, rarely etymology: single consonant goes with following vowel, including consonant + r or + l; take over gn (e.g. sei-gneur); doubled consonants may he divided. No caps. for adjectives of nationality, the first pers. pronoun, days of week, months, names of cardinal points, names indicating rank, as anglais, je, lundi, mars, le nord, le duc. Accents: acute (') used only over e; when two es come together the first always has acute accent, as n‚e; grave (') used over a, e, u; circumflex (^) used over any vowel. Cedilla c (‡) used only before a, o, u. Diaeresis as in English; the digraph oe is not to be separated. Quotation marks are usu. guillemets ® Ї, though rules are more commonly used in conversational passages french chalk (not cap.) French groove (bind.), extra space between board and spine Frenchified, Frenchlike (cap.) french polish/, -er, french windows (two words, not cap.) frenetic delirious, frantic, not ph- frenum use frae- feq., frequent, -ly, -ative frЉre (Fr. m.), brother, friar FRES Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society fresco/ water-colour done on damp plaster; pl. -s (not ital.) freshman first-year man at university (one word) freshwater (adj., one word); fresh water (noun, two words) Fresnel (Augustin Jean) 1788-1827, French physicist fret/saw, -work (one word) Freud/ (Sigmund) 1856-1939, Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis; adj. -ian Freytag (Gustav) 1816-95, German writer FRG Federal Republic of Germany FRGS Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society F.R.Hist.S. Fellow of the Royal Historical Society Frhr. (Ger.), Freiherr (a title) FRHS Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society Fri. Friday friar's balsam tincture of benzoin, not -s' FRIBA Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (pl. FF-) Fribourg Switzerland, not Frei-; in Ger. Freiburg FRIC Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, now FRSC fricandeau/ braised and larded fillet of veal; pl. -x (not ital.) fricassee/ a white stew (not ital., no accent), pl. -s FRICS Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors Friday abbr. F., Fr., or Fri. Friedman (Milton) b. 1912, US economist frier one who fries, use fryer Friesian breed of cattle, not Fris- frieze cloth, (archit.) part below cornice, not frei- FRIPHH Fellow of the Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene frippery tawdry finery Fris. Frisia (Friesland, in Netherlands), Frisian. See also Friesian fris/ette curls on forehead, not friz-; -eur, hairdresser; -ure, mode of hairdressing frisson (Fr. m.), a shudder frit/ (Fr. cook.) fem. -e, pl. -(e)s, fried frith estuary, use firth frizz to roughen, curl, not friz Frl. (Ger.), Fr„ulein (Miss) F.R.Med.Soc. Fellow of the Royal Medical Society F.R.Met.S. Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society FRMS Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society FRNS Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society fro (no point) Froebel (Friedrich) 1782-1852, German educationalist, founder of kindergarten system Frolic/, -ked, -king fromage (Fr. m.), cheese Fronde French rebel party during minority of Louis XIV frondeur member of Fronde, political rebel Frontignan a muscat grape or wine (not ital.) frontispiece (typ.), illustration facing title-page (one word) frost/-bite, -bitten (hyphens) Froude (James Anthony) 1818-94, English historian Froufrou comedy by Meilhac and Hal‚vy frou-frou a rustling of dress (not ital.) frowsty musty, stuffy frowzy unkempt, slatternly FRPS Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society FRS Fellow of the Royal Society, in Lat. SRS (Societatis Regiae Sodalis) frs. francs FRSA Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts FRSC Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry FRSE Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSH Fellow of the Royal Society of Health FRSL Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature FRSM Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine FRST Fellow of the Royal Society of Teachers frumenty boiled wheat with milk, sugar, etc., not the many variants frust/um (geom.), lower portion of intersected cone or pyramid; pl. -a; not -rum FRVA Fellow of the Rating and Valuation Associatson fryer one who fries, not frier FSA Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries FSAA Fellow of the Society of Incorporated Accountants and Auditors FSE Fellow of the Society of Engineers FSIAD Fellow of the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers FSS Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society FSVA Fellow of the Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers Ft. fort ft. feint (paper), flat, foot or feet, fortified FTCD Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin FTCL Fellow of Trinity College (of Music), London FTI Fellow of the Textile Institute fuchsia (bot.) (not ital.) fuc/us (Lat.), a seaweed; pl. -i Fuehrer (Ger.), use FЃhrer fuelled not - eled fugleman leader in mil. exercises, not flugel-, flugle-, fugal-, fugel- fug/ue (mus., psych.) (not ital.); adj. -al FЃhrer leader, title assumed by Hitler in Nazi Germany Fujiyama mt., Japan, properly Fujisan, not Fusi- -ful suffix denoting amounts, pl. -fuls Fulahs Sudanese, not Fell h, Fellani, Feulhs, Foulahs, Fulbe. See also fellah fulcr/um point of purchase for lever; pl. -a (not ital.) fulfil/, -led, -ling, -ment fulgor splendour, not -gour full-bound (bind.), completely cased in the same material (hyphen) full/-length not shortened, -scale, not reduced (hyphens) fullness not fulness full out (typ.), set to margin of column or page full point (typ.), the full stop; see punctuation V fulmar a petrel fulness use full- fulsome excessive and cloying, not full- fumatory a place for smoking. See also fumi- fumigator not -er fumitory (bot.), a plant. See also fuma- function (math.), abbr. F or f fun-fair (hyphen) fung/us pl. -i; adj. -ous (not ital.) funny/-bone, -face (hyphens) fur. furlong fЃr (Ger.) for; abbr. f. furbelow a flounce, not -llow furfur/ dandruff; adj. -aceous furlong eighth of mile; abbr. f. or fur. furmenty use fru- Furness (Christopher, Baron) 1852-1912, shipping magnate; -- (Horace Howard), 1833-1912, and his son, 1865-1930, US Shakespearian scholars Furniss (Harry) 1854-1925, caricaturist furniture (typ.), spacing material Furnivall (Frederick James) 1825-1910, English philologist furor (Lat.), rage (ital.) furore (It.), enthusiastic admiration, uproar (not ital.) furry furlike furth/er (adv., adj., and verb), -est (adv. and adj.), now the dominant spellings; use in all cases, not far- Furtw„ngler (Adolf) 1853-1907, German archaeologist; -- (Wilhelm), his son, 1886-1954, German conductor fusable use fusi- fusain porous coal, artists' fine charcoal crayon fus/e, -ee, fuselage not fuz- fusible not -able fusil musket, not -zil fusilier not -leer fusillade not -ilade Fusiyama mt., Japan, use Fujiyama fut. future futhorc runic alphabet, not -ark, -ork fuz/e, -ee, -elage, -il use fus- f.v. folio verso (on the back of the page) FWA Family Welfare Association fylfot the swastika, not fil- fytte use fit Fyzabad Uttar Pradesh (India), not Faizabad fz (mus.), forzando FZS Fellow of the Zoological Society 7.0 G =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 7.1 G... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- G gauss, the seventh in a series, (as prefix) giga- G. Graduate, Grand, Gulf, (naval) gunnery g gram(s) (no point in scientific and technical work), (dyn.) local gravitational acceleration g. guinea, -s, (Fr.) gauche (left), gros/, -se (big), (meteor.) gale 7.2 GA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GA General Assembly (Sc. Ch.); Georgia, US (off. postal abbr.) Ga gallium (no point) Ga. Gallic; Georgia, US (off.) gabardine durable cloth gabbey use gaby gabbro/ (geol.), an igneous rock; pl. -s gaberdine a loose cloak Gabon/ W. Africa, indep. republic 1960; adj. -ese Gaborone Botswana gaby a simpleton, not -ey, gabbey, gawby Gadarene swine Gaddi family of Florentine painters, 1259-1396 Gadhel/ a Gael of the Irish, Highland Scottish, or Manx branch; adj. -ic Gaditanian of Cadiz, SW Spain gadolinium symbol Gd Gadshill Kent, site of Gad's Hill Place, Charles Dickens's residence 1860-70; character in Shakespeare's Henry IV (one word) Gaekwar title of prince of Baroda, India, not Gaik- Gaelic/ abbr. Gael.; -- alphabet, same as English, but no j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z. See also accents Gaeltacht region of Ireland where vernacular language is Irish gaga senile, incapable (one word) Gagarin (Yuri Alekseyevich) 1934-68, Russian cosmonaut, first to orbit earth, 1961 gage a, or to, pledge. See also gauge gaiety not gay- Gaikwar (title), use Gaek- gaillardia (bot.), a plant gaily not gayly gairfish use garfish gairfowl use gare-fowl gairish use garish Gair Loch Strathclyde, use Gare- Gairloch Highland, not Gare- Gaitskell (Hugh Todd Naylor) 1906-63, British statesman Gaius Roman praenomen, not Caius; abbr. C. gal unit of acceleration, with numbers Gal (no point) Gal. Galatians gal. gallon, -s gala/ festive occasion; pl. -s (not ital.) galaena use -lena galangale use gali- galantine white meat served cold in jelly, not gall- Galantuomo (Il Re) King Victor Emmanuel I of Italy galanty show a shadow pantomime, not -tee, gallantee, -ty Galatea (Acis or Pygmalion and) Galati Romania, not -acz, -atch, -atz Galatia Asia Minor Galatians abbr. Gal. galavant use galli- Galaxy (astr.), the Milky Way (system) (cap.) gale (meteor.), wind moving at 40-70 miles per hour galena lead ore, not -aena galera (Sp. typ.), a galley galЉre (Fr. f.), galley (ship); qu'allait-il faire dans cette --? (how did he get into this scrape?) Galilean of Galilee, or of Galileo Galileo [Galilei] 1564-1642, Italian astronomer and mathematician; in Fr. Galil‚e, It. Galilei galingale a sedge with medicinal root, not gala- galiot a vessel, use gall- galipot a resin. See also gall- galivant use galli- gall. gallon, -s gallantine use galantine gallanty show use gala- gallaway see gallo- gall-bladder (hyphen) Galle town, Sri Lanka, formerly Point de Galle gallery in Fr. f. galerie Galles (Fr. f. sing.), Wales; adj. gallois/, fem. -e galley/ (typ.), a flat oblong tray for holding composed type; -- proofs, those supplied in "slips" about 18 in. long (i.e. impressions taken from type on galleys). See also proof Gallic of Gaul, French; abbr. Ga. gallice in French Gallic/ism French idiom; -ize, to make Gallic or French, not -ise Galli-Curci (Amelita) 1889-1963, Italian soprano galligaskins pl., breeches, not -in gallimaufry a medley galliot Dutch cargo-boat Gallipoli S. Italy, Turkey gallipot a small jar. See also gali- gallium symbol Ga gallivant to gad about, not gala-, gali- gallon/, -s abbr. gal. or gall. galloon a dress trimming galloot use galoot gallop/ a horse's movement; -ed, -er, -ing. See also galop gallopade Hungarian dance, not galop-, gallopp- Gallovidian of Galloway Galloway SW Scotland galloway a horse, also breed of cattle, not galla- gallows treated as sing. gallstone (one word) Gallup/ (Dr George Horace) 1901-84, founded American Institute of Public Opinion, 1936; -- poll, measure of public opinion (two words, one cap.) galoot an awkward fellow, not gall-, geel- galop a dance. See also gallop galore in abundance galosh/ an overshoe, not gol-, -oshe; -ed galumph to gallop triumphantly galv. galvan/ic, -ism Galvani (Luigi) 1737-98, discoverer of galvanism galvanize not -ise Galway W. Ireland Galwegian of Galloway Gama (Vasco da) 1467-1524, Portuguese navigator, first round Africa to India Gambia (The) W. Africa, indep. 1965 Gambier Ohio, US gambier a gum, not -beer, -bir gamboge yellow pigment, not -booze gambol/ to frisk; -led, -ling game/bird, -keeper (one word) gamin/ a street urchin, fem. -e (not ital.) gamma/ unit of magnetic flux density; in SI units 1nT; -- globulin, a protein; -- ray (two words) gammon a cured ham, not gamon gamy having the flavour or scent of game left till high, not -ey Gand Fr. for Ghent, Belgium Gandhi/ (Mohandas Karamchand) (Mahatma Gandhi), 1869-1948, Indian nationalist leader; -- (Mrs Indira), 1917-84, Prime Minister of India 1966-77, 1980-4, dau. of Pandit Nehru, not related to preceding; -- (Rajiv), b. 1944, Prime Minister of India 1984-, her son gangli/on knot on nerve; pl. -a gangue rock or earth in which ore is found gangway (one word) ganister a hard stone, not gann- gantlet use gaun- gantry platform to carry travelling crane, etc., not gau- Ganymede (Gr. myth.), cup-bearer to the gods gaol/ -er, not jai-. See also goal gaol/bird, -break (one word) Garamond a typeface Garamont (Claude) c.1500-61, French type-designer, -cutter, and -founder Garcilaso de la Vega 1503-36, Spanish poet; -- -- -- -- ('the Inca'), 1540-1616, Spanish historian gar‡on (Fr. m.), bachelor, boy, waiter (ital.) Garde nationale (Fr.), national guard (one cap.) gardenia (bot.), an ornamental shrub (not ital.) Gardens abbr. Gdns. gare (Fr. f.), railway station garefish use garfish gare-fowl the great auk, not gair-, gar- (hyphen) Gare Loch Strathclyde, not Gair Gareloch Highland, use Gair- garfish similar to pike, not gair-, gare- gargantuan enormous (not cap.) gargoyle (archit.), grotesque spout, not -ile, -oil Garhwal Uttar Pradesh, India gari use gharry garish gaudy, not gair- garlic but garlicky Garmisch-Partenkirchen W. Germany garnet red precious stone garn/i (Fr.), fem. -ie, furnished garrott/e to throttle, not -ote, garotte; -er Garter King-of-Arms herald, not -at- gas (US colloq.), gasoline gaseous Gaskell (Mrs Elizabeth Cleghorn) 1810-65, English novelist gasoline volatile liquid from petroleum, esp. (chiefly US and techn.) petrol, not -ene Gasp‚ peninsula, cape, and town (Quebec prov., Canada) gas poisoning (two words) Gast/haus (Ger. n.), an inn; pl. -h„user (cap.) Gast/hof (Ger. m.), a hotel; pl. -h”fe (cap.) gastronom/e a judge of good eating; -ic, -y gastropod any member of the Gastropoda, mollusc class (not ital.); not -ster- gѓt/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, spoiled gѓteau/ (Fr. m.), cake, pl. -s gatecrash/, -er (one word) gate/fold folded oversize page (one word) gate/keeper, -post, -way (one word) gather (bind.), to assemble the printed and folded sections in sequence GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade gauch/e awkward; -erie, awkwardness (not ital.) gauche (Fr.), left; abbr. g. gaucho/ a mounted herdsman, native of the pampas, not gua-; pl. -s gaud/y annual entertainment, esp. college dinner; (adj.) showy; -ily, -iness gaug/e a measure; -ing, not guage. See also gage Gauguin (EugЉne Henri Paul) 1848-1903, French painter Gaul anc. France; adj. Gallic, (Fr.) gaulois/, fem. -e Gaullist follower of de Gaulle Gauloise propr. term for French cigarettes gauntlet/ a long glove, not gant-; -ed gauntr/ee, -y use gantry gaur Indian ox, not gour Gauss (Karl Friedrich), 1777-1855, German mathematician and physicist gauss unit of magnetic induction, abbr. G; pl. same Gautama Buddha founder of Buddhism; see Buddha Gauthier-Villars publishers, Paris Gautier (Th‚ophile) 1811-72, French writer gauzy not -ey gavel a president's hammer gavial Asian crocodile, not ghar- gavotte a dance, music for it gawby use gaby gay/ety, -ly use gai- Gay-Lussac (Joseph Louis) 1778-1850, French chemist and physicist gaz. gazett/e, -ed, -eer gazebo/ summer-house, belvedere; pl. -s gazett/e, -ed, -eer abbr. gaz. gazpacho cold vegetable soup gazump to raise price to would-be buyer after agreement but before completion 7.3 GB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GB Great Britain GBE Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire GBH grievous bodily harm G.B.S. (George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950), Irish-born British dramatist and critic 7.4 GC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GC George Cross; Golf Club GCA Ground Controlled Approach (radar) GCB Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath GCE General Certificate of Education GCF or g.c.f. (math.), greatest common factor GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GCI Ground Controlled Interception (radar) GCIE Kmght Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire GCLH Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour GCM general court martial GCM or g.c.m. (math.), greatest common measure GCMG Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George GCSI Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India GCVO Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 7.5 GD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GD Grand/Duchess -- Duchy, -- Duke Gd gadolinium (no point) Gdns. Gardens GDP gross domestic product GDR German Democratic Republic Gdsm. Guardsman 7.6 Ge... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ge germanium (no point) g.e. (binding) gilt edges gearbox (one word) gear-lever (hyphen) gearwheel (one word) geb. (Ger.), geboren (born), gebunden (bound) GEC General Electric Company gecko/ a house-lizard; pl. -s gee/-ho, ---up call to horses, not jee- geeloot use gal- geezer (slang), an old man. See also geyser gefuffle use ker- Geiger counter (in full, Geiger-MЃller counter), instrument for detecting radioactivity Geisenheimer a white Rhine wine geisha/ Japanese dancing girl; pl. -s Geissler (Heinrich) 1814-79, German physicist, inventor of -- vacuum tube gel (phys.), (form) semi-solid colloidal solution gelatin/e, -ize not -ise, -ous Geld (Ger. a.), money (cap.) Gelderland E. Netherlands, not Guel- gelder rose use gue- gel‚e (Fr. f.), frost, jelly Gel‚e (Claude) see Lorrain Gelert faithful dog of Welsh legend Gellert (Christian FЃrchtegott) 1715-69, German poet Gelsemium (bot.), not -inum gem (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 4 pt. gemel finger-ring, hinge, etc., not gemew, gimbal, gimmal, gimmer gemm/a a bud; pl. -ae gemЃtlich (Ger.), leisurely, agreeab/le, comfortab/le, -ly Gen. General, Genesis gen. gender, genera, general, -ly, genitive, genus Gendarme/ (Fr. m.), pl. -s (not ital.) gendarmerie (Fr. f.), body of soldiers used as police gender abbr. gen. g€n/e (Fr. f), constraint; -‚, fem. -‚e, constrained gene/ the carrying unit of a cell, the unit of heredity; pl. -s genealog/y family's pedigree; adj. -ical, not -olog- genera see genus General abbr. Gen. General Assembly (Sc. Ch.), abbr. GA general election (not caps.) generalia (Lat. pl.), general principles generalissimo/ supreme commander, pl. -s generalize not -ise generator not -er Genesis abbr. Gen. genes/is pl. -es genet kind of civet-cat. See also jennet Geneva Switzerland, in Fr. GenЉve, Ger. Genf, It. Ginevra; adj. Genevan; Genevese (sing. and pl.), native(s) of --, in Fr. genevois/, fem. -e(s) GeneviЉve (Sainte) patron of Paris Genghis Khan 1162-1227, Mongol conqueror of N. China and Iran, not Jenghiz -- gen/ie a spirit in Muslim myth., pl. -ii. See also jinnee genit use jennet genitive abbr. gen. or genit. genius/ (person of) consummate intellectual power; pl. -es (genii is pl. of genie) geni/us loci (Lat.), the pervading spirit of a place; pl. -i loci Gennesaret (Sea of) not -eth gennet use jennet Genoa Italy; in Fr. G€nes, It. Genova; adj. Genoese, not -ovese genocide deliberate extermination of a race genre (art), a painting of the ordinary scenes of life (not ital.) gens a clan; pl. gentes Gens de Lettres (Soci‚t‚ des) French society of authors Gensfleisch see Gutenberg Gent Fl. and Ger. for Ghent, Belgium gent. gentle/man, -men genteel/ fashionable, snobbishly refined, adv. -ly Gentele's green a colour gentil/ (Fr.), fem. -le, gentle, kind gentile anyone not a Jew. See also goy gentilhomme (Fr. m.), nobleman, gentleman; pl. gentilshommes gentleman-at-arms (hyphens) Gentleman's Magazine (not -men's) Gents (the) men's lavatory (cap., no point) genuflexion a bending of the knee, not -ction genus pl. genera, abbr. gen. See also botany, zoology Geo. George geod. geode/sy (large-scale earth measurement), -tic Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (ђtienne) 1772-1844, French zoologist, not -frey (one hyphen only) Geoffrey-Lloyd (Baron) geog. geograph/er, -ical, -y geographical qualifiers forming everyday terms, usually have lower-case initials, as chinese white, indian ink, roman type. But Brussels sprouts, London pride. See capitalization and Hart's Rules, pp. 12-13 geol. geolog/ical, -ist, -y geologize not -ise geology names of formations to have caps., as Old Red Sandstone geom. geome/ter, -trical, -try Geordie native of Tyneside Georg Ger. for George George abbr. Geo. George-Brown (Baron) Georgetown Guyana George Town Cayman Is., Malaysia (two words) Georgia US; off. abbr. Ga. or (postal) GA Georgia a Soviet Socialist Republic. See also USSR Georgian of Georgia or the Georges Georgium sidus (astr.), old name for Uranus Ger. German, Germany ger. gerund, -ial geranium/ (bot.), pl. -s (not ital.) Gerard (John) 1545-1612, English botanist, not -arde gerbil desert rodent, not jer- gerfalcon use gyrfalcon G‚ricault (Jean Louis Andr‚ Th‚odore) 1791-- 1824, French painter gerkin use ghe- German abbr. Ger. (typ.), now usually set in roman (Antiqua) type; see accents. The Fraktur alphabet (listed in Hart's Rules, p. 104) has no small caps. or italic, emphasis being shown by letter-spacing. For details of German printing-practice (note esp. the rules on capitalization, word-division, and ligatures) see Hart's Rules, pp. 103-11 german (cousin) germane to relevant germanium symbol Ge Germanize not -ise Germany abbr. Ger. G‚r“me (Jean L‚on) 1824-1904, French painter gerrymander to manipulate unfairly, not je- gerund/, -ial abbr. ger. Ges. (Ger.), Gesellschaft (a company or society) (cap.) gesammelte Werke (Ger. pl.), collected works (one cap.) Gesellschaft (Ger. f.), a company or society (cap.), abbr. Ges. gesso/ gypsum used in art, pl. -es gest. (Ger.), gestorben, deceased Gestalt/ a shape, the whole as more than the sum of its parts; also used as adj. to describe philosophy or psychology based on this Gestapo German secret police (under Hitler) Gesta Romanorum (Lat. pl.), medieval collection of anecdotes gesticulator one who moves his bands and arms in talking, not -er gestorben (Ger.), deceased; abbr. gest., gesundheit! (Ger.), your health (said also to one who sneezes) get-at-able accessible (hyphens) gettable (two ts) Gettysburg Pennsylvania, scene of Battle and of Lincoln's address, 1863 Geulinex (Arnold) 1625-69, Dutch philosopher GeV giga-electron-volt Gewandhaus (Ger. n.), Clothworkers' Hall, concert-hall in Leipzig gewgaw gaudy plaything (one word) geyser hot spring, water-heater (not ital.). See also geezer 7.7 GFS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GFS Girls' Friendly Society 7.8 GG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GG Girl Guides, Governor-General, Grenadier Guards Gg gigagram g.gr. a great gross, or 144 dozen GGSM Graduate of Guildhall School of Music 7.9 Ghadames... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ghadames Libya Ghana formerIy Gold Coast Colony, indep. 1957, republic 1960; adj. and noun Ghanaian Ghandi use Gandhi gharial use gavial gharry a vehicle used in India, not gari ghat (Anglo-Ind.), mountain pass, steps to a river, not ghѓt, gh t, ghaut Ghazi Muslim fighter against non-Muslims ghee Ind. butter, not ghi Gheel Belgian commune long celebrated for its treatment of mentally ill Ghent Belgium, in Fr. Gand, Fl. and Ger. Gent gherao Ind. & Pak. lock-in of employers gherkin a small cucumber, not ge-, gi, gu- ghetto/ (hist.) Jews' quarter, slum area; pl. -s (not ital.) ghi use ghee ghiaour use gi- Ghibelline one of the Emperor's faction in medieval Italian states, opp. to Guelph; not -in, Gib-, Guib- Ghiberti (Lorenzo) 1378-1455, Italian sculptor, painter, goldsmith Ghirlandaio (Domenico) 1449-94, Italian painter Ghizeh use Giza Ghonds use Gonds Ghoorkas use Gurkhas ghoul an evil spirit, not -ool, -oule, -owl GHQ General Headquarters Ghurkas use Gurkhas 7.10 GI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GI (US), Government Issue, (colloq.) serviceman Giacometti (Alberto) 1901-66, Swiss sculptor, painter, poet giallo antico (It.), a rich-yellow marble Giant's Causeway Co. Antrim, not -ts' giaour Turk. name for non-Muslim, not ghiaour, giaur Giaour (The) poem by Byron, 1813 Gib. Gibraltar gibber to chatter, not j- gibbet/, -ed, -ing Gibbon (Edward) 1737-94, English historian Gibbons (Grinling) 1648-1720, English carver; -- (Orlando), 1583-1625, English composer gibbo/us hump-backed, doubly convex like the moon between half and full; -sity gib/e to sneer; -er, -ing. See also gybe Gibeline use Ghibelline Gibraltar/ abbr. Gib.; adj. -ian gibus opera-hat (not ital.) Gide (Andr‚ Paul Guillaume) 1869-1951, French writer Gideon member of body distributing bibles Gielgud (Sir Arthur John) b. 1904, English actor and producer Giessen university city, W. Germany giga- prefix meaning one thousand million, abbr. G gigolo/ pl. -s (not ital.) gigot/ (cook.) leg of mutton; -- sleeve (two words); not j- gigue a lively dance Gilbert (Sir William Schwenck) 1836-1911, English librettist Gil Blas picaresque satire by Le Sage, 1715 gild an association, use guild Gilead mountainous district east of R. Jordan Gill (Arthur Eric Rowton) 1882-1940, artist, sculptor, type-designer and typographer; designed Perpetua and Gill Sans founts Gillette (King Camp) 1855-1932, US inventor of safety razor; -- (William), 1857-1937, US actor and writer Gillray (James) 1757-1815, English caricaturist gillyflower clove-scented flower, not jilli- gilt abbr. gt. gimbal use gemel gimcrack trumpery, not jim- gimlet a tool, not gimb- gimm/al, -er use gemel gimmick a contrivance, device gimp a trimming, a fishing-line, not gui-, gy- Ginevra It. for Geneva ginger/-ale, -beer (hyphens) ginglym/us (anat.), a hingelike joint such as the elbow, pl. -i; adj. -oid ginkgo oriental tree, not gingko ginn see jinnee Gioconda (La) see Mona Lisa; opera by Ponchielli, 1876; play by d'Annunzio, 1898 Giorgione (Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco) 1475-1510, Italian painter Giotto di Bondone 1266-1337, Italian painter and architect; adj. Giottesque gipsy use gyp- girandole a firework (not ital.) girasol a fire-opal, not -ole Giraudoux (Jean) 1881-1944, French novelist and playwright girkin use ghe- Girl Guide now Guide giro a Post Office system of money transfer, not Gy- Girond/e d‚p. SW France; -ist, French moderate republican, 1791-3 Giscard d'Estaing (Val‚ry) b. 1926, Pres. of France 1974-81 gitan/o (Sp.), fem. -a, gypsy gite a stopping-place; in Fr. m. gЊte Giulia, Giulio, Giuseppe It. names, not Gui- Giulini (Carlo Maria) b. 1914, Italian conductor Giulio Romano c.1499-1546, Italian architect giuoco piano (It.), quiet play (a chess opening) giveable not givable Giza site of pyramids, Egypt, not El-Ghiz-, -eh 7.11 Gk. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Gk. Greek 7.12 glace... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- glace (Fr. cook. f.), ice glac‚ glazed gladiol/us (bot.), pl. -i (not ital.) Gladstone/ bag, -- cap (two words) Gladstonian not -ean Glagolitic pertaining to former Slavonic alphabet Glam. Glamorgan glamorize not -ise glam/our but -orous Glas. Glasgow glaserian fissure (anat.), not glass- Glasse (Mrs Hannah) wrote The Art of Cookery in 1747 glassful pl. glassfuls glasshouse greenhouse, (slang) mil. prison Glaswegian of Glasgow Glauber/ (Johann Rudolf) 1604-68, German chemist; --'s salt, a cathartic (apos.) glaucoma an eye-disease glaucous greenish; (bot.) covered with a bloom Glazunov (Alexander Konstantinovich) 1805-1930, Russian composer GLC Greater London Council Gleichschaltung (Ger. f.), standardization of institutions Glen written separately when referring not to a settlement but to the glen itself, as Glen Almond, Glen Coe Glenalmond Tayside Glencoe Highland Glendower (Owen) Welsh chieftain d. 1416; in Welsh Owain Glyndwr Glenealy Co. Wicklow Gleneely Co. Donegal glengarry a Scotch cap Glenlivet a whisky, not -at, -it (one word) Glenrothes Fife, "new town", 1948 glissade a slide down a steep slope (not ital.) glissando (mus.), slurred, in a gliding manner gliss‚ sliding step in dance glockenspiel/ orchestral percussion instrument, pl. -s Gloria/ (liturgy), pl. -s Gloria/ in Excelsis, -- Patri hymns Gloria Tibi glory to Thee (cap. T) Glos. Gloucestershire gloss a superficial lustre, a marginal note gloss. glossary, a collection of glosses Gloucestershire abbr. Glos. Gloucestr: sig. of Bp. of Gloucester (colon) glove/ box, -- compartment, -- puppet (two words) glower to gaze angrily, not glour glow-worm (hyphen) gloxinia/ (bot.); pl. -s (not ital.) Gluck (Christoph Willibald von) 1714-87 German composer, not Gl–- glu/e, -ed, -ey, -ing glue-pot (hyphen) glut/en nitrogenous part of wheat-flour, not -in; but -inize, -inous glycerine not -in Glyndwr see Glendower 7.13 GM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GM George Medal, Grand Master gm. gram, use g G-man (US colloq.), special (police) agent of the FBI G.m.b.H., GmbH (Ger.), Gesellschaft mit beschr„nkter Haftung (limited liability company) GMC General Medical Council GMT Greenwich Mean Time GMWU General and Municipal Workers' Union 7.14 gn.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- gn. guinea GNC General Nursing Council gneiss (geol.), a laminated rock (not ital.) gnocchi (It. pl.), small dumplings gnos/is knowledge of spiritual mysteries; pl. -es; -tic, having spiritual knowledge; Gnosticism, an eclectic philosophy of the redemption of the spirit from matter through knowledge GNP gross national product Gnr. (mil.), gunner gns. guineas gnu/ antelope; pl. -s 7.15 GO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GO general order, great (or grand) organ go/ (noun), pl. -es goal the objective at games, etc. See also gaol goalkeeper (one word) goatee chin-tuft like a goat's beard goat/herd, -skin, -sucker (bird) (one word) goats-beard plant or fungus (hyphen) goaty goatlike gobbledegook pompous jargon, not -dyg- Gobbo (Launcelot) in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice; -- (Old), his father Gobelin tapestry not -ins gobemouche/ credulous person, pl. -s; in Fr. m. sing. and pl. gobe -mouches Gobi desert in Mongolia and E. Turkistan goby a fish (not ital.) GOC General Officer Commanding go-cart miniature racing-car, use -kart God-awful (hyphen, cap.) godchild (one word) god-daughter (hyphen) godfather (one word) God-fearing (hyphen, cap.) godhead divine nature, but the Godhead (cap.) godless (one word) Godley (Arthur) see Kilbracken godlike (one word) god/mother, -parent (one word) God's acre a burial ground (apos., one cap.) god/send, -sent (one word) godson (one word) Godspeed (one word, cap.) Godthaab Greenland godwit a marsh bird Goebbels (Joseph Paul) 1897-1945, German minister of propaganda, 1933-45, not Go- Goehr (Alexander) b. 1932, German-born composer; -- (Walter), 1903-60, his father, German conductor Goering (Hermann) 1893-1946, German field marshal, not Go- Goeth/e (Johann Wolfgang von) 1749-1832, German poet and playwright, not Go-, Got,-; adj. -ian goffer to crimp, iron used, not gauffer; animal, wood, use gopher Goffs Oak Herts. (no apos.) goi (Heh.), a Gentile, use goy Goidel a member of Gadhelic peoples, a Gael go-kart miniature racing-car, not -cart (hyphen) Golconda a rich source of wealth (from a ruined city near Hyderabad) gold symbol Au gold blocking (bind.), see blocking gold-dust (hyphen) Golders Green NW London (no apos.) gold-field (hyphen) golf ball (two words), but golf-ball typewriter (comp.), used in strike-on (q.v.) composition (hyphen) golf-club the implement (hyphen) golf club the premises or association (two words) Goliath Philistine giant, type of crane, not -iah Gollancz (Sir Israel) 1864-1930, English writer; -- (Sir Victor), 1893-1967, British publisher and writer golliwog not golly- golosh use galosh GOM Grand Old Man (esp. W. E. Gladstone) Gomorr/ah (OT); -ha (NT), but -ah in NEB Goncharov (Ivan Alexandrovich) 1812-91, Russian novelist Goncourt (Edmond Louis Antoine) 1822-96, and his brother -- (Jules Alfred Huot), 1830-70, French novelists; Prix -- (named after Edmond) gondola/ pl. -s (not ital.) Gonds a tribe of cent. India, not Gh- Gongo tributary of the Za‹re Gўngora y Argote (Luis de) 1561-1627, Spanish poet gongorism Spanish form of euphuism gonorrhoea not -oea Gonville see Caius good-afternoon (salutation) (hyphen) goodbye (one word) good/-day, -evening (salutations) (hyphens) Good Friday (caps., two words) good humour (two words); good -humoured (hyphen) good-morning (salutation) (hyphen) good nature (two words); good -natured (hyphen) good-night (salutation) (hyphen) Good/ Samaritan, -- Templar (caps.) goodwill of a business, etc. (one word) Goorkhas use Gur- gooroo use guru goose pl. geese, (in tailoring) gooses goose/-flesh, -skin (hyphens) goose step (two words) goosey dim. of goose, not -sie, -sy Goossens 19th-20th c. Anglo-Belgian family of musicians GOP Grand Old Party (Republican party in US) gopher a kind of wood, burrowing animal. See also goffer Gorbachov (Mikhail) b. 1931, Gen. Sec. of Communist Party of USSR 1985-, President of USSR 1988- Gordian knot tied by Gordius, cut by Alexander the Great Gordonstoun School Elgin, Grampian Gordonstown Grampian Gorgio/ non-gypsy; pl. -s Gorgonzola a cheese Gorky/ (Maxim) 1868-1936, pseud. of A. M. Peshkov, Russian writer; --, USSR, formerly Nijni Novgorod gormand use gour- gormandize to eat greedily, not gour-, -se gors/e furze; adj. -y Gorsedd meeting of Welsh bards and druids Goschen (Viscount) Goshen a land of plenty go-slow (noun, hyphen) Gospodin (Russ.), Lord, Mr; fem. Gospoja. (In modern Russian tovarishch (comrade) is off. use) Goss (Sir John), 1800-80, English organist and composer Gosse (Sir Edmund William) 1849-1928, English writer; -- (Philip Henry), 1810-88, his father, English naturalist gossip/, -ed, -er, -ing, -y (one p) G”teborg Sweden, in Ger. Gothenburg Gotham (wise men of) i.e. fools; -- (US colloq.), New York City Gothic architecture, etc. (cap.); abbr. Goth. Gothic (typ.), loose name for (esp. bold) sanserif faces; former name for Old English faces G”tterdammerung (Twilight of the Gods), last part of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen, 1876 G”ttingen University W. Germany gouache a method of water-colour painting Gouda a Dutch cheese gouge a concave chisel goujon (Fr. m.), gudgeon fish gouk use gowk gour Indian ox, use gaur gourmand/ a glutton; -ise, indulgence in gluttony. See also gormandize gourmet an epicure go–t (Fr. m.), taste Goutte d'or a white burgundy wine gov. govern/or, -ment Government meaning the State (cap.); abbr. Govt. Governor-General abbr. Gov.-Gen. or GG Gowers (Sir Ernest) 1880-1966, English civil servant, author of Plain Words, reviser of Fowler's Modern English Usage gowk a fool, not gouk goy/ Jewish name for Gentile; pl. -im Goya y Lucientes (Francisco Jos‚ de) 1746-1828, Spanish painter 7.16 GP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GP general practitioner, Graduate in Pharmacy, Grand Prix, Gloria Patri (glory be to the Father) Gp. Group g.p. great primer Gp/Capt (RAF), Group Captain (no points) GPDST Girls' Public Day School Trust GPO General Post Office 7.17 GR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GR Georgius, or Gulielmus, Rex (King George, or William) Gr. Grand, Greater, Grecian, Greece, Greek gr. grain, -s; for gram use g. Graafian follicle in ovary Graal use Grail Gracchus (Gaius Sempronius) 153-121 BC, and his brother -- (Tiberius Sempronius), 163-133 BC, the Gracchi, Roman reformers grace-note (mus.) (hyphen) Graci n (Baltasar) 1601-58, Spanish moralist gradatim (Lat.), step by step gradus ad Parnassum (Lat.), step(s) to Parnassus; Lat. or Gr. poetical dictionary; any series of graded exercises; in short gradus (not ital.) Graeae (Gr. myth.), three sisters who guarded the abode of the Gorgons Graec/ism a Greek characteristic; -ize, -ophile Graf (Ger.), a count; fem. Gr„fin (cap.) graffit/o scribbling, usu. on wall; pl. -i. See also sgraffito Grahame (Kenneth) 1859-1932, English author Graian Alps France and Italy Grail (the Holy) in medieval legend, the platter used by Christ at the Last Supper, and by Joseph of Arimathea to catch Christ's blood, not Graal, Graile grain apothecaries', avoirdupois, or troy weight, all the same, being 0.0648 gram; abbr. gr. Grainger (Percy Aldridge) 1882-1961, Australian-born US composer gram unit of mass; abbr. g. (but no point in scientific and technical work);in SI units 0.001 kg gram. gramm/ar, -arian, -atical gramaphone use gramo- graminivorous feeding on grass, not gramen- gramm/ar, -arian, -atical abbr. gram. grammar school (two words) gramme use gram Grammont E. Flanders, Belgium Gramont (Philibert, comte de) 1621-1707, French courtier, adventurer, and soldier, not Gramm- gramophone not grama-, grammo- Gram's stain (bacteriol.) (cap.) Granada Spain granadilla one of the passion-flowers, not gren- (not ital.) Gran Chaco (El) region in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina, S. America Grand abbr. G. or Gr. grandad not grand-dad grandam grandmother, old woman, not -dame grand-aunt (hyphen) Grand Canyon Arizona, US grandchild (one word) Grand Coulee Dam Washington, US grand-dad use grandad granddaughter (one word) Grand/ Duchess, -- Duchy, -- Duke (two words, both caps. if used as title); abbr. GD grande/ dame (Fr.), dignified lady; -- passion, violent love-affair; -- tenue, or -- toilette, full dress grandeur naturelle (Fr. f.), life-size grandfather (one word) Grand Guignol horrific drama (not ital.) grand jury (not caps.) grand mal (Fr. m.), serious form of epilepsy (ital.) grandmaster chess-player of highest class Grand Master (caps.), abbr. GM grand' messe (Fr. f.), high mass Grand Monarque (le) Louis XIV grand monde (le) (Fr.), the Court and nobility grandmother (one word) grand/-nephew, -niece (hyphen) Grand Old Party (US), the Republican party; abbr. GOP grandparent (one word) Grand Prix (Fr.), international motor-racing event; pl. Grands -- (not ital.); abbr. GP Grand Rapids town, Michigan, US grand signior one of high rank; (caps.) the Sultan of Turkey; in Fr. grand seigneur; It. gran signore; Sp. gran se¤or grandson (one word), abbr. g.s. granduncle (one word) grangerize to illustrate a book with cuttings etc. from other sources, to produce a book with blank leaves for these; not -ise (not cap.) granny not -ie Grant Duff (Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone) 1829-1906, Scottish politician (no hyphen) granter one who grants Granth the Sikh scriptures, not Grunth grantor (law), one who makes a grant gran turismo (It.), touring-car Granville-Barker (Harley) 1877-1946, English playwright, producer, and actor grapefruit pl. same graphology study of character from handwriting, not graphio- gras (Fr.), fem. grasse, fat. See also gros Grasmere Cumbria grass/ (typ.), casual work; -- hand, one casually employed Grass (GЃnter Wilhelm) b. 1927, German novelist Grasse d‚p. Alpes-Maritimes, France grass/hopper, -land (one word) gratia Dei (Lat.), by the grace of God gratin see au gratin gratis for nothing, free (not ital.) Grattan (Henry) 1746-1820, Irish statesman and orator Gratz Austria, use Graz Gr„tz Czechoslovakia, use Hradec Gr„tz Poland, use Grodzisk GraubЃnden Ger. for Grisons grauwacke use grey- gravamen/ chief ground of complaint; pl. -s grave (mus.), slow, solemn grave accent gravel/ cover with gravel, puzzle; -led, -ling Graves a Bordeaux white wine Graves' disease exophthalmic goitre (apos.) grave/stone, -yard (one word) gravitas (Lat.), solemn demeanour gravure (typ.), intaglio printing process (from photogravure) gray colour, use grey gray unit of absorbed radiation dose; abbr. Gy (no point); in SI units 1 J/kg Gray (Asa) 1850-88, US botanist; -- (Louis Harold), 1905-65, English radiobiologist; -- (Thomas), 1716-71, English poet. See also Grey grayling a fish, not grey- Gray's Inn London graywacke use grey- Graz cap. of Styria, Austria, not Gratz grazier one who pastures cattle, not -zer GRCM Graduate of the Royal College of Music greasy not -ey Great Britain abbr. GB Greater Manchester metropolitan county great gross 144 dozen; abbr. g.gr. Great Power (caps. with hist. reference) great primer (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 18 pt.; pron. primmer; abbr. g.p. Greats Oxford BA final examination for honours in Lit. Hum. Grecian almost entirely superseded by Greek except as adj. with ref. to archit. and facial outline, and as noun for a boy in the top form at Christ's Hospital, or a Greek-speaking Jew of the Dispersion; also -- bend, -- knot, -- slippers; abbr. Gr. Grec/ism, -ize, -ophil use Grae- Greco (El) 1541-1614, Spanish painter, born in Crete, real name Domenico Theotocopuli or Kyriakos Theotokopoulos Greece abbr. Gr. greegree Afr. fetish, not gri-gri Greek (typ.) for details of alphabet, word-division, accentuation, numerals, etc. see Hart's Rules, pp. 111-16. See also accents. With a few exceptions for early texts, the same sorts are used in classical and modern work, but modern initial rho does not take a breathing. In England a sloping fount (esp. Porson, q.v.) is preferred for classical work; in Greece and the continent generally, upright founts predominate in all setting, and in some (not scholarly) work accents and breathings are replaced by superscript dots. Abbr. Gr. or Gk. Greek calends (at the) never; in Lat. ad kalendas Graecas Greeley (Horace) 1811-72, US journalist and politician Greely (Adolphus Washington) 1844-1935, US general and Arctic explorer Green (John Richard), 1837-83, English historian Greene (Sir Conyngham), 1854-1934, British diplomatist; -- (Graham), b. 1904, English novelist; -- (Plunket), 1865-1936, English singer; -- (Robert), 1560-92, English dramatist and pamphleteer green/gage, -grocer, -house (one word) Greenland/, -er, -ic green-room room off-stage for actors (hyphen) greensand a sandstone; Lower and Upper Greensand, two strata of the Cretaceous system Greenwich Mean Time (caps.), abbr. GMT greetings card not greeting (two words) gregale the Mediterranean NE wind, not -cale, grigale (not cap.) grЉge colour between beige and grey, not grei- gregory-powder an aperient Greifswald E. German university town Grenada W. Indies, indep. 1974 grenadilla use gran- grenadine a thin silk fabric; (cook.) dish of veal or poultry fillets; a syrup made from currants or pomegranates, in Fr. m. grenadin Grenadines chain of islands between Grenada and St Vincent, W. Indies Gresham/'s Law "bad money drives out good", from Sir Thomas --, 1519-79, English financier Gr‚try (Andr‚ Erneste Modeste) 1741-1813, French composer Greuze (Jean Baptiste) 1725-1805, French painter Gr‚vy (Fran‡ois Paul Jules) 1807-91, French President, 1879-87 grey colour, not gray Grey (Lady Jane), 1537-54, proclaimed Queen of Eng., 1553, deposed, beheaded. See also Fallodon; Gray greybeard old man, large jug, clematis (one word) Greyfriars College Oxford grey-hen fem. of blackcock (hyphen) greyhound (one word) greyling use gra- grey matter (two words) greywacke (geol.), a sedimentary rock, not grau-, gray- (not ital.) Grieg (Edvard Hagerup) not Edward, 1843-1907, Norwegian composer Grieve see MacDiarmid griffin a fabulous creature, not -on, gryphon griffon vulture, breed of dog grigale use gre- gri-gri use greegree grill to cook under grill, etc. grille a grating (not ital.) grill/‚ fem. -‚e (Fr. cook.), broiled grimalkin a cat, spiteful old woman Grimm (Jakob) 1785-1863, and his brother -- (Wilhelm), 1786-1859, German philologists, collectors of fairy-tales; Grimm's Law, deals with consonantal changes in Germanic languages Grimond (Joseph) b. 1913, British Liberal politician Grimsetter Airport Orkney grimy begrimed, not -ey Grindelwald Switz., not Grindle- grindstone (one word) gringo/ (Sp. Amer.), a foreigner, esp. English-speaking (derog.); pl. -s (not ital.) grippe influenza Griqua/ half-breed of Cape Dutch and Hottentot parents; -land, S. Africa grisaille a method of decorative painting (not ital.) grisette a working girl grisly terrible, not grizz- Gris-Nez (Cap), d‚p. Pas-de-Calais, France (hyphen) Grisons Swiss canton, in Ger. Graubunden grissini (It. pl.), long sticks of crispbread gristly having or like gristle, not -ey Grizel a proverbial meek wife grizzly/ grey-haired; -- bear (two words) gro. gross Grodzisk Poland, not Gratz groin the fold between belly and thigh; (archit.) line of intersection of two vaults. See also groyne gros/ (Fr.), fem. -se, big. See also gras grosbeak the hawfinch groschen (m.), Austrian and old German small coin; pl. same grosgrain corded silk fabric gros point (Fr. m.), cross-stitch embroidery on canvas gross (144) is sing. and pl.; abbr. gro. Grosseteste (Robert) 1175-1253, Bp. of Lincoln grosso modo (It.), approximately Grote (George) 1794-1871, English historian grotesque (typ.), nineteenth-century sanserif typeface; abbr. grot. grotesquerie not -ery (not ital.) Grotius (Hugo) 1583-1645, Dutch jurist and statesman (Latinized form of De Groot) grotto/ pl. -es ground/floor, -- level (two words, hyphen as adj.) ground/-plan, -rent (hyphens) ground/sheet, -work (one word) grovel/, -led, -ler, -ling Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians now The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians groyn/e a breakwater; -ing. See also groin GRSM Graduate of the Royal Schools of Music (the Royal Academy and the Royal College) GRT gross registered tonnage Grub Street London, former haunt of literary hacks, later Milton Street, now demolished grummet (naut.), a rope ring, not gro- Grundy (Mrs) in Thos. Morton's Speed the Plough, 1798, type of conventional propriety Grunth the Sikh scriptures, use Granth GruyЉre (Fr. m.), a French Swiss cheese GruyЉres Switzerland Gryphius (S‚bastien) 1491-1556, German-born French printer, not Gryptinus gryphon use griffin grysbok (Afrik.), an antelope, not -buck 7.18 GS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GS General/Secretary, -- Service (mil.), -- Staff; Grammar School g.s. grandson GSM Guildhall School of Music g.s.m. grams per square metre GSO General Staff Officer GSP (naval), Good Service Pension G/-string, -suit (hyphens) 7.19 GT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- GT Good Templar; Gran Turismo gt. gilt, great, gutta g.t. (bind.), gilt top gtt. guttae 7.20 gu.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- gu. gules guacho use gaucho Guadalupe/ Spain; -- Hidalgo, Mexico; -- Mts., Texas and New Mexico Guadeloupe W. Indies guage use gauge guaiacum (bot.), trop. American tree; resin obtained from it Guaira (La) Venezuela, not Guayra Guam Marianas Islands, not Guaham, Guajam guana a lizard, shortened from iguana guano fertilizer from sea-birds' excrement guarant/ee use in all senses of noun and verb, not -y; -or, one who gives a guarantee guaranty undertaking of liability, use guarantee guards (bind.), strips of paper or linen to which the inner margins of odd leaves of plates etc. are pasted before sewing guard-ship (hyphen) Guareschi (Giovanni) 1908-68, Italian novelist Guarneri violin makers, not -nieri, -nerius Guatemala Cent. America Guayaquil Ecuador Guayra use La Guaira guazzo (It.), same as gouache Guedalla (Philip) 1889-1944, British writer Guelderland use Geld- guelder rose not ge- Guelph one of the Pope's faction in medieval Italian states, opp. to Ghibelline, not Guelf Guenevere (Defence of) by W. Morris, 1858. See also Guinevere Guernica Spain; subject of painting by Picasso, 1937 Guernsey a Channel Island, in Fr. Guernesey guernsey a heavy knitted woollen jersey guerre (Fr. f.), war guerrilla/ a person or body engaged in -- warfare, irregular fighting by small bodies, not -eri- guesswork (one word) Gueux league of Dutch nobles, 1565-6 Guevara de la Serna (Ernesto "Che") 1928-69, Cuban revolutionary leader Guglielmo It. for William Gui (Vittorio) 1885-1975, Italian conductor and composer Guiana (British) now Guyana; -- (Dutch), now Surinam Guibelline use Ghi- guichet ticket-office window Guide member of girls' organization, formerly Girl Guide (cap.) guidebook (one word) Guido It. for Guy Guilbert (Yvette) 1869-1944, French diseuse guild an association, not gild guilder Anglicized form of gulden Guildford Surrey, not Guilf- Guildford: sig. of Bp. of Guildford (colon) guild-hall not gi- (hyphen); but Guildhall, London Guilford (Earl of) Guili/a, -o It. names, use Giu- guillemets (typ.), Fr. etc. quotation marks ® and Ї; see Hart's Rules guillemot a sea-bird guilloche archit. ornament (not ital.) guillotine a beheading apparatus, a paper-cutting machine, a device for terminating parliamentary debates guimp use gimp Guinea/ formerly part of Fr. W. Africa, indep. 1958, adj. -n; -- Bissau, formerly Portuguese Guinea, indep. 1974; -- (New), E. Indies guinea/ 21/-, 1.05 pounds stg., pl. -s; abbr. g., gn., gns. guinea-pig a small S. American rodent; the subject of an experiment (hyphen) Guinevere wife of King Arthur. See also Guenevere Guiranwala Pakistan Guisborough Cleveland Guiscard (Robert) 11th c., Norman leader Guiseppe It. name, use Giu- Gujarat area in India, not Guze- Gujrat town in Pakistan gulden Dutch silver florin; also med. German coin and Austrian unit of account gules (her.), red, abbr. gu. Gulf/ cap. when with name, as Gulf of Corinth, Persian Gulf; abbr. G.; -- Stream (no hyphen) Gulielmus Lat. for William gullible easily cheated, not -able Gulliver's Travels by Swift, 1726 gully a channel, not -ey gum arabic (two words) gumbo/ kind of soup, pl. -s gum/boil, -boot (one word) gum-shield (hyphen) gum-tree (hyphen) gun. gunnery gun/boat, -fire (one word) gun dog (two words) Gungl (Josef) 1810-89, Hungarian composer gun-lock (hyphen) gunman armed person (one word) gunnel use gunwale gunnery (naval), abbr. G. or gun. gunny sacking gun/point, -powder, -ship, -shot, -smith (one word) Gunter's chain a surveyor's, 66 ft. long Gunther character in the Nibelungenlied (no umlaut) gunwale upper edge of ship's side, not gunnel Gurkhas Nepalese soldiers in Indian or British service, not Ghoor-, Ghur-, Goor- gurkin use gher- gurnard a fish, not -net guru religious teacher, esp. Sikh, not gooroo Gutenberg or Gensfleisch (Johann) c.1399-1468, German inventor (so generally assumed) of movable metal types gutt/a a drop, abbr. gt.; pl. -ae, abbr. gtt. gutta-percha hard rubber-like substance (hyphen, not ital.) gutter (typ.), space between imposed pages of type allowing for two foredge margins; in a book, the inner space between two columns or pages guttural connected with the throat Guyan/a NE South America, formerly Brit. Guiana, indep. 1966; adj. -ese Guyot (Yves) 1843-1928, French economist Guy's Hospital London (apos.) Guzerat India, use Gujarat 7.21 Gwalior... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Gwalior India Gwent Welsh county GWR Great Western Railway (prior to nationalization) Gwyn (Nell) 1650-87, English actress, mistress of Charles II, not -nne Gwynedd Welsh county Gwynn (Stephen) 1864-1950, English writer 7.22 Gy... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Gy gray (no point) gybe (naut.), change course. See also gibe gym/ colloq. for gymnasium (no point); ---slip (hyphen) gymkhana an athletic display, a pony-club competition, not -kana (not ital.) gymnasium/ pl. -s (not ital.); colloq. gym gymnot/us the electric eel; pl. -i (not ital.) gymp use gimp gynaeceum (Gk. and Rom.), women's apartments in a house gynaecology study of women's diseases; abbr. gyn. gynoeci/um (bot.), female organ of flower, pl. -a gypsum hydrated calcium sulphate gypsy not gipsy gyrfalcon not ger-, jer- Gyro use Gi- gyro/ pl. -s 8.0 H =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 8.1 H... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- H henry (unit of inductance), hydrogen, (pencils) hard (see also HH, HHH), (former film-censorship classification) horrific, (mus.) B natural in German system, the eighth in a series H. harbour, hydrant h hour, -s (in scientific and technical work), (as prefix) hecto- h. hardness, height, husband, (meteor.) hail H. (Ger.), Heft (number, part) h Planck's constant, q.v. 8.2 HA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HA Historical Association, Horse Artillery Ha hahnium (no point) ha hectare (no point in scientific and technical work) h.a. hoc anno (in this year), hujus anni (this year's) Haag (den) Dutch for The Hague (informal, cf. 's-Gravenhage) Haakon name of seven Norwegian kings haar a raw sea-mist (E. coast of England and Scotland) Haarlem Netherlands. See also Harlem hab. habitat Habakkuk (OT), abbr. Hab. Habana, Sp. for Havana habanera a Cuban dance habeas corpus writ to produce a person before court; abbr. hab. corp. Habeas Corpus Act habendum (law), part of deed defining estate or interest granted Haberdashers' Aske's School Elstree habet (Lat.), he is hit. See also hoc habet habile skilful, able, not -ille (not ital.) habitat normal abode of animal or plant (not ital.); abbr. hab. habitu/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, a frequenter (ital.) Habsburg (House of) Austrian Imperial family, not Hap- HAC Honourable Artillery Company Hachette et Cie publishers hachis (Fr. cook. m.), minced meat, hash hachisch use hashish hachure line used in map hill-shading (usu. in pl.) hacienda (Sp.), large estate with mansion hackberry the bird-cherry, not hag- Hackluyt use Hak- hackney/ to make trite; -ed hack-saw (hyphen) hac lege (Lat.), with this proviso Hades (Gr. myth.), abode or god of the dead (cap.) hadji a Muslim who has made the pilgrimage (hadj) to Mecca (not ital.); hajji is strictly correct, but not in common use hadn't to be printed close up Hadramaut S. Arabia, not Hadhra- hadst (no apostrophe) haecceity (philos.), individual quality Haeckel (Ernst Heinrich) 1834-1919, German philosopher, not H„- haema-, haemo- prefix meaning blood haemorrh/age, -oids Haffner serenade and symphony by Mozart hafiz a Muslim who knows the Koran by heart hafnium symbol Hf Hag. Haggai hagberry use hackberry Haggadah legendary part of the Talmud, or part of Jewish Passover ritual, not Agadah, Hagada, -ah Haggai (OT), abbr. Hag. haggard wild-looking, an untamed hawk haggis Sc. dish, not -ess, -ies Hague (Cap de La) NW France Hague (The) seat of government of Netherlands; in Dutch 's-Gravenhage or den Haag, in Fr. La Haye (caps.) ha ha laughter (two words) ha-ha a sunk fence, not aha, haw-haw (not ital.) hahnium symbol Ha Haidarabad use Hyder- haik an Arab garment, not -ek haiku Jap. verse-form; pl. same hail see hale Haile Selassie 1892-1975, Emperor of Ethiopia 1930-74 Haileybury College Herts. hail-fellow-well-met (adj.), friendly (three hyphens) hail/stone, -storm (one word) Hainault London Hainaut province, Belgium hair/bell, ---brain use hare- hair/breadth, -brush, -cut (one word) hair-do/ coiffure (hyphen), pl. -s hairdress/er, -ing (one word) hair-line (hyphen) hairlip use hare- hairpin (one word) hair's breadth (two words) hair shirt (two words) hair-space (typ.), very thin space formerly used for letter-spacing (hyphen) hair/-style, -stylist, -trigger (hyphens) Haiti W. Indies, not Hayti; formerly the island of Hispaniola, now its western part hajji see hadji hakenkreuz (Ger. n.), the swastika hakim oriental medical man, oriental ruler, not -keem Hakluyt (Richard) c.1553-1616, English historian and geographer; -- Society; not Hack- halal meat prepared according to Muslim law halberd/ combined spear and battleaxe, not -ert; -ier Halcyone use Alcyone hale to drag, not hail Halevi (Judah) c.1085-1140, Spanish-Jewish philosopher and poet Hal‚vy (ђlie) 1870-1937, French historian; -- (Jacques Fran‡ois Fromental ђlie), 1799-1862, his great-uncle, French composer; -- (Joseph), 1827-1917, French traveller; -- (Ludovic), 1834-1908, father of ђlie, French playwright and novelist half see fractions half/ a crown, -- a dozen, -- an hour etc. (no hyphens), but half/ -crown, -dozen, -hour (etc.) half-and-half (hyphens) half/-binding (bind.), when the spine and corners are bound in a different material from the sides (hyphen); ---bound (hyphen) half/-breed, -caste, -hearted (hyphens) half/ holiday, -- moon, -- pay (two words) half/-mast, -past (hyphens) halfpenny (one word) halfpennyworth (one word), colloq. ha'p'orth half/-price, -term, -time (hyphens) half-title (typ.), the short title printed on the leaf before the full title. Also called bastard title halftone (typ.), technique whereby the various tones are represented by varying sizes of minute dots (one word) half/-way, -wit(ted), -year(ly) (hyphens) Haliburton (Thomas Chandler) 1796-1865, Canadian-born British writer; pseud. Sam Slick halibut a fish, not hol- halieutic of fishing hallabaloo use hulla- Hall‚/ (Sir Charles) 1819-95, German-born Mancunian pianist and conductor, founded -- Orchestra 1857 Halle an der Saale E. Germany; abbr. Halle a/S. hallelujah see alleluia; "Hallelujah Chorus", in Handel's Messiah Halles (Les) Paris, the central market until 1968 Halley (Edmond not -und), 1656-1742, English astronomer halliard use halyard Halliwell-Phillipps (James Orchard) 1820-89, English Shakespearian scholar hallmark mark used at Goldsmiths' Hall and by Govt. assay officials for marking standard of gold and silver hallo not he-, hu- Hallow/e'en 31 Oct.; -mas (one word), 1 Nov., All Saints' Day hall/ux the great toe; pl. -uces halm stalk or stem, use haulm halo/ ring of light round moon, head, etc.; pl. -es Hals (Frans) 1580 (or 84)-1666, Dutch painter halva sweetmeat of sesame flour and honey, not -ah halyard (naut.), a rope for raising sail, not halli-, hauly- hamadryad/ a wood-nymph, a serpent, a baboon; pl. -s Hambleden Bucks.; -- (Viscount) Hambledon Hants, Surrey Hambleton Lancs., Leics., N. Yorks. Hambros Bank, Ltd. (no apos.) Hamburg/ city in W. Germany, a fowl, a grape; -er (not cap.), cake of chopped steak usu. in a roll "Hamelin (Pied Piper of)" by R. Browning, 1842 Hamitic group of Afr. languages hammam Turkish bath, not hummum, -aum Hammarskj”ld (Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl) 1905-61, Sec.-Gen. of UN 1953-61 Hammergafferstein (Hans) pseud. of Henry W. Longfellow Hammerklavier (Ger.), former name of pianoforte (opp. harpsichord); (quot. marks, not ital.) name given to a piano sonata by Beethoven Hampden (John) 1594-1643, English patriot and statesman Hampshire abbr. Hants Hampton Court London hamster household pet ham/string past and partic. correctly -stringed, but -strung favoured by usage Hamtramck Mich., US hand/bag, -bell, -bill, -book, -brake (one word) Hand/buch (Ger. n.), manual (cap.), pl. -bЃcher h. & c. hot and cold (water) handcuffs (one word) Handel (George Frideric) 1685-1759, German composer resident in England; in Ger. H„ndel. See also Handl Handels/blatt (Ger. n.), trade journal (cap.), pl. -blatter handful/ not -ll; pl. -s handicap/, -per, -ping handiwork not handy- H. & J. (comp.), hyphenation and justification handkerchief/ pl. -s, abbr. hdkf. Handl (Jacob) 1550-91, Austrian composer, not Ha-. See also Handel hand/list, -made, -maid(en) (one word) hand-out (noun, hyphen) hand-picked (hyphen) handrail (one word) Handschrift (Ger. f.), MS; abbr. Hs. (cap.) handsel/ earnest-money; -ling, not hans- handset combined mouthpiece and ear-piece (one word) hand-setting (typ.), manual composition from previously-cast metal sorts assembled in a fount-case (hyphen) hand/shake, -writing (one word) handyman (one word) handywork use handi- hangar/ a shed; -age hangdog shamefaced (one word) hanged past tense or partic., used of capital punishment; other senses use hung hanger one who, or that which, hangs; also a sword, a wood hanging/ paragraph or -- indent (typ.), short paragraph or listed items (as in bibliographies) set with second and following lines indented under first line (as here) hangover after-effects of drinking (one word) Hanover in Ger. Hannover Hans/ (Du., Ger.), Jack; -- Niemand, "Mr Nobody" Hanse/ medieval German league; adj. -atic hansel use hand- hansom a two-wheeled cab Hants Hampshire (no point) hapax legomen/on (Gr.), a word found once only; pl. -a haphazard (one word) ha'p'orth (colloq.), a halfpennyworth happi loose Japanese coat happy-go-lucky (hyphens) happy hunting-ground (one hyphen) Hapsburg use Hab- hara-kiri (Jap.), suicide haram use -em harangu/e to address like an orator; -ed Harare Zimbabwe harass not harr- harbour (US -or), abbr. H. hard (pencils), abbr. H hard/-a-lee, -a-port, -a-starboard, -a-weather (two hyphens each) hard/back (book), -board (one word) hard-boiled egg (one hyphen) hard copy (comp.), printed or typed record of keyboard input (two words). See also soft copy Hardecanute accepted variant of Harthacnut, 1019-42, king of Denmark and England hard hit severely affected (two words) Hardie (James Keir) 1856-1915, British socialist hardi/hood, -ness not hardy- Harding (Baron, of Petherton) Hardinge (Viscount); -- (Baron, of Penshurst) hardline (adj.), unyielding (one word) hardness (mineral.), abbr. h. hards coarse flax, not hur- hard shoulder on motorway (two words) Hardt Mountains Bavarian Palatinate. See also Harz -- Hardwicke (Earl of) hardwood (one word), but hard-wooded hard-working (hyphen) harebell (bot.), not hair- (one word) hare/-brain, -brained not hair- (hyphens) Harefoot sobriquet of Harold I harelip not hair- (one word) harem (Arab.), the women's part of a house, its occupants, not -am, -eem, -im (not ital.) harem-scarem use harum-scarum Hargreaves (James) 1720-78, English weaver, inventor of the spinning-jenny haricot a ragout usu. of mutton and beans; haricot de mouton, Irish stew; -s blancs, kidney beans; -s d'Espagne, scarlet runners; -s verts, French beans haridan use harridan harier use harrier harijan Indian Untouchable hari-kari use hara-kiri harim use harem Haringey Greater London borough, 1965, not -ay. See also Harringay Harington (Sir John) 1561-1612, English poet and pamphleteer. See also Harri- hark listen, but (arch.) hearken harl a fibre, not -le Harlech Gwynedd, not -ck Harleian of Harley Harlem New York. See also Haarlem Harlesden London Harleston Devon, Norfolk, Suffolk Harlestone Northants Harlow (Jean) 1911-37, US film-actress Harlow Essex, "new town", 1947 Harlowe (Clarissa) by Richardson, 1748 harmattan W. African land-wind Harmen see Arminius harmonize not -ise Harper's Bazaar US magazine of fashion, founded 1867; also the British version, founded 1929, now Harpers & Queen Harpers Ferry West Virginia, US (no apos.) Harper's Magazine US monthly magazine, founded 1850 harquebus a portable gun, not -ss, arquebus; -ier Harraden (Beatrice) 1864-1936, English writer harrass use harass harridan a haggard old woman, not hari- harrier one who harries, a hound for hunting hares, a hawk, a cross-country runner, not harier Harringay N. London. See also Haringey Harrington (Earl of). See also Hari- Harrogate N. Yorks., not Harrow- Harrovian member of Harrow School Hart (Horace) Printer to the University of Oxford 1883-1915 hartal closing of Indian shops as protest or gesture Harte (Francis Bret), 1836-1902, US novelist and story-writer hartebeest S. Afr. antelope, not hartb-, -bees Hartford Conn., US Harthacnut more correct form of Hardecanute Hartlepool Cleveland hartshorn ammonia (one word) Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers 39th edition, completely revised, 1983 Hartz Mountains use Harz --. See also Hardt harum-scarum reckless (hyphen), not harem-scarem Harun-al-Rashid 763-809, a caliph of Baghdad, hero of the Arabian Nights, not -oun, -ar-, -sch- (two hyphens) Harvard system of references see authorities Harvard University abbr. Harv. or HU, at Cambridge, Mass., US Harv/ey (William) 1578-1657, English physician, discovered blood circulation; -eian, not -eyan Harz Mountains cent. Germany, not Hartz --. See also Hardt has-been/ person or thing that is no longer of use, pl. -s (hyphen) Hasek (Jaroslav) 1884-1923, Czech satirist Hashemites Arab princely family hashish hemp smoked or chewed as drug, not hach-, hasch-, -eesh, -isch Hasid/ member of mystical Jewish sect; adj. -ic, not Hass-, Ch- Haslemere Surrey. See also Haz- hasn't to be printed close up Hasse (Johann Adolph) 1699-1783, German composer Hassler (Hans Leo) 1564-1612, German composer hatable not -eable hatband (one word) hatch/back (car with door at rear), -way (one word) hatha yoga system of exercises in yoga hat-pin (hyphen) Hatshepsut Queen of Egypt, c.1500 BC hatti/ short form of ---humayun or ---sherif, Turkish edict made irrevocable by Sultan's mark hat trick (two words) hauler one who or that which hauls haulier a man employed in hauling something, esp. coal in a mine; a firm or person engaged in road transport haulm (bot.), a stalk or stem, not halm haulyard use hal- Hauptmann (Gerhart) 1862-1946, German poet and dramatist; -- (Moritz), 1792-1868, German composer Hausa of Cent. Sudan, not -ssa, Housa hausfrau Germanic housewife (ital., not cap.) Haussmann (Georges EugЉne, baron) 1809-91, Paris architect haussmannize to open out and rebuild haut/bois, -boy (mus.), use oboe haute/ bourgeoisie (Fr. f.), upper middle class; -- couture, elegance inspired by the high-fashion houses; -- cuisine, high-class cooking; -- ‚cole, advanced horsemanship Haute/-Garonne d‚p. SW France; -Loire, d‚p. cent. France; -Marne, -Saone, d‚ps. E. France; -Savoie, d‚p. SE France (hyphens) Hautes-Alpes d‚p. SE France (hyphen) Hautes-Pyrenees d‚p. SW France (hyphen) hauteur haughty demeanour (not ital.) Haute-Vienne d‚p. cent. France (hyphen). See also Vienne haute vol‚e (Fr. f.), the upper ten haut-go–t (Fr. m.), high flavour haut monde (Fr. m.), fashionable society Haut-Rhin d‚p. E. France (hyphen) Hauts-de-Seine d‚p. Paris region, France (two hyphens) Havana Cuba, not -ah, -annah; in Sp. Habana Havas a French news agency haven't to be printed close up haver (Sc.), to talk nonsense (not to vacillate) Haverfordwest Dyfed Havergal (Frances Ridley) 1836-79, English hymn-writer haversack bag for carrying food, not -sac havoc/ (noun); as verb, -ked, -king Havre France, use Le Havre Hawai/i one of the Hawaiian Islands, formerly Sandwich Islands; these islands as a group; state of US comprising most of them, off. abbr. (postal) HI; adj. -ian haw-haw a sunk fence, use ha-ha Haw-Haw (Lord) nickname of William Joyce, American-born German propagandist in Second World War, executed 1946 hawk's-bill a turtle hawk-eyed (hyphen) hawse (naut.), part of ship's bows hawthorn (one word) Hawthorne (Julian) 1846-1934, US writer; -- (Nathaniel), 1804-64, his father, US novelist hay a country dance, not hey (but Shepherd's Hey, by P. A. Grainger) Haydn (Johann Michael) 1737-1806, and his brother -- (Franz Joseph), 1732-1809, Austrian composers; -- (Joseph), d. 1856, compiled Dictionary of Dates Haydon (Benjamin Robert) 1786-1846, English painter hay fever (two words) hay/field, -maker, -rick, -stack -wire (one word) Hayti use Haiti hazel/-hen, -nut (hyphens) Hazlemere Bucks. See also Has- Hazlitt (William) 1778-1830, English essayist; -- (William Carew), 1834-1913, English bibliographer hazy indistinct, not -ey 8.3 HB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HB (pencils), hard and black Hb haemoglobin (no point) HBM Her, or His, Britannic Majesty('s) H-bomb hydrogen bomb (no point, hyphen) 8.4 HC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HC habitual criminal, Heralds' College, High Church, Holy Communion, Home Counties, (Fr.) hors concours (not competing), House of Commons, House of Correction h.c. honoris causa HCF or h.c.f. (math.), highest common factor; HCF, Honorary Chaplain to the Forces 8.5 hd.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- hd. head hdkf. handkerchief hdqrs. headquarters Hdt. Herodotus 8.6 HE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HE His Eminence, His or Her Excellency; high explosive He helium (no point) head (typ.), the blank space at the top of a page. See also margins headache (one word) headachy not -ey head/band band worn round head, (bind.), strengthening band of multicoloured silk etc. sewn or stuck to head (and sometimes tail) of back of book; -board (one word) head-dress (hyphen) headgear (one word) headings (typ.), should be graded to show relative importance, and used consistently throughout head/lamp, -land (one word) Headless Cross Hereford & Worc. headlight (one word) headlines or running titles (typ.), at head of pages; various combinations can be adopted, including book, part, section, or chapter title, subhead, or summary of page content, shortened if necessary to keep it to a single line; in bookwork chapter title generally most suitable on both recto and verso, dividing long titles across opening; pagination, q.v., may be included in outer corners headman a chief (one word) head/master, -mistress as general term (one word) Head/ Master, -- Mistress official title at certain schools (two words); abbr. HM head-note summary at head of chapter or page, (mus.) a tone produced in the head register (hyphen) head-on (hyphen) head/phone(s), -piece (one word) headquarters used as sing. of the place, pl. of the occupants (one word); abbr. HQ or hdqrs. head-rest support for the head (hyphen) headroom (one word) head-sail one before the foremast (hyphen) headscarf (one word) head sea waves from forward direction (two words) headship position of chief (one word) headsman executioner (one word) headstock bearings in machine (one word) head/stone, -strong, -way (one word) head wind (two words) headword (typ.), emphasized word opening a paragraph or entry, etc. (as here) (one word) head-work (hyphen) heal see hele health/ centre, -- certificate, -- food (two words) healthful not -ull health/officer, -visitor (two words) Heap see Heep hear, hear! exclamation of agreement, not here, here hearken see hark Hearn (Lafcadio) 1850-1904, US author heart/ache, -beat (one word) heart-break/, -er, -ing, heart-broken (hyphens) heartburn pyrosis (one word) heart-burn jealousy (hyphen) heart-disease (hyphen) heart failure (two words) heartfelt (one word) hearth/rug, -stone (one word) heart/-rending, -searching (hyphens) heart's-ease a pansy (apos., hyphen) heart/sick, -sore (one word) heart/-strings, -throb, -whole (hyphens) heathenize not -ise heather mixture fabric of mixed hues (two words) heat-resistant (hyphen) heave ho! (two words) Heaven cap. when equivalent to the Deity; l.c. when a place, as "heaven is our home" heaven/-born, -sent (hyphens) Heaviside layer layer of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves, not Heavy- heavy/-duty, -handed (hyphens) heavy water (two words) heavyweight (one word) Heb. Hebrew(s), Epistle to the Hebrews (NT) hebdomad/ a group of seven, a week, not -ade; adj. -al Hebraize to make Hebrew, not -ise, -aicize Hebrew (typ.), 22 letters (all consonants) and many strokes and points (representing vowel sounds), etc. It is read from right to left: hence if any passage is divided, the right-hand words must go in the first line, and the left-hand in the second. Abbr. Heb. Hebrews abbr. Heb. Hebridean not -ian Hecat/e a Greek goddess; adj. -aean hecatomb sacrifice of many (literally 100) oxen heckelphone (mus.), baritone oboe Heckmondwike W. Yorks. Hecla mt., Western Isles, not Hek-. See also Hekla hectare 10,000 sq. metres; abbr. ha (no point in scientific and technical work) hecto- prefix maning 100; abbr. h; hectogram (hg), 100 grams; hectolitre (hl), 100 litres; hectometre (hm), 100 metres (abbrs. no point in scientific and technical work) Hedda Gabler play by Ibsen, 1890 hedgehog/ adj. -gy hedgerow (one word) hedgrah use hegira hee-haw a, or to, bray, not he- heel see hele Heep (Uriah) in Dickens's David Copperfield, not Heap Heer (Ger. n.), army (cap.) Heft (Ger. n.), number, part, abbr. H. Hegel/ (Georg, not -e, Wilhelm Friedrich) 1770-1831, German philosopher; adj. -ian hegemon/y leadership, esp. political; adj. -ic hegira the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, 16 July AD 622, from which the Muslim era is reckoned (Arab. hijrah); not hedgrah, heijira (not ital.). The calendar follows a 355-day lunar cycle, and it is difficult to to equate AD and AH dates Heidegger (Martin) 1889-1976, German philosopher Heidelberg W. German university town Heidsieck a champagne Heifetz (Jascha) 1901-87, Russian-born US violinist heighday use hey- heigh-ho an audible sigh, not hey- height to paper (typ.), overall height of type, usu. 2.33 cm. heijira use hegira heil (Ger.), hail! Heiland (der) (Ger.), the Saviour (cap.) heilig (Ger.), holy; abbr. hl. Heilige Schrift (Ger. f.), Holy Scripture (caps.); abbr. Hl.S. Heimskringla "the round world", a history of Norse kings by Snorri Sturluson, 1178-1241 Heimweh (Ger. n.), homesickness Heine/ (Heinrich but signed Henri), 1797-1856, German poet; adj. -sque Heinemann (William), Ltd. publishers Heinrich Ger. for Henry Heinz Ger. for Harry heir apparent legal heir, whoever may subsequently be born (two words); abbr. heir app. heirloom (one word) heir presumptive legal heir if no nearer relative should be born (two words); abbr. heir pres. Heisenberg (Werner Karl) 1901-76, German physicist, associated with principle of uncertainty Hejaz "the boundary", not Hi-. See also Saudi Arabia hejira use hegira Hekla volcano, Iceland, not Hec-. See also Hecla Hel (Norse myth.), originally, the abode of the dead; later, the abode of the damned, opp. Valhalla; later still, the goddess the dead (also Hela) HeLa strain of human cells (one word, two caps.) Heldentenor (Ger. m.), "hero-tenor", with robust operatic voice hele to set (plants) in the ground, not heal, heel Helensburgh Strathclyde, not -borough Helicon (Gr. myth.), mountain range in Boeotia, home of the Muses, site of fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene Heliogabalus use Elag- heliogravure a gravure process (not ital.) heliport landing-place for helicopters (one word) helium symbol He hel/ix a spiral curve like the thread of a screw; pl. -ices hell (not cap.) hell (Ger.), clear, bright hell-bent (hypben) Helle (Gr. myth.), sister of Phrixus, fell from the golden ram into strait afterwards named Hellespont (the Dardanelles) Hellen (Gr. myth.), son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, progenitor of the Greek people Hellen/e a Greek; pl. -es; adj. -ic (cap.) Hellenist one skilled in Greek; one who has adopted Greek ways, esp. a Jew of the Dispersion Hellenistic denoting the Greek language and culture of the period after Alexander the Great Hellenize to make Greek, not -ise hell/-fire, -hole (hyphens) hello use hallo helmet/, -ed (one t) Helmholtz (Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von) 1821-94, German scientist helmsman one who steers (one word) H‚lo‹se 1101-64, and Ab‚lard, not El-, -sa helpline (one word) helpmate not -meet (one word) Helsingor Danish for Elsinore Helsinki Finland, in Swed. Helsingfors helter-skelter (hyphen) Helvellyn mountain, Cumbria Hely-Hutchinson Irish name, fam. name of Earl of Donoughmore (hyphen); Hely-Hutchinson (Victor), 1901-47, British composer hema- prefix, use haema- Hemel Hempstead Herts. (two words) Hemingway (Ernest Miller) 1899-1961, US novelist hemistich (prosody), half a line hemo- prefix, use haemo- hem-stitch (hyphen) hence/forth, -forward (one word) hendiadys one idea expressed by two words joined by a conjunction, as "try and come" henna/ oriental shrub, leaves used for dyeing nails and hair; -ed henpeck/, -ed (one word) Henri Fr. for Henry henr/y international unit of inductance, pl. -ies; abbr. H Henry abbr. Hy Henry (O.) pseud. of William Sydney Porter (1862-1910), US author Henschel (Sir George) 1850-1934, German-born English musician Henslow (John Stevens) 1796-1861, English botanist and geologist Henslowe (Philip) d. 1616, English theatrical manager, wrote "Diary" Hephaestus not Hephaistos, except in Gr. contexts Hepplewhite eighteenth-century style of furniture, from George --, d. 1786, not Heppel- her. heraldry her. heres (heir) Herakles see Hercules; not -cles heraldry abbr. her. Heralds' College abbr. HC (apos.), College of Arms H‚rault d‚p. France Herausgeber (Ger. m.), editor herbaceous not -ious herbari/um a collection of dried plants; pl. -a (not ital.) Herbart (Johann Friedrich) 1776-1841, German philosopher and educationist Hercegovina Yugoslavia, not Herz- Herculaneum Roman town overwhelmed by Vesuvius, AD 79, not -ium Herculean strong, difficult Hercules not Herakles, except in Gr. contexts herd-book (hyphen) here/about(s), -after, -by, -in, -of, -on, -out (one word) Hereford: sig. of Bp. of Hereford (colon) Hereford & Worcester county of England here, here! use hear, hear! here/s (Lat.), heir; pl. -des, abbr. her. here/to, -tofore, -under, -upon, -with (one word) Hergesheimer (Joseph) 1880-1954, US novelist Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh, 1966 heritrix an heiress, not -tress, here- Her Majesty('s) (caps.), abbr. HM hermeneutics the science of interpretation, treated as sing. hernia/ a rupture; pl. -s hero/ (a, not an) pl. -es; adj. -ic Herodotus c.484-c.420 BC, Greek historian, abbr. Hdt. or Herod. heroin a drug, not -ine heroine heroic woman, chief female character in story, etc. heroize to make a hero of, not -ise herpes a skin disease; herpes zoster, shingles herpetolog/y study of reptiles; -ist, not er- Herr/ (Ger. m.), Mr, Sir, pl. -en Herr (der) (Ger.), the Lord (cap.) herr (Dan., Norw., Swed.), Mr, abbr. hr. Herrenvolk (Ger. n.), master race, (in Nazi ideology) the German people Herrgott (Ger.), Lord God herring-bone a stitch (hyphen) Herrnhuter one of the sect of the Moravians (not ital.) Her Royal Highness (caps.), abbr. HRH hers (no apostrophe) Herschel (Caroline Lucretia) 1750-1848, German-born English astronomer; -- (Sir John Frederick William), 1792-1871, English astronomer, son of -- (Sir William, orig. Friedrich Wilhelm), 1738-1822, German-born English astronomer Herschell (Baron) Herstmonceux E. Sussex, site of Royal Observatory, not Hurst- hersute use hir- Hertford/ -shire Herts. Hertfordshire Hertz (Heinrich Rudolf), 1857-94, German physicist, discoverer of Hertzian waves, used in radio-communication hertz SI unit of frequency, pl. same; abbr. Hz Hertzog (James Barry Munnik) 1866-1942, S. African statesman, not Herzog Herz (Ger. n.), heart (cap.) Herzegovina use Herce- Herzog/ (Ger. m.), duke, pl. -e; -in (f.), duchess; -tum (n.), duchy, not -thum (caps.) Hesperis a genus of plants Hesperus evening star Hesse German state, in Ger. Hessen; Hessian, inhabitant of Hesse, in Ger. Hess/e, f. -in Hesse (Herman) 1877-1962, German writer hessian a coarse cloth het (Du. n.), the; abbr. 't, as van 't Hoff hetaer/a (Gr.), a courtesan, pl. -ae; -ism, not -tair-, -tar- heterogeneous dissimilar, not -nous heteroousian (theol.), believing Father and Son to be of unlike substance, not heterou-. See also homoiousian, homoousian Hetton-le-Hole Tyne & Wear (hyphens) heu (Lat.), alas! heureka use eu- heuristic inciting to find out (an educational method). See also eureka hex- Gr. prefix for six; in Lat. sex- hey a dance, use hay heyday prosperity, not heigh- (one word) heyduck Hungarian of an ennobled mil. class (Hung. hajdЈ, pl. hajduk) Heyerdahl (Thor) b. 1914, Norwegian ethnologist (Kon-Tiki expedition, 1947) hey-ho use heigh-ho hey presto conjuror's exclamation (two words) 8.7 HF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HF (pencils) hard firm, high frequency, Home Fleet, -- Forces Hf hafnium (no point) hf. half h.f. high frequency HFRA Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy 8.8 HG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HG His, or Her, Grace, High German, Home Guard, Horse Guards Hg hydrargyrum (mercury) (no point) hg hectogram, -s (no point in scientific and technical work) HGV heavy goods vehicle 8.9 HH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HH His, or Her, Highness; His Holiness (the Pope) HH (pencils), double hard; also 2H hh. hands (measure of horse's height) hhd. hogshead, -s HHH (pencils), treble hard; also 3H 8.10 HI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HI Hawaii (off. postal abbr.), Hawaiian Islands, hic iacet (here lies) hiatus/ pl. -es (not ital.) Hiawatha American-Indian hero of Longfellow's poem hibernate to spend the winter in torpor or in a warm climate, not hy- hic (Lat.), this, here hiccup/ not -cough, -kup; -ed, -ing (one p) hic et ubique (Lat.), here and everywhere Hichens (Robert Smythe) 1864-1950, English novelist hic iacet (or jacet) (Lat.), here lies; -- -- sepult/us, fem. -a, here lies buried; abbr. HIS or HJS hidalgo/ Spanish gentleman by birth; pl. -s hide-and-seek a game (hyphens) hidebound narrow-minded (one word) hieing not hy- hier (Ger.), here; Hier spricht man Deutsch, German spoken here hieratic priestly, esp. of ancient Egyptian sacred writing hieroglyph/ stylized figure representing word; -ic(s), -ist, -ize (not -ise) hifalutin use high- hi-fi high-fidelity (no points) higgledy-piggledy haphazard, in confusion highbrow (one word) high chair (two words) High Church (hyphen when attrib.), abbr. HC; High-Churchman (hyphen, caps.) high-class (adj., hyphen) high-falutin bombast(ic), not -en, -n', -ng, hifalutin high-fidelity (radio), reproducing sound faithfully; colloq. hi-fi high/-flown, -flyer, -flying (hyphens) high frequency (hyphen when attrib.) highjacker use hijacker high jump (two words) Highland region of Scotland highlight (one word) high pressure (hyphen when attrib.); abbr. HP or h.p. high priest abbr. HP (two words) high-rise (adj.), having many storeys (hyphen) high/ road; -- seas (the) outside territorial waters (two words) high-water mark (one hyphen), abbr. HWM highwayman (one word) HIH His, or Her, Imperial Highness hijack/ seize control of aircraft, etc.; steal goods in transit -er, -ing Hijaz use Hejaz hijira/, -h use hegira Hil. Hilary Hilary a session of the High Court of Justice, a term of Oxford and Dublin Universities; from St Hilary of Poitiers, d. c.367, festival 13 Jan. hill when with name to have cap., as Box Hill Hillary (Sir Edmund) b. 1919, NZ apiarist and mountaineer, climbed Everest 1953 hill-fort (hyphen) Hillingdon London Hillington Norfolk, Strathclyde hill/side, -top (one word) HIM His, or Her, Imperial Majesty Himachal Pradesh Indian state Himalaya/ or the --s, India and Tibet; adj. -n hinc/ (Lat.), hence; -- illae lacrimae, hence those tears Hinckley Leics., not Hink- Hind. Hindu, -stan, -stani Hindi a language of N. India, or a literary Hindustani, not -dee (not ital.) hind leg (two words) hindmost (one word) Hindoo use Hindu hindquarters (one word) hindrance not -erance hindsight wisdom after the event (one word) Hindu/ not -doo, abbr. Hind. (not ital.); -ism, -ize Hindu Kush mountains, Afghanistan Hindustan abbr. Hind., not Indostan Hindustani the Indian lingua franca; abbr. Hind. hing/e, -ed, -ing Hinkley Point Som., site of nuclear power station Hinshelwood (Sir Cyril Norman) 1897-1967, British chemist hinterland the "back country" (one word) hip/-bath, -bone, -flask, -joint -pocket (hyphens) hippie person of unconventional behaviour, dress, etc., not -y hippo/ hippopotamus, pl. -s Hippocrat/es fl. 400 BC, Greek "Father of Medicine"; -ic Hippocrene fountain of the Muses of Mt. Helicon hippogriff a fabulous monster, not -gryph (not ital.) hippopotamus/ pl. -es hirdy-girdy (Sc.), in disorder. See also hurdy-gurdy hireable obtainable for hire, not -rable hire-car (hyphen) hire-purchase (hyphen), abbr. HP or h.p. hirly-birly use hurly-burly Hiroshima Japan hirsute hairy, not her- HIS hic iacet sepult/tus, -a (here lies buried) His/ Eminence abbr. HE; -- Excellency, HE; -- Majesty('s), HM (caps., not ital.) Hispanicize to render Spanish, not -ise His Royal Highness (caps.), abbr. HRH hist. histor/ian, -ic, -ical historical eras and events see capitalization Hitchens (Sydney Ivon) 1893-1979, English painter Hitchin Herts., not -en 8.11 HJ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HJ hic jacet (here lies) HJS hic jacet sepult/us, -a (here lies buried) 8.12 HK =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HK Hong Kong; House of Keys, Isle of Man 8.13 HL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HL House of Lords hl hectolitre(s) (no point in scientific and technical work) hl. (Ger.), heilig (holy) Hl.S. (Ger.), Heilige Schrift (Holy Scripture) 8.14 HM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HM Head Master, -- Mistress; Her, or His, Majesty('s), Home Mission hm hectometre(s) (no point in scientific and technical work) h.m. hoc mense (in this month), huius mensis (this month's) HMC Her, or His, Majesty's Customs; Headmasters' Conference; Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts HMG Her, or His, Majesty's Government HMI Her, or His, Majesty's Inspector HMP hoc monumentum posuit (erected this monument) HMS Her, or His, Majesty's Service, or Ship HMSO Her, or His, Majesty's Stationery Office HMV His Master's Voice 8.15 HNC, HND =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HNC, HND Higher National Certificate, -- -- Diploma 8.16 HO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HO Home Office, (Ger.) Handelsorganisation (state shop in GDR) Ho holmium (no point) ho. house Hoangho use Hwang-Ho hoard store of money or possessions, to save these. See also horde hoar-frost (hyphen) hoarhound use hore- Hobbema (Meindert) 1638-1709, Dutch painter Hobbes (John Oliver) pseud. of Pearle Mary Teresa Craigie, 1867-1906, English writer; -- (Thomas), 1588-1679, English philosopher hobbledehoy raw youth, not the many variants hobby-horse (hyphen) hob-nob (hyphen) hobo/ (US), a tramp; pl. -es Hoboken NJ, US hoboy (mus.), use oboe hoc/ age (Lat.), attend!; -- anno, in this year, abbr. h.a.; -- genus omne, all of this kind; -- habet, he has a hit (of gladiators) Hoccleve (Thomas) ?1370-?1450, English poet, not O- hochepot (Fr. cook., m.), hotchpotch, stew, ragout Ho Chi Minh/ 1892-1969, Vietnamese politician; -- City, Vietnam, formerly Saigon Hocking (Joseph) 1855-1937, and his brother, -- (Silas Kitto), 1850-1935, British novelists hoc/ loco (Lat.), in this place; -- mense, in this month, abbr. h.m.; -- monumentum posuit, erected this monument, abbr. HMP; -- sensu, in this sense, abbr. h.s.; -- tempore, at this time, abbr. h.t.; -- titulo, in, or under, this title, abbr. h.t. hocus/ to hoax, drug; -sed, -sing hocus-pocus jugglery, deception (hyphen) Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd. publishers hodgepodge use hotchpotch hodie (Lat.), today hodmandod a snail hodograph (math.), a curve hodometer use od- Hoe Plymouth Hoe US printers: Robert, 1784-1833, his son Richard March, 1812-86, and grandson Robert, 1839-1909 hoeing not hoing Hofer (Andreas) 1767-1810, Tyrolese patriot Hoffmann (August Heinrich) 1798-1874, German writer ("Hoffmann von Fallersleben"; Deutschland Ѓber Alles, 1841); -- (Daniel), 1576-1601, German theologian; -- (Ernst Theodor Amadeus, orig. Wilhelm), 1776-1822, German writer and composer, source of Offenbach's Tales of Hoffmann; -- (Friedrich), 1660-1742, German chemist. See also Hofmann Hoffnung (Ger. f.), hope (cap.) Hoffnung (Gerard) 1925-59, English humorous artist and musician Hofmann (August Wilhelm von) 1818-92, German chemist; -- (Josef Casimir), 1876-1957, Polish pianist and composer; -- (Johann Christian Conrad von), 1810-77, German theologian. See also Hoffmann Hofmannsthal (Hugo von) 1874-1929, Austrian poet, librettist of some operas by Richard Strauss hoggin gravel mixture hogmanay (Sc.), the last day of the year hogshead/, -s abbr. hhd. Hogue (La) d‚p. Manche, France Hohenzollern (House of) Prussian Imperial family hoiden use hoy- hoing use hoe- hoi polloi (not the -- --) (Gr.), the masses, not oi -- hokey-pokey ice-cream, not hoky-poky (hyphen) hokum stage business used for cheap effect Holbein (Hans) German painters: "the Elder", 1465-1524; "the Younger", 1497-1543 H”lderlin (Johann Christian Friedrich) 1770-1843, German poet hold-up (noun), delay, robbery (hyphen) holey having holes Holi Hindu religious festival holibut use halibut holiday-maker (hyphen) holily in holy manner Holinshed (Raphael) d. 1580, English chronicler, not -ings-, -head Holland the country, use Netherlands; but North --, South -- (provinces), Parts of -- (former division of Lincolnshire) holland a linen (not cap.) hollandais/ (Fr.), fem. -e, Dutch (not cap.) hollandaise a creamy sauce (not ital.) Hollands Dutch gin hollow (bind.), paper reinforcement of back, sometimes also of spine, of book hollyhock a plant Hollywood Los Angeles, Calif., US Holman-Hunt (William) 1827-1910, English painter (hyphen) Holmes (Oliver Wendell) 1809-94, US author, and his son, 1841-1935, US lawyer Holmes-McDougall, Ltd. publishers holmium symbol Ho Holm Patrick (Baron) holocaust whole burnt offering, wholesale sacrifice or destruction (cap. with hist. reference to 1939-45) Holofernes Assyrian general (-ph- in NEB); a pedantic teacher (Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost) holograph a document wholly in the handwriting of the person from whom it proceeds holus-bolus all at once (hyphen) Holy Communion (caps.), abbr. HC Holy Cross Day (three words, caps.), Holy Rood Day, feast of the Exaltation, 14 Sept. Holy/ Family, -- Ghost, Land (two words, caps.) Holyoake (George Jacob) 1817-1906, English writer and agitator; -- (Rt. Hon. Sir Keith Jacka), 1904-83, Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1960-72 holy of holies inner chamber of the Jewish tabernacle (not caps.) Holy Roman Empire (caps.), abbr. HRE Holy Rood Day see Holy Cross Day Holyroodhouse, Palace of Edinburgh Holy Saturday day before Easter Sunday (caps.) Holy Spirit as Deity (caps.) holystone (naut.), (to scour decks with) soft sandstone (one word) Holy Thursday Ascension Day in English Church; but Thursday in Holy Week, or Maundy Thursday, in Roman Church Holy Week the week before Easter (two words, caps.) Holywood Co. Down, N. Ireland Hom. Homer homage public acknowledgement of allegiance, in Fr. hommage (m.), q.v. homard (Fr. m.), lobster hombre (Sp.), man Homburg soft felt hat Home/ surname, pron. Hume; -- of the Hirsel (Baron) home/-brewed, -coming (hyphens) Home Counties (the) Essex, Herts., Kent, Surrey (sometimes includes Berks., Bucks., Sussex); abbr. HC home/-grown (hyphen) Home Guard (two words, caps.), (member of) British citzen army formed in 1940, abbr. HG (no points). See also LDV homeland (one word) home-made (hyphens) homeopathy use homoeo- Homer c.9th c. BC, Greek poet, abbr. Hom. Home Rule (two words, caps.); abbr. HR homesick/, -ness (one word) homespun (one word) home/ straight, -- town (two words) homework (one word) homey use homy homing not -eing homin/id member of family Hominidae; -oid, manlike animal Hommage/ d'auteur, -- de l'auteur (Fr.),with the author's compliments; -- d'editeur, -- de l'editeur, ditto publisher's, not editor's homme/ d'affaires (Fr.), business man, not -- des --; -- de bien, a respectable man; -- de cour, a courtier; -- de lettres, author; -- de paille, man of straw; -- d'ep‚e, a mil. man; -- de robe, lawyer; -- d'esprit, man of wit; -- d'‚tat, statesman; -- de t€te, man of resource; -- du monde, man of fashion Homo (zool.), genus of man hom/o (Lat.), human being; pl. -ines homoeopath/y treatment of diseases by minute doses of drugs that excite similar symptoms; -ic, -ist (not homeo-) homogene/ous consisting of parts all of the same kind; noun -ity homogenize to make (milk) homogeneous, not -ise homogenous having common descent homoiothermic warm-blooded homoiousian (theol.), believing Father and Son to be of like substance (not ital.). See also heteroousian, homoousian homologize be or make homologous, not -ise homonym a word of same form but different sense, not -me homoousian (theol.), believing Father and Son to be of the same substance, not homou- (not ital.). See also heteroousian, homoiousian homophones words spelt differently but pronounced alike Homo sapiens (zool.), the species modern man Homs Syria homy homelike, not -ey Hon. Honourable (son or daughter of a peer; MP), Honorary Honble. Honourable (former Indian title) Hondura/s Cent. America; adj. -n Honegger (Arthur) 1892-1955, French-born Swiss composer honey-bee (hyphen) honeycomb (one word) honeydew a sticky substance, a melon, a tobacco (one word) honeyed sweet, not -ied honey/moon, -suckle (one word) Hong Kong (S. coast of China) (no hyphen), abbr. HK Honi soit qui mal y pense shamed be he who thinks evil of it (motto of the Order of the Garter) honorand one to be honoured honorarium/ voluntary fee for professional services; pl. -s (not ital.) honorary/ (of office, etc.) bestowed as an honour, unpaid; -- secretary, abbr. Hon. Sec. honorific (utterance) expressing honour or respect honoris/ causa or -- gratia (Lat.), for the sake of honour honourable abbr. for son or daughter of peer, or for MP, Hon.; for Indian title, Honble. Hons. Honours Hon. Sec. honorary secretary hoodwink (one word) hoof/ usual pl. -s, not -ves Hooghly India, not Hugli Hook (Theodore Edward) 1788-1841, English humorist. See also Hooke hookah oriental pipe, not the many variants hook and eye (no hyphen) Hooke (Robert) 1635-1703, English physicist. See also Hook Hooker (Sir William Jackson) 1785-1865, and his son -- (Sir Joseph Dalton), 1817-1911, English botanists hooping cough use wh- hoopoe S. European bird hoor/ah, -ay use hurr/ah, -ay Hoover propr. term for vacuum cleaner (cap.) Hopi/ American Indian, pl. -s, not -ki, -qui Hopkins (Gerard Manley) 1844-89, English poet; -- (Johns, not John), 1795-1873, US financier; -- (Johns) University, Baltimore, Md., US (no apos.) hop-o'-my-thumb a dwarf (hyphens) hop-picker (hyphen) Hoppner (John) 1758-1810, English painter hopscotch children's game (one word) hor. horizon, -tal hor/a (Lat.), hour, pl. -ae; horae/ canonicae, hours for prayer; -- subsecivae, leisure hours Horace (in Lat., Quintus Horatius Flaccus), 65-8 BC, Roman poet, abbr. Hor. Horatius Cocles who kept the Sublician Bridge horde troop of nomads, crowd of people. See also hoard horehound a plant (juice used for coughs), not hoar- horizon/, -tal abbr. hor. horn (English), one of the oboes, use cor anglais; -- (French), circular coiled horn, usu. with valves hornblende a mineral, not -d hornpipe a dance, music for it (one word) horology ahbr. horol. horresco referens (Lat.), I shudder to mention it hors/ (Fr.), beyond, out of; -- concours, not for competition (not de); -- de combat, disabled; -- de la loi, outlaw; -- de pair, without an equal; hors-d'oeuvre, appetizer Horse Artillery (caps.), abbr. HA horseback (one word) horse/-box, -chestnut not -chesnut; -flesh (one word), -fly (hyphen) Horse Guards abbr. HG (two words, caps.) horse/hair, -play (one word) horsepower (abbr. hp), unit of power (7.46 x 100 watts) horse-rac/e, -ing (hyphen), but Horserace (one word) Totalisator Board, and Horserace Betting Levy Board horse-radish (hyphen) horseshoe (one word) but horse-shoeing (hyphen) Horseshoe Fall Niagara; Horse Shoe Falls, Guyana horse-tail Turkish standard; a plant (hyphen) horsewhip (one word) "Horst Wessel Song" song of the German Nazi party, after the writer of the words horsy horselike, not -ey hort. horticulture hortus siccus collection of dried plants Hos. Hosea hosanna/ a shout of praise, "save, we pray", not -ah (not ital.); Hosanna Sunday, Palm Sunday hospital/ abbr. hosp.; -ize, not -ise hospitaller one of a charitable brotherhood (US -aler) hotbed (one word) hotchpot (law), commixture of property to secure equable distribution (one word) hotchpotch (cook.) (one word). See also hodgepodge h“te (Fr. m.), innkeeper, host; also guest hotel see a; -- (name of), to be roman quoted to avoid ambiguity, as "The Farmhouse" H“tel des Invalides Paris, founded 1670 as hospital for disabled soldiers; contains Napoleon's tomb (caps.) h“tel/ de ville (Fr. m.), town hall; ---Dieu (l'), chief hospital of a town (one cap.); -- garni, -- meubl‚, furnished lodgings hotelier hotel-keeper (not ital., no accent) hot/foot, -head, -house, -plate (one word) hot metal (typ.), justified mechanical composition in purpose-cast metal sorts or slugs by casting-machine driven by punched paper roll from keyboard hotpot (cook.) (one word) houdah use how- Houdan breed of fowls Houdin (Jean EugЉne Robert) 1805-71, French conjuror Houdini (Harry) real name Ehrich Weiss, 1874-1926, US escapologist Houdon (Jean Antoine) 1741-1828, French sculptor Houghton-le-Spring Tyne & Wear (hyphens) hour/ -s, abbr. hr., hrs., but h (no point, same in pl.) in scientific and technical work; -glass (hyphen) houri/ a nymph of the Muslim paradise; pl. -s Housa use Hausa house number of, in a street, has no comma after, as 6 Fleet Street; abbr. ho. House (the), the Stock Exchange, Christ Church (Oxford), the House of Commons, (formerly) the workhouse house-agent (hyphen) house arrest (two words) houseboat (one word) housebote (law), tenant's right to wood to repair house (one word) housebreak/er, -ing (one word) house/-flag distinguishing flag of a shipping company; -fly (hyphens) house/holder, -keeper, -keeping, -maid (one word) house party (two words) house/-physician abbr. HP; -surgeon, abbr. HS (hyphens) house style (typ.), the custom of a printing establishment as to both the literal aspect (use of capitals, spellings, abbreviations, italics, word-division, etc.) and the general layout and design house/wife, -work (one word) Housman (Alfred Edward) 1859-1936, English scholar and poet; -- (Laurence), 1865-1959, his brother, English writer and artist Houssaye (ArsЉne) 1815-96, French novelist and poet; -- (Henri), 1848-1911, his son, French historian Houyhnhnm one of a race of horses with noble human characteristics (Swift's Gulliver's Travels), pron. hwinnim; contrasted with Yahoo, q.v. Howards End by E. M. Forster, 1910 (no apos.) howbeit (one word) howdah elephant-seat, not -a, houda, -ah, -ar how-do-you-do or how-d'ye-do, awkward situation (hyphens) howitzer a cannon hoyden tomboy, not hoi- 8.17 HP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HP high pressure (also h.p.), high priest, hire-purchase (also (h.p.), house-physician, Houses of Parliament hp horsepower (no point) 8.18 HQ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HQ Headquarters 8.19 HR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HR Home Rule, House of Representatives hr. (Dan., Norw., Swed.), herr (Mr) hr. hrs., hour, -s (non-technical use) Hradec/ Czechoslovakia, not Gratz; -- Kr lov‚, not K”niggr„tz Hrdlicka (Ales) 1869-1943, Bohemian-born US anthropologist HRE Holy Roman Empire HRH Her, or His, Royal Highness HRIP (Lat.), hic requiescit in pace (here rests in peace) hrsg. (Ger.), herausgegeben (edited) 8.20 HS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HS hic sepult/us, -a (here buried), house-surgeon; symbol for sesterce, Roman coin equivalent to 1/4 of a denarius Hs. (Ger.), Handschrift (manuscript) h.s. (Lat.), hoc sensu (in this sense) HSC Higher School Certificate, now GCE A level HSE hic sepult/us, -a est (here lies buried) HSH His, or Her, Serene Highness HSS Historicae Societatis Socius (Fellow of the Historical Society) 8.21 ht.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ht. height h.t. hoc tempore (at this time), hoc titulo (in, or under, this title); (elec.) high tension ht. wkt. (cricket), hit wicket 8.22 HU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- HU Harvard University Huanghe see Hwang-Ho hubble-bubble oriental pipe (hyphen, not ital.) Huberman (Bronislaw) 1882-1947, Polish violinist hubris/ (Gr. drama), presumptuous pride that invites disaster, not hy- (not ital.); adj. -tic huckaback rough-surfaced linen fabric, not hugga- Hucknall Notts., where Byron is buried Hudson Bay N. America, but Hudson's Bay Company Hueffer later Ford (F. M.), q.v. huggaback use huck- hugger-mugger secret(ly) (hyphen) Hughenden Bucks., not -don Hugli use Hooghly Hugo (Victor Marie) 1802-85, French poet, novelist, and playwright Huguenot (hist.), a French protestant, not -onot huissier (Fr. m.), bailiff, door-keeper huЊtres (Fr. f. pl.), oysters huius/ anni (Lat.), of this year, abbr. h.a.; -- mensis, of this month, abbr. h.m. hullabaloo uproar, not the many variants Hullah (John Pyke) 1852-84, English musician hullo use hallo Hulsean Lectures Cambridge Humanae Vitae (Lat.), of human life, name of encyclical on contraception, by Pope Paul VI, 1968 Humaniora (Lat.), the humanities; abbr. Hum. See also Lit. Hum. humanize not -ise humankind (one word) Humberside county of England humble-bee (hyphen) humble pie (to eat), not umble (two words) Humboldt (Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von) 1769-1859, German naturalist; -- (Karl Wilhelm, Baron von), 1767-1835, his brother, German philologist, statesman, and poet humdrum commonplace (one word) Humean of David Hume, 1711-76, Scottish historian and philosopher, not -ian humer/us upper-arm bone, pl. -i (not ital.) humming-bird (hyphen) hummum Turkish bath; use hammam humoresque a musical caprice, not humour- humor/ist, -ize not -ise humorous/, -ly, -ness humoursome (capricious) humous see humus humpback(ed) (one word) Humperdinck (Engelbert) 1854-1921, German composer Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 1391-1447, son of Henry IV of England, Protector during minority of Henry VI Humphrey's Clock (Master) by Dickens, 1840 Humphry (not -ey) Clinker, by Smollett, 1771 Humpty-Dumpty (hyphen), a short, squat person (from character in nursery rhyme) hum/us vegetable mould; adj. -ous hunchback(ed) (one word) hundert (Ger.), hundred hundred/ symbol C; -weight/, -s (one word), abbr. cwt hundred-and-first etc. (hyphens) hundred-per-cent (adj.), entire Hundred Years War between England and France, 1337-1453 (caps., no apos.) hung see hanged Hung. Hungar/y, -ian Hungary abbr. Hung.; in Fr. Hongrie, in Ger. Ungarn, in Hung. (Magyar) Magyarorsz g Hunstanton Norfolk Hunter's Quay Strathclyde (apos.) Huntingdon Cambs. Huntingdonshire former county of England, abbr. Hunts. Huntington Hereford & Wore., Shropshire, Staffs., N. Yorks.; -- Library, San Marino, Calif., US Huntley Glos., Staffs. Huntly/ Grampian; -- (Marquess of), not -ey Hunyadi J nos Hungarian mineral water Hunyady (J nos) 1387-1456, Hungarian general of Romanian descent, not -adi hurds use hards hurdy-gurdy (mus.), not hirdy-girdy, q.v. hurly-burly commotion, not hi-, bi- hurrah or hurray, not hoo- hurry-curry use hara-kiri hurry-scurry pell-mell, not -sk- Hurstmonceux E. Sussex, use Herst- Hurstpierpoint W. Sussex (one word) husband abbr. h. Husbands Bosworth Leics. (no apos.) Huss/ (John) 1369-1455, Bohemian religious reformer, in Ger. Hus (Johann); -ite hussy pert girl, not -zzy Huygens (Christian) 1629-95, Dutch mathematician and astronomer, not -ghens Huysmans (Joris Karl) 1848-1907, French novelist huzzy use hussy 8.23 h.w.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- h.w. (cricket), hit wicket h/w herewith Hwang-Ho (river in China), not Hoangho; in Pinyin Huanghe HWM high-water mark 8.24 Hy... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Hy Henry (man's name) (no point) Hyacinthe (PЉre) Charles Jean Marie Loyson, 1827-1912, French priest hyaena use hyena hybernate use hi- hybrid (bot.), symbol x (see botany) hybridize etc., not -ise hybris use hu- hyd. hydrostatics Hyderabad Deccan, India; Sind, Pakistan; not Haidar-, Hydar- hydrangea a shrub, not -ia hydro/ colloq. for hydropathic establishment, hydroelectric plant (no point), pl. -s hydro/carbon, -dynamics, -electric (one word) hydrogen symbol H hydro/lysis decomposition by water; -lyse, not -lyze hydrophobia aversion to water, rabies hydroplane kind of motor boat (one word) hydrostatics abbr. hyd. hydrotherapy (one word) hyena not hyae- HyЉres d‚p. Var, France Hygeia (Gr.) goddess of health, not -gea, -giea, -gieia (the older Gr. spelling); adj. hygeian, healthy hygien/e science of health; adj. -ic hying use hie- Hyksos rulers of Egypt, 17th-16th c. BC Hylton-Foster (Sir Harry) 1905-65, Speaker of the House of Commons 1959-65 hymen/ (anat.), virginal membrane (not ital.); adj. -al Hymen (Gr. and Rom. myth.), god of marriage; adj. hymeneal hymn-book (hyphen) hyp. hypothesis, hypothetical hyperaem/ia excess of blood; adj. -ic; not -haemia hyperbol/a a curve; adj. -ic hyperbol/e exaggeration; adj. -ical hypercritical excessively critical hypermarket in theory larger than a supermarket (one word) hyphens see punctuation XIII hypnotize not -ise hypochondria morbid anxiety about health, not -condria hypocri/sy, -te, -tical hypotenuse (geom.), not hypoth- hypothecate to mortgage hypothermia lack of warmth in body hypothes/is provisional explanation; pl. -es; abbr. hyp. hypothesize to form a hypothesis, not -ise, -tize hysterectomy (surg.), removal of the womb hysteresis (phys.), a lagging of variation in effect behind variation in cause hysteron proteron (Gr.), the reverse of natural order, the cart before the horse hysterotomy (surg.), cutting into the womb 8.25 Hz =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Hz hertz, SI unit of frequency (no point) 9.0 I =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 9.1 I... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- I iodine, (roman numeral) one (no point), the ninth in a series I. Island, -s, Isle, -s, imperator (emperor), imperatrix (empress) i (med. prescriptions) one, (math.) square root of minus one i. id (that) I or i (ital.), symbol for electric current 9.2 IA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IA Indian Army, infected area, Iowa (off. postal abbr.) Ia. Iowa (off. abbr.) IAAF International Amateur Athletic Federation IAAM Incorporated Association of Assistant Masters, usu. called AMA IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAHM Incorporated Association of Headmasters. See also AHMI IAM Institute of Advanced Motorists iamb/us foot of two syllables, the first short, the second long; pl. -uses; adj. -ic; -ics, iambic verse (See Figure 1 in topic FRONT_4) IATA International Air Transport Association 9.3 IBA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IBA Independent Broadcasting Authority Ib ¤ez (Vicente Blasco) 1867-1928, Spanish novelist Iberian pertaining to Spanish peninsula ibex/ mountain-goat; pl. -es ibidem (Lat.), in the same place, abbr. ib. or ibid. (not ital., not cap. except to begin sentence or note). See also idem ibis/ wading bird; pl. -es Ibiza Balearic Is., not Iv- Iblis use E- IBM International Business Machines Ibo people and language of Nigeria, not Igbo IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (UN) Ibsen (Henrik) 1828-1906, Norwegian writer 9.4 IC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IC (comp.), integrated circuit i/c in charge, in command ICA Institute of Contemporary Arts ICAN International Commission for Air Navigation ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (UN) Icarian of Icarus, not -ean ICBM inter-continental ballistic missile ICE Institution of Civil Engineers; internal-combustion engine Ice. Iceland, -ic iceberg (one word) ice/-cap, -cream (hyphens) Icelandic (typ.), roman alphabet now used ice-pick (hyphen) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ich (Ger.), I (cap. only at beginning of sentence) ich dien (Ger.), I serve (motto of the Princes of Wales) I.Chem.E. Institution of Chemical Engineers i ching Chin. fortune-telling game ichneumon fly and mongoose ichthyology study of fishes; abbr. ichth. ichthyosaur/us extinct marine animal; pl. -i Ichthys (Gr. "fish", early Christian symbol), initial letters of Iesous Christos Theou Uios Soter (Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour) ICI Imperial Chemical Industries Ici on parle fran‡ais French spoken here (l.c. f) Icknield Street or Way ICN in Christi nomine (in Christ's name) icon/ an illustration or portrait, esp. religious; pl. -s; -ic; not ik-, eik- (not ital.) icon. iconograph/y, -ic ICS Indian Civil Service ICV International Code Use (signals) 9.5 ID... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ID (mil.), Intelligence Department, (off. postal abbr.) Idaho I'd (I had, or I would), to be printed close up id (in Freudian psychology), not cap. id. idem (the same) i.d. inner diameter id (Lat.), that; abbr. i. IDA International Development Association (UN) Idaho off. postal abbr. ID IDB (S. Afr.), illicit diamond buy/er, -ing IDC Imperial Defence College, now RCDS idea'd having ideas, not -aed idealize not -ise idealogical etc., use ideo- id‚e/ fixe (Fr. f.), fixed idea; -- re‡ue, accepted opinion idem/ (Lat.), the same, or as mentioned before; abbr. id. (not ital., not cap. except to begin sentence or note), pl. same, used generally to avoid repetition of author's name in footnotes or bibliographical matter (see also ibidem) -- quod, the same as, abbr. i.q. identif/y, -ication not ind- Identikit (picture), composite drawing of face (propr. term). See also photofit ideo/gram, -graph a character symbolizing the idea of a thing without expressing its name ideologue a visionary ideolog/y study of ideas, a way of thinking; -ical,-ist; not ideal- ides (pl.), in Roman calendar the fifteenth day of March, May, July, October, the thirteenth of other months id est (Lat.), that is; abbr. i.e. (not ital., l.c., comma before) id genus omne (Lat.), all of that kind idiolect linguistic system of one person, not ideo- idiosyncra/sy a peculiarity of temperament, not -cy; -tic idl/ing, -y not -eing, -ey IDN in Dei nomine (in God's name) idolater not -or idolize not -ise idol/um a false mental image; pl. -a Idumaea not -mea idyll a work of art depicting innocence or rusticity, not -yl 9.6 ie... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- -ie- not -ei-, in: achieve, adieu, aggrieve, Aries, befriend, belief, believe, besiege, bier, bombardier, brief, brigadier, cashier, cavalier, chandelier, chief, chiffonier, fief, field, fiend, fierce, friend, frieze, gaselier, grenadier, grief, griev/e, -ance, -ous, handkerchief, hygieinic, lief, liege, mien, mischief, mischievous, niece, piece/, -meal, pier, pierce, priest, relie/f, -ve, reprieve, retrieve, review, rilievo, shield, shriek, siege, sieve, species, thief, thieve, tier, tierce, tiercel, wield, yield. See also -ei- IE (Order of the) Indian Empire, Indo-European i.e. id est (that is) (l.c., not ital., comma before) IEA International Energy Agency IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (US) Ieper Fl. for Ypres IERE Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers Iesu (Lat.), Jesus (vocative) 9.7 IF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IF intermediate frequency IFC International Finance Corporation (UN) 9.8 IG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IG Indo-Germanic, (mil.) Inspector-General I. Gas E. Institution of Gas Engineers Igbo use Ibo igloo/ Eskimo snow-hut; pl. -s ign. ignotus (unknown) igneous of or like or produced by fire, not -ious ignis fatuus (Lat.), will-o'-the-wisp; pl. ignes fatui ignitable not -ible ignoramus/ an ignorant person; pl. -es ignoratio elenchi (Lat.), refuting a proposition differing from that one professes to be refuting ignotum per ignotius (Lat.), the unknown by means of the more unknown, not ignotus ignotus (Lat.), unknown; abbr. ign. IGO intergovernmental organization IGY International Geophysical Year 9.9 i.h.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- i.h. iacet hic (here lies) IHC same as IHS, C being a form of Gr. cap. S ihm (Ger.), to him Ihnen (Ger.), to you (cap.); to them (not cap.) i.h.p. indicated horsepower Ihr (Ger.), your (cap.) ihr (Ger.), to her, her, their, (fam.) you (not cap.) IHS abbr. of Gr. Iesous (H being Gr. cap. long E); later interpreted as Lat. Iesus Hominum Salvator (Jesus Men's Saviour); In Hoc Signo (vinces), in this sign (thou shalt conquer); In Hac (Cruce) Salus, in this (cross) is salvation IHVE Institution of Heating and Ventilation Engineers 9.10 II... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- II (roman numeral), two (no point) III (roman numeral), three (no point) IIII (roman numeral), four, sometimes appears on clock-face, otherwise use IV 9.11 IJ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IJ water area, Netherlands, not Ij, Y ij (med.), two; (typ.) in Dutch now used instead of y i.J. (Ger.), im Jahre (in the year) i.J.d.W. (Ger.), im Jahre der Welt (in the year of the world) IJ/muiden town, -ssel, river, -sselmeer, formerly Zuider Zee, Netherlands, not Ij-, Y- 9.12 ikon =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ikon use icon 9.13 IL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IL Illinois (off. postal abbr.) il (Fr.), he or it; (It., m. sing.), the Њle (Fr. f.), island ILEA Inner London Education Authority ileum (anat.), part of intestine ilex/ the holm-oak; pl. -es Iliad of Homer (ital., not quoted) Ilium (Lat.), Troy ilium (anat.), part of pelvis ilk (of that), of the same name as ancestral estate; (colloq.) of that kind Ill. Illinois (off. abbr.) ill. illustrissimus (most distinguished) I'll I shall or I will, to be printed close up ill-advised/, -ly (hyphens) Ille-et-Vilaine d‚p. France illegalize not -ise illegitimize not -atize, -ise ill/-fated, -gotten (hyphens) ill/ health, humour (two words) illimitable limitless Illinois off. abbr. Ill. or (postal) IL ill nature (two words); ill-natured (hyphen) ill/-treat, -use (hyphens) illuminati (pl.), enlightened people, cap. with reference to particular movements (not ital.) illus/ive, -ory of more apparent than real value. See also elusive illustrat/ed, -ion abbr. illus. illustrator not -er ill will (two words) il n'y a pas de quoi (Fr.), don't mention it ILO International Labour Organisation, ditto Office (UN) ILP Independent Labour Party "Il Penseroso" poem by Milton, 1632 ILS instrument landing system ILTF International Lawn Tennis Federation. But see tennis 9.14 IM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IM intramuscular I'm to be printed close up imag/o winged insect, pl. -ines; idealized mental picture, pl. -s imam Muslim priest, not -am, -aum I.Mar.E. Institute of Marine Engineers imbed use embed imbroglio/ a tangle; pl. -s; not em- (not ital.) imbrue to stain, dye, not em- imbue to saturate, inspire (with feelings), not em- IMCO Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (UN) I.Mech.E. Institution of Mechanical Engineers IMF International Monetary Fund (UN) imfe use imphee I.Min.E. Institution of Mining Engineers im Jahre (Ger.), in the year; abbr. i.J. IMM Institution of Mining and Metallurgy immanent inherent. See also imminent immesh use en- imminent impending. See also immanent immobiliz/e not -ise; -ation immortalize not -ise immortelle an everlasting flower (not ital.) Immortels (Les) the members of the French Academy immov/able, -ability, -ableness, -ably immunize to render immune, not -ise immutable unchangeable imp. imperative, imperfect, imperial, impersonal, import/ed, -er, impression, imprimatur imp. (Fr.) inprimeur (printer); (Lat.) imperator (emperor), imperatrix (empress) impa/nel, -nnel use empanel impassable that cannot be passed impasse a deadlock (not ital.) impassible that cannot feel impassion/ to stir emotionally; -ed, not em- impasto/ the thick laying-on of colour, pl. -s impayable (Fr.), invaluable, priceless impedance (elec.), hindrance to alternating current impedimenta (pl.), (mil.) baggage impel/, -led, -ler not -lor, -ling imperative (mood) expressing command; abbr. imp. imperat/or (Lat.), fem. -rix, absolute ruler; abbr. I. or imp. imperf. imperfect, (stamps) imperforate imperfect abbr. imp. or imperf. imperfection (typ.), copy of book with printing or binding faults; good sheet needed to complete a binding order or replace faulty one imperial abbr. imp. imperial former size of paper, 22 x 30 ins.; -- 4to, 15 x 11 in.; -- 8vo, 11 x 7.5 in. (untrimmed). See also book sizes imperil/, -led, -ling imperium/ (Lat.), absolute power; -- in imperio, an empire within an empire impermeable that cannot be passed through impersonal abbr. imp. impetus/ momentum, incentive; pl. -es imphee a sugar-cane, not -fe, -phie (not ital.) impi (S. Afr.), a Zulu regiment, an armed band imping/e to make an impact; -ing implacable not -ible import/ed, -er abbr. imp. impose (typ.), to arrange pages of type in a "forme" so that they will read consecutively when the printed sheet is folded impostor not -er impracticable incapable of being accomplished. See also unpractical impregn/able that cannot be taken by force; -atable, that can be impregnated impresa (It.), an undertaking impresario/ manager of operatic or other cultural undertakings (one s, not ital.); pl. -s impressa (It.), an imprint impression (typ.), product from one cycle of a printing machine; all the copies of book etc. printed at one press-run from the same type, plates, etc., abbr. imp., in trade practice 1/i, 2/i, etc. = 1st, 2nd, etc. imp.; indentation in paper by a printing surface; pressure exerted between printing and impression surfaces impressionable not -ible imprimatur official licence to print, sanction; abbr. imp. (not ital.) imprimatura (It.), coloured glaze imprim/er (Fr.), to print; -erie (f.), printing office; -eur (m.), printer imprimi potest (Lat.), formula giving imprimatur (ital.) imprimis (Lat.), in the first place, not in primis (ital.) imprint any paper printed for circulation in the United Kingdom must show the name and address of the printer, who must for six months keep one copy with the name and address of his customer; name and address of printer and publisher must appear on all parliamentary and municipal election work; matter bearing no message (e.g. business stationery) is exempt from these requirements. -- (publisher's), the name of the publisher, place of publication, and date, usu. printed at the foot of the title-page. See also preliminary matter impromptu/ (adv. and adj.) extempore, (noun) piano-piece, pl. -s (not ital.) improvable not -eable, -ible improvis/e to extemporize, not -ize; -ator, one who speaks or plays music extempore; -er, in general, one who improvises improvvisat/ore (It.), improvisator; pl. -ori, fem. -rice I.Mun.E. Institution of Municipal Engineers 9.15 IN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IN Indiana (off. postal abbr.) In indium (no point) in. inch, -es, (q.v.) in (Ger.), in, into in- (Fr.), prefix in stating book sizes in/ absentia (Lat.), while absent; -- abstracto, in the abstract; -- aeternum, for ever inadmissible not -able inadverten/t (of people) negligent, (of actions) unintentional; -ce inadvisable (of thing or course of action) not recommended. See also unadvisable inamorat/o fem. -a, pl. -i, a lover (not ital.); in It. innamorat/o, -a; not en- in articulo mortis (Lat.), at the moment of death inasmuch (one word) Inauguration Day (of US President), 20 Jan.; before 1937, 4 Mar. in banco (Lat.), as a full court of judges Inbegriff (Ger. m.), epitome, embodiment (cap.) in-built (hyphen) INC in nomine Christi (in Christ's name) Inc. (US), Incorporated Inca one of the royal race of Peru, not Y- incage use en- in camera not in open court in/capsulate, -case use en- in/ cathedra (Lat.), in the chair of office; -- cautelam, for a warning inch/ in metric system 25.4 millimetres (not now in scientific use); pl. -es, abbr. in., sign " inchase use en- Inchcape Rock or Bell Rock, North Sea (two words) incidentally not -tly incipit first words (of book etc.) incise to cut into, engrave, not -ize incl. including, inclusive inclose etc., see en- includible not -able inclu/ding, -sive abbr. incl. "In Coena Domini" former annual papal bull against heretics Incogniti cricket club incognito/ (noun, adj., and adv.), (person) with name concealed or disguised, the pretended identity; pl. -s; abbr. incog. (not ital.) income/ group, tax (two words) in/ commendam (Lat.), temporarily holding a vacant benefice; -- concreto, in the concrete incommunicado without means of communication (not ital.); in Sp. incomunicado inconnu/ (Fr.), fem. -e, unknown incorrigible not -eable increas/ed, -ing abbr. incr. incredible not -able incroach use en- incrust see en- incubous (bot.), having the upper leaf-margin overlapping the leaf above incub/us person or thing that oppresses like a nightmare; pl. -uses (preferred) or -i incumber etc., use en- incunabul/a sing. -um, the earliest examples of any art; (bibliog.) books printed before 1501 incur/ -red, -ring, -rable incurable that cannot be cured in curia (Lat.), in open court incu/s (anat.), a bone in the ear; pl. -des Ind poetical for India (no point) Ind. India, -n; off. abbr. for Indiana, US ind. independen/ce, -t, index, indication, industrial IND in nomine Dei (in God's name) indeclinable (gram.), having no inflexions; abbr. indecl. indefatigabl/e tireless; -y indefeasible that cannot be forfeited, not -able indefensible that cannot be defended, not -able indefinite abbr. indef. indelible that cannot be blotted out, not -able, -eble indemni/fy to protect against harm or loss; -ty; not en- indent (typ.), to begin a line, or lines, with a blank space, as here; not en- indentation (hanging or reverse) (typ.), see hanging paragraph indentif/y, -ication use id- indenture sealed agreement, esp. one binding apprentice to master, not en- independ/ence, -ent abbr. ind. or indep. Independence Day US, 4 July independency a country that has attained independence Independent Order of Odd Fellows not Oddfellows, abbr. IOOF in deposito (Lat.), in deposit indescribable not -eable, -ible index/ pl. -es, abbr. ind. For general instructions for setting indexes see Hart's Rules, pp. 20-3 ind/ex (sci. and math.), pl. -ices "Index/ Expurgatorius" (Lat.), index of the passages to be expunged; "-- Librorum/ Expurgandorum" (RCC), a list of books which might be read only in expurgated editions; "-- Prohibitorum" (RCC), a list of books which the Church forbade to be read India/ -n, abbr. Ind. India/man a large ship in the Indian trade; pl. -men Indiana (US), off. abbr. Ind. or (postal) IN Indianapolis US indian/ corn, -- ink not india (not cap.) Indian summer period of warm weather in late autumn; tranquil and productive late period of life India paper thin book paper, not -ian (no hyphen); Oxford -- --, very thin, strong bible paper made only for the OUP indiarubber (one word) indication abbr. ind. indicative (gram.), abbr. indic. ind/ices (sci. and math.), not -exes; sing. -ex indicia (pl.), signs, identifying marks (not ital.) indict/ to accuse by legal process; -er, not -or indiction (later Rom. Emp.), cycle of years for administrative and dating purposes indigestible not -able indiscreet injudicious indiscrete not divided into distinct parts indispensable not -ible indite to put into written words indium symbol In individualize not -ise individu/um (Lat.), the indivisible; pl. -a Indo-China unofficial collective name for the countries of the SE peninsula of Asia Indo-European abbr. IE or Indo-Eur. Indo-German/, -ic abbr. IG or Indo- Ger. Indonesia indep. 1950, formerly Dutch East Indies, with W. New Guinea added 1962; abbr. Indon. indoor/, -s (one word) indorse etc., use en- Indostan use Hindu- indraught a drawing in, not -aft indubitabl/e not -ible; -y induction not -xion indu/e, -re use en- industrial abbr. ind. in‚dit/ fem. -e (Fr.), unpublished inedita (Lat.), unpublished compositions ineducable incapable of being educated, not -atable, -ible ineffaceable ineligible not -able inept out of place inertia (not ital.), but vis inertiae in/ esse (Lat.), actually existing; -- excelsis, in the highest (degree); -- extenso, in full; -- extremis, at the point of death in f. in fine (finally) inf. infantry, inferior, infinitive inf. (Lat.), infra (below) infallib/le not -able; -ilist, a believer in the Pope's infallibility, not -blist Infanta dau. of King and Queen of Spain; Infante, younger son of ditto infantry abbr. inf. infantryman (one word) infected area abbr. IA infer/ to draw a conclusion; -red, -ring infer/able not -rr-; -ence inferior abbr. inf. inferiors (typ.), small characters set at lower (right) side of ordinary characters inferno/ a scene of horror, pl. -s; (cap. and ital.) the first part of Dante's Divina Commedia, describing his journey through Hell in fieri (Lat.), in course of completion infighting boxing at close quarters, internal conflict (one word) infill/ to fill in; -ing infin. infinitive in fine finally; abbr. in f. (not ital.) infinitive abbr. inf. or infin. in flagrante delicto (Lat.), in the very act of committing the offence inflatable not -eable inflater one who or that which inflates, not -or inflexible inflexion modulation of voice, gram. termination infold etc., use en- inforce etc., use en- in forma pauperis (Lat.), as a pauper infra/ (Lat.), below, abbr. inf.; -- dignitatem, undignified, abbr. infra dig. infra-red (hyphen) infrastructure (one word) infula/ each of the ribbons of a bishop's mitre, pl. -e infuser one who or that which steeps something in a liquid, not -or infusible that cannot be melted in futuro (Lat.), in, or for, the future Inge (William Ralph, Dean), 1860-1954, English divine Ingelow (Jean) 1820-97, English poet in genere (Lat.), in kind ingenious inventive ing‚nue (Fr. f.), an artless girl ingenuity inventiveness ingenuous/ free from guile; noun -ness ingle-nook chimney corner (hyphen) Ingoldsby Legends by R. H. Barham, 1840 ingraft, ingrain (verb), use en- ingrain/ (adj.), dyed in the yarn; -ed (adj., less specific), deeply rooted, inveterate. See also engrain Ingres (Jean Auguste Dominique) 1780-1867, French painter (no accent) in/gross, -gulf use en- in-group small exclusive group of people (hyphen) inhabitant abbr. inhab. in hac parte (Lat.), on this part in/ hoc (Lat.), in this respect; -- hoc salus, safety in this; -- infinitum, for ever in-house (adj., hyphen) INI in nomine Iesu (in the name of Jesus) Inishfail poet. for Ireland, not Inn- init., initio Normally italic. (Lat.), in the beginning initial/ -led, -ling initial letter (typ.), large letter used at beginning of chapter Initial Teaching Alphabet (caps.), abbr. i t a (spaced l.c., no points) injuri/a (Law), a wrong; pl. -ae ink-blot test (one hyphen) Inkerman Crimea, not -ann ink/pot, -stand (one word) ink-well (hyphen) in-laws relatives by marriage (hyphen) in/ limine (Lat.), at the outset, abbr. in lim.; -- loco, in place of; -- loco citato, in the place cited); -- loco parentis, in the position of parent; -- medias res, into the midst of affairs; -- medio, in the middle; -- medio tutissimus ibis, the middle course is safest; -- memoriam, to the memory (of) innamorat/o fem. -a, mod. It. spelling of inam- inner (typ.), the side of a sheet containing the second page Innes (Cosmo) 1798-1874, Scottish historian; -- (James Dickson), 1887-1914, British painter; -- (Michael), pseud. of John Innes Mackintosh Stewart, b. 1906, British novelist; -- (Thomas), 1662-1744, Scottish historian Inness (George) 1825-94, US painter innings (US inning), portion of game played by one side; pl. same Innisfail use Inishfail Inniskilling Dragoon Guards. See also Enniskillen innkeeper (one word) inn (name of) see hotel Innocents' Day 28 Dec. (caps.) innoculate use ino- in/ nomine (Lat.), in the name (of a person) Innsbruck Austria Inns of Court (the) Inner Temple, Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn in/ nubibus (Lat.), in the clouds; -- nuce, in a nutshell innuendo/ an injurious insinuation, pl. -es, not inu- (not ital.) Innuit a Canadian Eskimo. See also Yuit inoculate to inject an immunizing serum into, not en-, inn- in/ pace (Lat.), in peace; -- pari materia, in an analogous case; -- partibus infidelium, in the regions of unbelievers, abbr. i.p.i. or in partibus; cf. Bishop in-patient (hyphen) in petto (It.), secretly in/ pontificalibus in pontifical vestments; -- posse, potentially; -- potentia, potentially; -- primis, use imprimis; -- principio, in the beginning, abbr. in pr.; -- propria persona, in his, or her, own person; -- puris naturalibus, naked input/ (verb), -ting, past and partic. input inquire to undertake formal investigation. See also enquire inquiry an off. investigation. See also enquiry inquorate lacking a quorum in/ re (Lat.), in the matter of; -- rem (law), relating to a matter; -- rerum natura, in the nature of things INRI Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews) in/road, -rush (one word) ins. insurance in saecula saeculorum (Lat.), for ever and ever insconce use en- in se (Lat.), in itself, in themselves Insecta (zool.), (Lat. pl.) insects, not -ae insert (bind.), bookmark, advertisement, etc., slipped loose inside bound pages inset (bind.), a folded section (min. 4 pages) placed inside (usu. at centre) of another section, so that sewing passes through both; a small map etc. printed within the borders of a larger one inshallah if Allah wills insign/ia badges of office, is pl., sing. -e (not ital.) insisten/ce, -t not -ance, -ant in situ (Lat.), in position insnare use en- in so far (three words) insomuch (one word) insoucian/ce lack of concern; -t, unconcerned (not ital.) Inspector abbr. Insp. Inspector-General abbr. IG or Insp.-Gen. INST in nomine Sanctae Trinitatis (in the name of the Holy Trinity) inst. instant, institut/e, -es, -ion Inst. Act. Institute of Actuaries install/, -ation (two ls) instalment (one l) instant of this month, abbr. inst. instantaneous occurring or done instantly instanter at once (jocular) (not ital.) in statu/ pupillari (Lat.), in a condition of pupillage; -- quo (ante, prius; nunc), in the same state (as formerly; as now) Inst./D. Institute of Directors; -- F., ditto Fuel instil/ to inculcate gradually; -led, -ling Institut de France the association of five French Academies Institut Fran‡ais du Royaume-Uni the French Institute, London Institute see separate entries beginning I. or Inst. (Institute of), FI (Fellow of the Institute of), RI (Royal Institute of) Institution see separate entries beginning I. (Institution of), FI (Fellow of the Institution of), RI (Royal Institution of) institutionalize not -ise, -ionize institutor not -er Inst./P. Institute of Physics; -- R., ditto Refrigeration instruct/or not -er; fem. -ress instrument/, -al abbr. instr. insurance when effected against a risk, but assurance (q.v.) of life; insur/e, -er in all insurance senses; abbr. ins. inswathe use en- int. interest, interior, interjection, internal, international, interpreter intaglio/ incised design, pl. -s (not ital.); see also cameo; (typ.), a printing process based on an etched or incised plate intailed use en- intangible not -able intarsia mosaic woodwork intelligentsia (collect. noun), the intellectual part of population, not -zia Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium in tenebris (Lat.), in darkness, in doubt inter/ to bury; -red, -ring inter/ (Lat.), between; -- alia, among other things; -- alios, among other persons inter. intermediate intercom internal telephone system (no point) intercontinental (one word) interest abbr. int.; in Fr. m. int‚r€t interface (comp.), boundary or link between two computer units (one word) interim (noun) the mean while; (adj.) temporary (not ital.) interior abbr. int. interjection abbr. int. or interj. interlea/f an extra leaf, usu. blank, inserted between the regular leaves of a book for notes or to protect illustration; caption pasted on inner margin of plate; pl. -ves; -ve, to insert such a leaf interlinear matter (typ.), small type between lines of larger intermarr/iage, -y (one word) intermedi/ate abbr. inter.; -um, an intervening agent, pl. -a (not ital.) intermezz/o short piece of entertainment, pl. -i; (cap., ital.) opera by Richard Strauss, 1924 intermit/ to stop for a time; -ted, -tent, -ting internal/ abbr. int.; ---combustion engine (one hyphen) international abbr. int. or internat. International (the first) association of working classes of all countries (Marxist, 1862-73); -- (the second) (French, 1889- ); -- (the third) (Russian communist, 1959-43), in Fr. Internationale, also called the Comintern; -- (the fourth) (Trotskyist, 1938- ) Internationale (The) French socialistic hymn internationalize not -ise inter nos (Lat.), between ourselves internuncio/ papal ambassador, pl. -s (not ital.) interoceanic (one word) interpellate (Parl.), interrupt to demand explanation interplanetary (one word) Interpol the International Criminal Police Commission interpolate make insertions interpret/, -ed, -er abbr. int., -ing; -ative, not -pretive interregn/um period between one ruler and another; pl. -ums interrelat/ed, -ionship (one word) interrog. interrog/ation, -ative, -atively in terrorem (Lat.), as a warning interrupter not -or inter/ se (Lat.), among, or between, themselves; -- vivos, from one living person to another Intertype propr. term for a composing machine that casts lines of type, and for (computer-driven) photosetting systems developed by firm of this name inter-war of period between two wars (hyphen) in testimonium (Lat.), in witness inthron/e, -ization use en- intitule etc., not en-, but entitle intonaco (It.), plaster surface for fresco painting, not -ico in toto (Lat.), entirely intra/ (Lat.), within; -- muros, privately intra/muscular ahbr. IM; -venous, abbr. IV intrans. intransitive intransigent (adj.), uncompromising; in Fr. intransigeant (m. and adj.) (no accent) intrap use en- intra-uterine within the womb (hyphen) intravenous within a vein (one word) intra vires (Lat.), within one's powers in-tray (hyphen) intreat use en- intrench use en- intrigant/ fem. -e, intriguer introduction abbr. introd. See also preliminary matter introvert not intra- intrust use en- intussusception (physiol.), taking in of foreign matter by living organism, withdrawal of one portion of tube into another (double s) intwine, intwist use en- inuendo use inn- inure to accustom, (law) to take effect, not en- in/ usu (Lat.), in use; -- utero, in the womb; -- utroque iure, under both laws (canon and civil) inv. invenit (designed this) inv. invent/ed, -or, invoice in vacuo (Lat.), in empty space Invalides (H“tel des) Paris, see H“tel invenit (Lat.), designed this; abbr. inv. invented abbr. inv. inventor not -er; abbr. inv. Inveraray Strathclyde, not -ry inverness man's sleeveless coat with removable cape (not cap.) Inverness-shire former county of Scotland (hyphen) Invertebrata (coll. noun), all animals other than vertebrates inverted commas see quotation marks inverter not -or Inverurie Grampian investor not -er in vino veritas (Lat.), a drunken man speaks the truth invita Minerva (Lat.), uninspiredly in vitro (Lat.), in the test-tube in vivo (Lat.), in the living organism invoice abbr. inv. involucre (anat., bot.), a covering, envelope (not ital.) inweave not en- inwrap inwreathe, use en- 9.16 I/O... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- I/O (comp.), input/output io (Gr., Lat.), exclamation of triumph (ital.) iodine symbol I IOF Independent Order of Foresters IOGT International Order of Good Templars I.o.M. Isle of Man (also IOM) Ion. Ionic Ion/ian (hist.) of Ionia, (mus.) the mode; -ic (of) dialect and archit. order ionize to convert into ions, not -ise IOOF Independent Order of Odd Fellows IOP Institute of Painters in Oil Colours IOR Independent Order of Rechabites iota/ the Gr. i (no dot); -- adscript, printed after lower-case alpha, eta, and omega; -- subscript, printed beneath those letters. See also Hart's Rules, p. 112 IOU I owe you IOW Isle of Wight (also I.o.W., IW) Iowa off. abbr. Ia. or (postal) IA 9.17 IP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IP input primary IPA International Phonetic Alphabet, ditto Association IPCS Institution of Professional Civil Servants IPD (Sc. law), in praesentia Dominorum (in the presence of the Lords [of Session]) ipecacuanha (bot., med.), a purgative root i.p.i. in partibus infidelium (in the regions of unbelievers) IPI International Press Institute IPM Institute of Personnel Managemeot I.Prod.E. Institution of Production Engineers i.p.s. inches per second ipse dixit (Lat.), he himself has said it ipsissima verba (Lat.), the very words ipso facto (Lat.), by the fact itself 9.18 IQ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IQ intelligence quotient i.q. idem quod (the same as) Iquique Chile 9.19 IR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IR infrared, Inland Revenue Ir iridium (no point) Ir. Irish IRA Irish Republican Army irade (Turk.), a written decree signed by the Sultan himself Iran/ formerly Persia; -ian, -ic, abbr. Iran. Iraq/ formerly Turkish Mesopotamia, not Irak; adj. -i Irawadi use Irrawaddy IRBM intermediate range ballistic missile IRC International Red Cross Ireland abbr. Ire. Irena Ireland personified irenicon use ei- Irian Jaya Indon. for W. New Guinea iridescen/ce play of rainbow colours; -t, not irr- iridium symbol Ir iris/ (anat., bot.), pl. -es Irish abbr. Ir. Irishism not Iricism Irkutsk E. Siberia, not Irkoo-, Irkou- IRO International Refugee Organization, Inland Revenue Office Iron symbol Fe (ferrum) ironclad (one word) Iron Curtain (two words, caps.) iron-mould (hyphen) iron ration (two words) Ironside/ sobriquet of Edmund II; -- (William Edmund, Baron), 1880-1959, British soldier; -s, Cromwell's troops in the Civil War iron/ware, -work (one word) Iroquois American Indians Irrawaddy river in Burma, not Irawadi irreconcilable not -eable, -iable irredentist one who (re)claims regions for his country on grounds of language, esp. (cap.) Italian irrefragable unanswerable, not -ible irreg. irregular, -ly irreparable not -pairable irreplaceable not -cable irresistibl/e, -y not -abl/e, -y irridescen/ce, -t use iri- Irtysh river, cent. Asia Irvine Strathclyde, "new town", 1966 9.20 IS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IS input secondary, Irish Society Is. islands, isles Isa. Isaiah Isaian of the prophet Isaiah, not Isaiahian ISBN International Standard Book Number ISC Imperial Service College (Windsor), now combined with Haileybury -ise see -ize IsЉre river and d‚p., SE France Iseult Tristram's lady-love, not the many variants (but Isolde in Wagner's opera) Isfahan Iran, not Isp- ISI International Statistical Institute, Iron and Steel Institute isl. island, -s, isle, -s Islam lit. "surrender (to God)", the Muslim religion. See also Muslim island/, -s abbr. I. or isl.; when with name to have cap., as Cape Verde Islands, Isle of Man. In Fr. f. Њle Ўsland Ice. for Iceland Island (Ger. and Dan. n.), Iceland; Isl„nder (Ger. m.), an Icelander Islay Strathclyde, not Isla isle/ -s, abbr. I. or isl. Isle of/ Man abbr. I.o.M. or IOM; -- Wight, abbr. IOW, I.o.W., or IW Isleworth London ism the suffix used as generic noun ISM Imperial Service Medal; Incorporated Society of Musicians Ismaili (member) of a Muslim sect isn't is not, to be printed close up ISO (Companion of the) Imperial Service Order, International Organization for Standardization isobar (meteor.), not -are (not ital.) Isocrates 436-338 BC, Athenian orator isola (It.), island Iso/ld, -lde, -lt, -lte, -ulde see Iseult isosceles (geom.), of a triangle, having two sides equal isotop/e a form of an element differing from other forms in the mass of its atoms; adj. -ic isotron a device for separating isotopes by accelerating ions isotrop/ic (phys.), having same properties in all directions; noun -y Ispahan use Isfahan Israel/i (noun and adj.), (a citizen) of the modern state of Israel, est. 1948; -ite (noun), one of the Jewish people, adjs. -itic, -itish ISSN International Standard Serial Number issue (second) (bibliog.), state resulting from sheets of same edition (q.v.) being bound up with new title-page and additional matter, or in a different order. The original state of that edition is then called the first issue. See also impression Istanbul Turkey, formerly Constantinople isth. isthmus Isthmian games one of the four principal Panhellenic festivals I.Struct.E. Institution of Structural Engineers 9.21 It.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- It. Italian, Italy ITA Independent Television Authority, now IBA i t a (spaced l.c., no points), Initial Teaching Alphabet ital. italic Italian (typ.), same alphabet as Eng., omitting k, w, x, y (and j except in names). Some words take a grave accent (or acute, if the author prefers it) on the final vowel: with even full caps. a final apostrophe may be used. For word-division and spacing, see Hart's Rules, p. 157. Abbr. It. italic (typ.), a style of type, indicated in copy by a single underline. Use italic in English for foreign words and phrases not naturalized; for words or letters mentioned by name, as the letter a; for titles of books, very long poems, plays, films, operas, works of art, newspapers, and periodicals; and as a method of emphasizing or distinguishing. There is no italic in German Fraktur type, Greek, or Bernard Shaw's plays, letters being interspaced instead. Abbr. ital. See also botany, quotation marks, zoology, the many words and phrases in this dictionary where a preference for italic or roman is indicated, and a fuller treatment in Hart's Rules, pp. 23-8 italice (Lat.), in Italian italicize to print in italic type, not -ise italienne (… l') (Fr.), in Italian style (l.c. i) Italiot of the ancient Greek colonies in S. Italy, not -ote Italy abbr. It.; in Fr. f. Italie; in Ger. n. Italien; in It. Italia item a separate thing item (Lat.), also, likewise itemize to give item by item, not -ise itin. itinerary ITO International Trade Organization its poss. pronoun (no apos.) it's it is; (typ.) no space before apos. See also punctuation VIII. 2 ITU International Telecommunication Union (UN) ITV Independent Television 9.22 IU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IU international unit IUCD intra-uterine contraceptive device 9.23 IV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IV intravenous, (roman numeral) four (no point); see also IIII Ivanovich (Ivan) nickname for a Russian, as in Eng. John Bull I've I have, to be printed close up Iveagh (Earl of) ivied clothed with ivy, not ivyed Iviza use Ibiza Ivory Coast W. Africa, indep. 1960 ivy pl. ivies Ivybridge Devon (one word) 9.24 IW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IW Isle of Wight IWES Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists Iwo Jima island in N. Pacific, taken by US Marines, 1945 IWW Industrial Workers of the World (US) 9.25 IX =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- IX (roman numeral), nine (no point) 9.26 Izaak... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Izaak (not Isaac) Walton, q.v. -ize use in preference to -ise as verbal ending where both spellings are in use. Use -ise in advertise, advise, apprise, arise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compromise, demise, despise, devise, disfranchise, disguise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, excise, exercise, franchise, improvise, incise, merchandise, premise (verb), prise (open), promise, reprise, supervise, surmise, surprise, televise. Many examples are given in this book. See also Hart's Rules, pp. 84-6 I Zingari cricket club Izmir Turk. for Smyrna 10.0 J =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 10.1 J... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- J (phys.), joule, Joule's mechanical equivalent of heat; it is not used in the numeration of series J. jack (at cards), judge, judex (judge), (after judge's name) Justice, (Ger.) Jahr (year) j (med. prescriptions), one; (math.) square root of minus one 10.2 JA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JA Judge Advocate Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh, India, not now Jubbulpore jabot ornamental frill on woman's bodice or (hist.) man's shirt-front Jac. Jacobus (James) jacana small tropical wading bird, not ja‡-, jass- jacconet use jaco- jackanapes (noun, sing.), a pert fellow (one word) Jack and Jill not Gill jackaroo (Austral. slang), a newcomer (usu. from England), not -eroo jackass a male ass, a stupid person jackboot (one word) jacket/, -ed, -ing jack-in-the-box (hyphens) Jack Ketch the hangman, not -- Ca-, -- Ki- jack of all trades (four words) Jack Russell see Russell Jackson (Andrew) 1767-1845, US President 1829-37; -- (Thomas Jonathan, "Stonewall"), 1824-63, Confederate general at the first battle of Bull Run, 1861 Jacob/ean of the reign of James I of England; of St James the Less. See also Jacobian Jacobi (Karl Gustav Jakob) 1804-51, German mathematican, hence (in math.) Jacobian. See also Jacobean Jacobin a French Dominican monk; a member of a French revolutionary society which met, 1793-9, in a former Jacobin convent; jacobin, a hooded pigeon; not -ine Jacobite an adherent of James II of England after his abdication in 1688, or of his line Jacobus Lat. for James; abbr. Jac. jacobus a gold coin of James I jaconet a medium cotton cloth, not jacc- Jacquard (Joseph Marie) 1752-1834, French weaver; hence -- loom Jacquerie the French peasant revolt of 1358 Jacques Bonhomme good fellow James, popular name for French peasant jacta est alea (Lat.), the die is cast jactation boasting jactitation (law), false pretence of marriage; (path.) restless tossing of the body j'adoube (Fr.), "I adjust", said by a chess-player touching, but not moving, a man Jaeger propr. term for woollen clothing material from which vegetable fibres are excluded (cap.) jaeger see J„ger JAG Judge Advocate General J„ger (Ger. m), huntsman, rifleman; Anglicized as jaeger, not yager jag/gernaut, -anath use juggernaut jaghire Indian land tenure, not -gheer, geer, -gir Jahr/ (Ger. n.), year, pl. -e, abbr. J. (not J„-); -buch (n.), year-book, abbr. Jb.; -esbericht (m.), annual report; -gang (m.), year's issues etc., abbr. Jg. (caps.) j„hrlich (Ger. adj.), annual Jahveh use Yahveh, q.v. jai alai (Sp.), game like pelota jail/, -er use gaol/, -er Jaipur Rajasthan, India. See also Jeypore Jakarta Indonesia, not Dakarta Jakob Ger. for Jacob, James Jakutsk Siberia, use Yakutsk Jalalabad Afghanistan and Uttar Pradesh, India, not Jela- Jalandhar use Jullundur jalopy a dilapidated motor car, not -ppy jalousie external window shutter jam/ to pack tightly; -med, -ming. See also jamb Jamaica indep. 1962; abbr. Jam. jamb a side post, as of a door. See also jam jambon/ (Fr. cook. m.), a ham; -neau, small ham jamboree rally of Scouts James abbr. Jas. Jamesone (George) 1588-1644, Scottish painter Jameson/ Raid S. Africa, 1895-6, from Sir Leander Starr --, 1853-1917, S. Afr. statesman James's Day (St) 25 July (caps., apos.) Jamieson (John) 1759-1838, Scottish lexicographer. See also James- jam satis (Lat.), enough by this time Jan. January Janeite an ardent admirer of Jane Austen's writings Jane's year-books on aircraft, ships, etc. (apos.) janizary Turkish soldier, not -issary Jan Mayen Arctic island (Norwegian) Jansen/ (Cornelius) 1585-1638, RC Bishop of Ypres; -ist, one who believes, with Jansen, that the natural human will is perverse Janssen (Cornelius) 1590-1665, Dutch painter; -- (Johannes), 1829-91, German historian; -- (Pierre Jules C‚sar), 1824-1907, French astronomer Janssens (Abraham) 1569-1631, Dutch painter January abbr. Jan. Janus Roman god of doors janvier (Fr. m.), January; abbr. janv. (not cap.) Jap/ (colloq., usu. derog.), a Japanese; pl. -s (no point) Jap. Japan/, -ese Japan abbr. Jap.; native name Nippon japan/ to lacquer with a hard varnish; -ned, -ner, -ning Japanese/ (typ.) printed in characters numbering several thousand, alternating with signs for some fifty syllables (each of which has two different signs), which are phonetically transcribed into the Latin alphabet according to various systems, of which the Hepburn system is the best known; abbr. Jap.; -- paper, handmade (usu. in Japan), used for proofs of etchings and engravings Japheth third son of Noah, not -et Jaques in Shakespeare's As You Like It jar/ -red, -ring Jardin/ d'Acclimatation, -- des Plantes Paris, bot. and zool. gardens jardiniЉre (Fr. f), ornamental flower-pot jargonelle a pear, not -el (not ital.) jarl old Norse or Danish chieftain, not y- J„rnfelt (Edvard Armas) 1869-1958, Finnish composer Jaroslav Russ., use Yaroslavl; Pol., use Jaroslaw jarrah Australian mahogany gum-tree jarvey/ hackney-coachman, driver of Irish car, not -vie, -vy; pl. -s Jarvie (Bailie Nicol) in Scott's Rob Roy Jas. James jasmine (bot.), not -in, jessamine, -in jasp‚ mottled, veined, of materials and floor-coverings (not ital.) jassana use jacana Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh, India JaurЉs (Jean L‚on) 1859-1914, French socialist Jav. Javanese Javelle water a bleach or disinfectant, not -el, -elle's jaw-bone (hyphen) jawohl (Ger.), yes (one word) jay-walk/, -er (hyphens) 10.3 Jb. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Jb. (Ger.), Jahrbuch (year-book) 10.4 JC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JC Jesus Christ, Julius Caesar, Justice Clerk J.-C. (Fr.), J‚sus-Christ (hyphen) JCR Junior Common Room, (Camb.) -- Combination Room 10.5 JD =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JD Junior Deacon, -- Dean, Jurum Doctor (Doctor of Laws) 10.6 je... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- je (Fr.), I (cap. only at beginning of sentence) Jeaffreson (John Cordy) 1831-1901, English historical writer Jeanne d'Arc (Fr.), Joan of Arc Jean Paul pseudonym of J. P. F. Richter, q.v. Jedda Saudi Arabia, not Jidda, -ah jee/-ho, -up use gee- Jeejeebhoy (Sir Jamsetjee) 1783-1859, Indian philanthropist Jefferies (Richard) 1848-87, English naturalist Jefferson (Thomas) 1743-1826, third President of US Jefferys (Thomas) fl. 1732-71, English cartographer Jeffrey (Francis, Lord) 1773-1850, Scottish jurist and literary critic Jeffreys (George, Baron) 1648-89, the infamous judge jehad use jihad Jehlam use Jhelum Jehovah traditional form of Yahveh, q.v. jejune meagre, insipid (not ital.) Jekyll (Dr.) and Mr. Hyde (Strange Case of) by R. L. Stevenson, 1886 Jelalabad, Jellalabad use Jala- jellaba Arab's hooded cloak, not dj- jellify to convert into jelly, not -yfy jelly baby (two words) jellyfish (one word) Jemappes (battle of), Belgium, French victory over Austrians, 1792, not Jemm- jemimas elastic-sided boots (not cap.) je ne sais/ quoi (Fr.), an indescribable something; -- -- -- trop, I don't exactly know Jenghis Khan use G- Jenisesi use Yeniseisk; Jenissei, use Yenisei Jenkins's Ear incident which precipitated war with Spain, 1739 jennet a Spanish horse, not genit, gennet, -tt. See also genet jeopardize to endanger, not -ise Jephthah judge of Israel; Jephtha, oratorio about him by Handel, 1752 jequirity Indian shrub with ornamental and medicinal seeds, not -erity Jer. Jeremiah jerbil use ger- jeremiad a lamentation, not -de Jerez Spain, not Xeres jerfalcon use gyr- jeroboam winebottle containing 10-12 quarts J‚r“me Bonaparte 1784-1860, brother of Napoleon I jerry/-builder builder of unsubstantial houses (hyphen); -building, -built jerrymander use ge- jersey a knitted fabric, a garment of same (not cap.) Jervaulx Abbey N. Yorks. Jes. Jesus Jespersen (Jens Otto Harry) 1860-1943, Danish philologist, not -son jessamin/, -e use jasmine Jesse father of David (OT) Jesuits (Order of) Societas Jesu (Society of Jesus); abbr. SJ Jesus abbr. Jes.; in voc. (arch.) Jesu jet-black (hyphen) jet/ engine, -- lag (two words) jet-propelled (hyphen) jet propulsion (two words) jetsam (naut.), goods thrown overboard, not -som, -some, -son jettison (naut.), the act of throwing goods overboard jeu/ (Fr. m.), game, pl. -x; -- de mots, play upon words; -- de paume, real tennis(-court); Mus‚e du Jeu de Paume (caps.), Paris, exhib. of impressionist paintings; -- d'esprit, a witty trifle jeune fille (Fr. f.), a girl jeune/ premier (Fr.), a stage lover; fem. -- premiЉre jeunesse dor‚e (Fr. f.), gilded youth Jewel (John) 1522-71, English bishop jewel/, -led, -ler, -lery Jew's harp small lyre-shaped instrument played against the teeth Jeypore Orissa, India. See also Jaipur 10.7 Jg. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Jg. (Ger.), Jahrgang (year's issues etc.) 10.8 Jhelum... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Jhelum Pakistan, not Jehlam Jhind India, use Jind JHS use IHS 10.9 jib... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- jib of horse, also a sail, not jibb jibbah Muslim man's long coat, not dj- jibber to chatter, use g- jibe see gibe, gybe Jibuti formerly French Territory of Afars and Issas, not Djibouti JIC Joint Industrial Council Jidda use Jedda jiffy a short time, not -ey jigger W. Indian parasite, use chigoe jigot use gigot jigsaw/ (one word); -- puzzle (two words) jihad a holy war (Muslim), not je- jillaroo (Austral. slang), a female station-hand, not -eroo jilliflower use gilly- jimcrack use g- JЎmenez (Juan Ramўn) 1881-1958, Spanish poet Jind town and former state, India, not Jh- Jingis Khan use Ge- jingo/ in declaration, by --!; a fanatical patriot, pl. -es; -ism, -istic jinnee a spirit in Muslim myth., not djinn, ginn; pl. jinn, often used as sing. See also genie jinricksha use rickshaw jiu-jitsu use ju-jitsu 10.10 JJ. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JJ. Justices 10.11 Jno.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Jno. John, but use only in exact reprints of documents etc. jnr. junior, use jun. 10.12 JO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JO Journal Official joannes use johan- jobbing work (typ.), minor pieces of printing job lot (two words) jobmaster livery-stable keeper (one word) "Jock o' Hazeldean" mainly by Sir W. Scott jock-strap (hyphen) jodel use y- Jodhpur Rajasthan, India jodhpurs long riding-breeches johannes a gold coin of John V of Portugal, not joa- Johannesburg S. Africa Johannine of the apostle John, not Johannean Johannisberg Hesse, W. Germany Johannisberger Rhine wine, not -berg (not ital.) John abbr. J. See also Jno. John Dory a fish, not ---ey; also dory Johnian (member) of St John's College, Cambridge johnny fellow, man (not cap.) Johnny Crapaud nickname for a Frenchman John-o'-Groat's House Highland Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Md., US, not John -- -- (no apos.) Johnson (Lyndon Baines) 1908-73, President of US 1963-9; -- (Samuel), 1709-84, English prose-writer and lexicographer. See also Jonson Johnsonese a stilted style, not Jon- John the Baptist (caps.) Johore see Malaya (Federation of) joie de vivre (Fr.), joy of living (no hyphens) joint/ capital, -- stock etc. (hyphen when attrib.) Jokjakarta Indonesia jole use jowl jolie laide (Fr. f.), fascinatingly ugly woman Jon. Jonathan Jonah (Book of) not to be abbr. jonquil a narcissus (not ital.) Jonson (Benjamin--"Ben") 1572-1637, English playwright. See also Johnson Joppa anc. name of Jaffa, Israel Jordaens (Jakob) 1593-1678, Dutch painter Jordan/ a united kingdom from 1950; adj. -ian Jorrocks' Jaunts by R. S. Surtees, 1831-4 Jos. Joseph Josephine (the Empress) Marie JosЉphe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of Visc. Beauharnais, m. Napoleon I 1796, divorced 1809 Josh. Joshua (OT) jostl/e to push; -er, -ing jot/, -ted, -ting joule (phys.), SI unit of energy, abbr. J jour. journal, journey jour/ (Fr. m.), day, abbr. jr.; -- de f€te, a festival; -- de l'an, New Year's Day; -- des morts, All Souls' Day, 2 Nov.; -- gras, flesh-day; -- maigre, fish-day journal abbr. jour. journ/al (Fr. m.) pl. -aux, newspaper; journal intime, a private diary Journal Officiel the French and EEC equivalents of London Gazette, abbr. JO journey abbr. jour. journeyman (typ.), a compositor, printer, or bookbinder who has completed his apprenticeship joust knightly combat, not just jowl the jaw, not jole 10.13 JP =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JP Justice of the Peace 10.14 JR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- JR Jacobus Rex (King James) jr. junior, use jun. jr. (Fr.), jour (day) 10.15 jt.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- jt. joint JTC Junior Training Corps (in schools) 10.16 Juan... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Juan Sp. for John Jubbulpore use now Jabalpur Jubilate Deo Ps. 100 as canticle jud. judicial Judaean of Judaea, not Judean Judaeo- Jew(ish), not -deo- Judaize to make Jewish, not -ise Judg. Judges (OT) Judge/ abbr. J.; -- Advocate/ (no hyphen), abbr. JA; -- -- General (no hyphen), abbr. JAG (caps.) judgement but judgment in legal works Judges (OT), abbr. Judg. judicial abbr. jud. Judith (Apocr.), not to be abbr. judo/ modern form of ju-jitsu; -ist jug/ -ged, -ging, -ful juge/ de paix (Fr. m.), justice of the peace; -- d'instruction, examining magistrate Jugendstil Ger. name of art nouveau (ital., cap.) juggernaut (cap). incarnation of Vishnu, carried on huge wheeled vehicle under which devotees were said to sacrifice themselves; (not cap.) large heavy vehicle, not a- Jugoslavia use Yugoslavia jugular vein (in the neck) juillet (Fr. m.), July (not cap.) juin (Fr. m.), June (not cap.) ju-jitsu Japanese wrestling, not jiu-. See also judo juke-box (hyphen) julep a medicated drink; (US) drink of spirits, sugar, ice, and mint, not -ap, -eb Julian/ "the Apostate" Roman emperor, 331-63; -- Alps, Italy-Yugoslavia Julien (Saint-) a claret (hyphen) julienne (Fr. f.), a clear soup containing vegetables in strips, also a pear juliet cap (two words, not cap.) Jullundur India, not Jalandhar July not to be abbr. jumble sale (two words) jumbo/ big person or thing; pl. -s; -- jet (two words) jumelles (Fr. f. pl.), opera-glasses Jun. Junius jun. junior junction abbr. junc. June not to be abbr. Juneau Alas., US Jung (Carl Gustav) 1875-1961, Swiss psychiatrist junior abbr. jun., not jnr., jr., junr.; J. Smith, jun., Esq., not Esq., jun. Junker (Ger. m.), a young squire or noble (cap.) junket/, -ed, -ing junk-shop (hyphen) junr. junior, use Jun. junta political clique, a council in Spain or Italy Junto the Whig chiefs in reigns of William and Anne jupe (Fr. dress. f.), jupon (m.), a skirt or petticoat Jurassic (adj.), a geol. period (cap., not ital.) jure/ divino (Lat.), by divine right; -- humano, by human law jurisp. jurisprudence Juris utriusque Doctor (Lat.), Doctor of both civil and canon law; abbr. JUD jury-box (hyphen) jury/man, -woman (one word) jus (Fr. cook. m.), gravy jus (Lat.), law; -- canonicum, canon law; -- civile, civil --; -- divinum, divine --; -- gentium, law of nations; -- gladii, the right of the sword jusjurandum (Lat.), an oath; pl. jurajuranda jus/ mariti (Lat.), right of husband to wife's property; -- naturae, law of nature; -- primae noctis, droit de seigneur; -- relictae, right of the widow Jussieu (Adrien de) 1797-1853, and his father, -- (Antoine Laurent de), 1748-1836, French botanists Just. Justinian just a knightly combat, use joust juste milieu (Fr. m.), the golden mean Justice a judge; abbr. J., pl. JJ. Justice Clerk (Lord) second highest Scottish judge (caps.); abbr. JC Justice General (Lord) highest Scottish judge (caps.) Justice of the Peace abbr. JP justiciar/, -y a judge, not -er, -itiar (not ital.) Justiciary (High Court of) supreme Scottish criminal court justify (typ.), to put equal spaces between the words in a line of type; to adjust types of differing (or the same) founts etc. so that they range Justinian 483-565, Roman Emperor of the East, codified Roman law; abbr. Just. Just/itiar use -iciar jut/, -ted, -ting Juvenal (in Lat., Decimus Junius Juvenalis), c.60-140, Roman poet, abbr. Juv. juvenescen/ce, -t (process of) passing from infancy to youth juvenilia (pl.), works produced in one's youth (not ital.) 10.17 j'y suis, j'y reste =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- j'y suis, j'y reste (Fr.), here I am, here I stay 11.0 K =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 11.1 K... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- K kalium (potassium), Kelvin (temperature scale), kelvin (unit of temperature), (chess) king (no point); (comp.) unit of core-memory size, = 1,024 (often taken as 1,000) words; the tenth in a series K. (assaying) carat, king(s), King('s), K”chel (Mozart thematic catalogue no.) k (as prefix), kilo- k. (meteor.), cumulus k (phys.), Boltzmann constant K2, the second highest mountain in the world, in Karakoram Mts. 11.2 Kaaba... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Kaaba the most sacred shrine at Mecca, in Arab. al-Ka'bah; not Caaba kaan use khan kabbala use c- Kabul Afghan., not C- kadi use cadi Kaffir S. African Bantu, not Caffre Kaffraria S. Africa Kafir native of Kafiristan, cent. Asia, not Caffre Kafka/ (Franz) 1883-1924, Austrian poet and novelist; adj. -esque kaftan, kagoule use c- kail see kale kaiman use cay- Kainozoic use C- Kaisar-i-Hind (Anglo-Ind.) (the Caesar of India), former Indian title of English monarch; not Q-, -er-; -- medal, abbr. K.i.H. or KIH Kaiser (Ger. m.), emperor (cap., not ital.) kakemono (Jap.), a wall-picture kal. kalendae kale/ the cabbage genus; -yard, a cabbage garden, kail-yaird only in strict Scots kaleidoscop/e, -ic (an optical toy) producing a changing variety of colours and shapes kalendae (Lat.), the calends (first day of the month), not c-; abbr. kal. kalend/ar, -er, -s use c- Kalevala national epic of Finland, not -wala kali/f, -ph use caliph Kalimantan Indon. name for part of Borneo Kaliningrad USSR, formerly K”nigsberg kalium (Lat.), potassium; symbol K kalmia (bot.) American evergreen shrub, not c- Kalmuck member or language of a Mongolian people, not -muk, C- kamarband use cummerbund Kamboja use Cambodia Kamchatka E. Siberia, not Kams-, -mtchatka, -mtschatka Kamerad (Ger.), comrade (word used by soldier surrendering) Kamerun use Cameroon kamikaze suicide pilot Kampuchea see Cambodia kamsin use kh- Kan. Kansas (off. abbr.) kanaka a South Sea Islander; esp. an indentured labourer, not canaker Kanar/a district of W. India, not C-; adj. -ese kanaster a tobacco, use c- Kanchenjunga mt. in Himalayas, not Kinchin- Kandahar Afghan., not C- Kandy Sri Lanka Kannada Kanarese language Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, India, correct modern form of Cawnpore Kans/as off. abbr. Kan. or (postal) KS; adj. -an Kant (Immanuel) 1724-1804, German philosopher KANU Kenya African National Union kaolin a fine white clay Kap. (Ger.), Kapitel (chapter) kapellmeister director of orchestra or choir (not cap., not ital.) Kapurthala E. Punjab, India kaput (slang), broken, ruined (not ital.), from Ger. kaputt Karachi Pakistan, not Kurrachee Karafuto use Sakhalin Karaite a member of Jewish sect which interprets scriptures literally Karajan (Herbert von) 1908-89, Austrian conductor Karakoram Mts. Kashmir, not -um karakul (fur of) Asian sheep, not c-, -cul karat use carat karate the Japanese art of unarmed combat; karateka, an expert in this kari use karri Karl-Marx-Stadt E. Germany, formerly Chemnitz (hyphens) Karlovingian use Carolingian Karlsbad Czechoslovakia, use trad. Eng. Carlsbad or mod. Czech Karlovy Vary Karls/krona (Sweden), -ruhe (W. Germany), etc., not C- karma (Budd.), destiny (not ital.) Karnatic use C- K„rnten Ger. for Carinthia, Austria karoo high pastoral plateau in S. Africa, not karr- Karpathian Mts. use C- karri Australian blue gum-tree, not kari. See also kauri karroo use karoo Kartoum use Khartoum kasbah fortress or Arab quarter, not c- Kashmir NW India, not Cashmer(e) Kassel Germany, not C- Kathay use C- Katherine see C- kathism/a section of Greek Psalter, pl. -ata, not ca- Kathmandu cap. of Nepal, not Katm- kathode use c- kation use c- Kattegat (Dan.), Kattegatt (Swed.), the strait between Denmark and Sweden, not C- Kauffmann (Angelica) 1741-1807, English painter Kaufman (George Simon) 1889-1961, US playwright Kaunas Lithuania, not Kovno kauri N. Zealand coniferous tree, etc., not the many variants (not ital.). See also cowrie, karri Kavafis use Cavafy kavass Turkish armed attendant, not the many variants kayak/ Eskimo canoe, not the many variants; -er, -ing Kaye-Smith (Sheila) 1889-1955, English novelist (hyphen) Kazakhstan a Soviet Socialist Republic; adj. Kazakh. See USSR Kazan USSR, not Kas- Kazantzakis (Nikos) 1885-1957, Greek writer 11.3 KB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KB (chess), king's bishop (no points), King's Bench, Knight Bachelor, Knight of the Order of the Bath KBD King's Bench Division KBE Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire KBP (chess), king's bishop's pawn (no points) 11.4 KC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KC King's College, -- Counsel kc kilocycle. See also kc/s KCB Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath KCIE Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire KCL King's College, London KCMG Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George kc/s better kHz, q.v. KCSI Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India KCVO Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 11.5 KD =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KD knocked down 11.6 KE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KE kinetic energy Keats House Hampstead (no apos.) kebab cubes of meat roasted on a skewer, not the many variants keblah use kiblah Kedah see Malaya (Federation of) kedgeree (cook.), a dish of rice, fish, etc., not the many variants (not ital.) Kedron see Kidron Keele Staffs.; university 1962 keelhaul naval punishment (one word) keelson use kelson keepsake (one word) keep standing (typ.), keep type or film stored in page form after first printing for possible reprint; abbr. KS keeshond Dutch breed of dog keffiyeh Bedouin Arab head-dress, not the many variants Kelantan see Malaya (Federation of) kell/eck, -ick (naut.), use killick Kellner/ (Ger.), fem. -in, waiter (cap.) Kellogg Pact Paris, 1928, fifteen leading nations renounced war Kelly's Directories Kelmscott Press 1891-8, founded by W. Morris kelpie a water-spirit, not -y kelson (naut.), inboard keel, not keel- Kelt/ -ic, -icism, use C- kelter use ki- kelvin sci. unit of temperature; symbol K (no point). See also Thomson Kempis (Thomas …) 1379-1471, German monk, reputed author of Imitatio Christi kendo Japanese art of fencing with bamboo swords Kenia use -ya Kenmare Kerry Kenmore Highland, Tayside kennel/, -led, -ling Kenney (James) 1780-1849, Irish playwright kentle use quintal Kents Bank Cumbria (no apos.) Kentucky off abbr. Ky. or (postal) KY Kenwigs (Morleena) in Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby Kenya/ E. Africa, indep. 1963, not -ia; adj. -n Kenyatta (Jomo) 1893-1978, Kenyan statesman kephalic use c- kepi (no accent, not ital.), Anglicized form of Fr. k‚pi, mil. cap Kepler (Johann) 1571-1630, German astronomer, not Kepp- keramic etc., use c- kerb/, -stone (one word). See also curb Kerch Crimea, not Kertch kerfuffle disorder, fuss, not cur-, ge-, kur- Kerguelen island Indian Ocean Kerkyra mod. Gr. name of Corfu kermis a fair or entertainment, not -ess, kirmess kerned (typ.), said of a sort which has any part of the face projecting beyond the body kernel/ seed within a hard shell; -led, -ly kerosene (US, Canada, Austral., and NZ), paraffin, not -ine kerseymere not cassimere. See also cashmere Kertch use Kerch ketch (naut.), a two-masted vessel Ketch (Jack) the hangman, not Ca-, Ki- kettledrum (one word) Keuper (geol.), uppermost division of the Trias keV kilo-electron-volt key a wharf, use quay keyboard (mus., etc.) (one word); (typ.), see hot metal; (comp.) input of terminal, VDU, etc. key-bugle (hyphen) key/hole, -note (one word) Keynes (John Maynard, Baron) 1883-1946, British economist key-ring (hyphen) Keys (House of) Isle of Man (caps.); abbr. HK keystone (one word) Key West Florida, US (two words) keyword (one word) 11.7 KG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KG Knight of the Order of the Garter, (Ger.) Kommanditgesellschaft (limited partnership) kg. kilogram(s) (but no point in scientific and technical work) KGB USSR "Committee of State Security", 1953- . See also MGB Kgs. (1, 2) Kings, First, Second Book of (OT) 11.8 Khachaturyan (Aram Ilyich)... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Khachaturyan (Aram Ilyich) 1903-78, Armenian composer Khaibar Oasis Saudi Arabia Khaiber Pass use Khyber khaki khal/eefate, -ifat use caliphate khalif/, -a use caliph khamsin Egyptian hot wind, not ka-, -seen khan Eastern inn in a town or village, not kaan. See also caravanserai kharaj (Turk.), tax on Christians, not -ach, -age, caratch Khartoum cap. of Sudan, not Ka-, -tum Khayy m (Omar) ?1050-1123, Persian poet Khediv/e a viceroy of Egypt between 1867 and 1914; -a, his wife; -ate, his office; adj. -al khidmutgar (Ind.), a male waiter (not the many variants) Khmer/ language of SE Asia; Republic, name of Cambodia 1970-5; -- Rouge, Cambodian communists Khrushchev (Nikita) 1894-1970, Soviet politician Khyber Pass NW Frontier Province, Pakistan, not Khaiber kHz kilohertz, 1,000 hertz (no point, cap. H) 11.9 kiak... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- kiak use kayak kibbutz/ Israeli communal agricultural etc. settlement, pl. -im; -nik, a member of it kibitz/ to look on at cards, to be meddlesome; -er, one who does this, not -bb- kiblah the point to which Muslims turn in prayer, not ke-, qibla kickback recoil, payment for favour (one word) kick-off (noun, foot.) (hyphen) kickshaw a trifle (one word) kiddie (colloq.), young child, not -y kidmutgar use khid- kidnap/, -ped, -per, -ping not -aped etc. kidney bean (two words) Kidron (or Ce-), Palestine, Ke- in NEB; Arabic, Wadi en Nar Kieff Ukraine, use Kiev Kiev cap. of Ukraine, not -eff K.i.H. (or KIH), Kaisar-i-Hind medal kil. kilderkin, liquid measure of 18 gallons Kilauea volcano in Hawaii, not -aua Kilbracken (Baron) (Sir Arthur Godley, of the India Office), 1847-1932 Kilimanjaro mt., E. Africa (one word, divide Kilima-njaro) kill (typ.), to cancel a line etc.; to distribute composed type Killala Mayo, also Bp. of Killaloe Clare, also Bp. of Killaloo Co. Londonderry Killea Co. Donegal Killeagh Co. Cork Killen Highland Killianwala use Chilianwala killick a stone used as anchor, not -ock, kelleck, -ick Killiecrankie Tayside Killin Central Killylea Co. Armagh Killyleagh Co. Down "Kilmansegg (Miss)" by T. Hood, 1828, not -eg kilo- prefix meaning 1,000, abbr. k kilo/ shortened form of kilogram or kilometre (no point) pl. -s kilocycle abbr. kc, but use kHz for kc/s kilogram SI unit of mass, not -me; abbr. kg. (but no point in scientific and technical work) kilometre/ 1,000 metres; abbr. km. (but no point in scientific and technical work); -age number of kilometres kilowatt 1,000 watts; abbr. kW kilter (US and dial.), good condition, not ke- Kimeridgian (geol., not -mm-), an Upper Jurassic clay found at Kimmeridge, Dorset (cap.) kimono/ (Jap.), kind of gown, pl. -s Kimric Welsh, use Cym- kinaesthesia the sense of muscular effort, not kine- Kincardine(shire) former county of Scotland Kincardine O'Neil Grampian (three caps.) Kinchinjunga use Kanchen- kindergarten/ a school for young children (not ital., not cap.); -er, its teacher kinesthesia use kinae- King/ abbr. K.; (chess, no point); (typ.) print as Edward VII, or the Seventh, not the VII; -- Charles's spaniel (two caps.) kingd. kingdom kingmaker (one word) King-of-Arms not -at- (hyphens) kingpin (one word) King's abbr. K. Kings First, Second Book of (OT), abbr. 1 Kgs., 2 Kgs. Kingsale (Baron). See also Kinsale King's Bench abbr. KB (apos.) Kingsbridge Devon, Som. (one word) King's/ College abbr. KC; -- Counsel, KC; -- County, Ireland, now Offaly; -- Cross, London and Sydney (apos.) king-size(d) (hyphen) King's/ Langley Herts.; -- Lynn, Norfolk (apos.) Kings Norton Leics., -- -- (Baron) (no apos.) King's Printer see printer Kingsteignton Devon (one word) Kingston Jamaica, New York, Ontario Kingstone Hereford & Worc., Som., Staffs., S. Yorks. Kingston/ upon Hull Humberside; -- upon Thames, London (no hyphens) Kingstown Dublin, off. Dun Laoghaire Kingswinford W. Midlands (one word) Kington Hereford & Worc. Kinloss (Baroness) Kinnoull (Earl of) Kinross (Baron) Kinross-shire former county of Scotland (hyphen) Kinsale Co. Cork. See also Kingsale Kinshasa cap. of Za‹re; formerly L‚opoldville kintle use quintal Kintyre Strathclyde, not Cantire Kioto Japan, use Kyoto Kirchhoff (Gustav Robert) 1824-87, German physicist Kirghizia a Soviet Socialist Republic; adj. Kirghiz. See also USSR Kiribati W. Pacific, formerly Gilbert Is.; adj. same Kirkby in Ashfield Notts. (three words) Kirkbymoorside N. Yorks. (one word) Kirkcaldy File Kirkcudbright Dumfries Galloway Kirkpatrick (Ralph) 1911-84, US harpsichordist, compiler of catalogue of Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard works kirmess use kermis kirschwasser a cherry liqueur, not kirschen- Kishinev cap. of Moldavia, USSR kist use cist kitbag (one word) kit-cat a portrait 36 x 28 in., like those painted of members of the Kit-cat Club in the reign of James II Kitch (Jack), use Ke- kitchen garden/, -er, -ing (two words) kitchen-maid (hyphen) kitmutgar use khid- kitsch worthless pretentious art, not -itch Kit's Coty House Aylesford, Kent, a dolmen, not -- Coity --, -- Cotty -- KitzbЃhel Austria 11.10 Kk.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Kk. prefix to enumeration of D. Scarlatti's works (see Kirkpatrick) KKK Ku-Klux-Klan KKt (chess) king's knight; KKtP, king's knight's pawn (no points) Klang (Ger. m.), quality of musical sound 11.11 kleistogamic... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- kleistogam/ic, -ous use c- Klemperer (Otto) 1885-1973, German conductor klepsydra use c- kleptomania irresistible tendency to theft, not c- klieg light arc light used in making motion pictures klinometer use c- Klischograph (typ.), propr. term for electronic photoengraving machine KLM Royal Dutch Air Lines (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij NV) Klondike Yukon, Canada, not -yke Klopstock (Friedrich Gottlieb) 1724-1803, German poet 11.12 km.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- km. kilometre(s) (but no point in scientific and technical work) K.Mess. King's Messenger 11.13 KN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KN (chess), king's knight (no points) kn. knot, -s kneecap the patella (one word) kneel/, -ed (or knelt), -ing Knesset the Israeli Parliament knick-knack (hyphen), not nicknack knight abbr. K., Knt., Kt., (chess) Kt or N (no point). See also KB, KBE, KCB, KCIE, KCMG, KCSI, KCVO, KG, KP, KT Knightbridge Cambridge professorship, not Knights- knight errant pl. knights errant (two words), but knight-errantry (hyphen) Knightsbridge London Knights/ Hospitallers charitable military brotherhood (otherwise -- of St. John, -- of Rhodes, -- of Malta), maintaining hospital for pilgrims in Jerusalem from middle of eleventh century knit/, -ted, -ting knitting/-machine, -needle (hyphens) knobby knob-shaped knobkerrie (S. Africa ), short stick with knobbed head, not -kerry, -kiri; in Afrik. knopkierie knockabout (noun and adj., one word) knock/-down (adj.); -knee(d); -out (hyphens) Knole Kent, Som. knopkierie use knobkerrie Knossos Crete, not Cnossus knot/, -ted, -ting; as measure of speed, abbr. kn. know-how (noun, hyphen) Knowl W. Yorks. Knowle Avon, Devon, Shropshire, Som., W. Midlands knowledgeable not -dgable KNP (chess), king's knight's pawn (no points) knur/ a knot; -- and spell, a game, not -rr knurl a small projection, not nurl Knut use Cnut; see also Canute Knutsford Ches. 11.14 KO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KO or k.o., kick-off (foot.), knock-out (boxing) koala Australian arboreal marsupial Koblenz W. Germany, not C-, -ce Koch (Ludwig) 1881-1974, German-born, English domiciled musician and recorder of bird-song; -- (Robert), 1843-1910, German bacteriologist K”chel (Ludwig von) 1800-77, Austrian scientist and musicologist, cataloguer of Mozart's works; abbr. K. Kock (Charles Paul de) 1794-1871, French novelist Kodaikanal Observatory Madras, India Kod ly (Zolt n) 1882-1967, Hungarian composer koedoe use koodoo Koestler (Arthur) 1905-83, Hungarian-born British novelist koh-i-noor diamond not -nЈr, -n–r (hyphens) kohlrabi a turnip-rooted vegetable of the cabbage family koine lingua franca; Koine, that of Greeks c.300 BC-AD 500 Kokoschka (Oskar) 1886-1980, Austrian-born painter kola use cola kolkhoz collective farm in USSR K”ln Ger. for Cologne Komintern use C- komitaji use comitadji Komsomol Soviet youth organization, not C- kongo use congou K”niggr„tz Czechoslovakia, use Hradec Kr lov‚ K”nigsberg now Kaliningrad, USSR (formerly E. Prussia) Konrad see Conrad kontaki/on liturgical hymn in Eastern Church, pl. -a, not c- Konzert/meister (Ger. m.), leader of orchestra; -stЃck (n.), concert-piece koodoo use kudu kookaburra the laughing jackass, an Australian bird Koords use Kurds Kootenai Idaho & Mont., US Kootenay BC, Canada kopek use copeck kopje (S. Afr.), a small hill, in Afrik. koppie kopro- use copro- Koran Muslim sacred book, not Coran, Q'ran Korea/ indep. 1948, now divided into North and South Korea; adj. -n, not C- Kortrijk Fl. for Courtrai koruna Czechoslovak unit of currency Kos use Cos KOSB King's Own Scottish Borderers Kosciusko (Thaddeus) 1746-1817, Polish patriot kosher (of food), prepared according to the Jewish law, not coshar, -er, koscher kotow use kowtow Kotzebue (August Friedrich Ferdinand von) 1761-1819, German playwright koumiss preparation from mare's milk, not ku- kourie use kauri Koussevitsky (Serge Alexandrovich) 1874-1951, Russian conductor Kovno Lithuania, use Kaunas kowrie use kauri kowtow/ Chinese form of submission, to act obsequiously, not kot-; -ed, -ing 11.15 KP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KP (chess), king's pawn (no points), Knight of the Order of St Patrick k.p.h. kilometres per hour 11.16 KR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KR (chess), king's rook (no points), King's Regiment, Regulations Kr krypton (no point) kr. kreuzer, krona, krўna, krone kraal (Afrik.), enclosure; native village Krafft-Ebing (Richard von, Baron) 1840-1902, German psychiatrist Krakatoa (Mount) Straits of Sunda, not -au Krakow Polish for Cracow krans (Afrik.), cliff, not krantz Krapotkine (Prince) use Kropotkin kreese use kris Krefeld W. Germany, not C- Kreisler (Fritz) 1875-1962, Austrian-born US violinist Kremer (Gerhard) see Mercator Kremlin (the) Moscow citadel, used for the Russian government kremlin any Russian citadel (not cap.) kreosote use creosote Kreutzer (Rodolphe) 1766-1831, German-French violinist; "Kreutzer" Sonata (by Beethoven, 1803); The Kreutzer Sonata (by Tolstoy, 1889) kreuzer Austrian and old German copper coin; abbr. kr. kriegspiel the war-game, in Ger. n. Kriegsspiel krill tiny plankton kris Malay dagger, not creese, kreese kromesky Russian dish of minced chicken fried in bacon; in Fr. m. cromesquis krone/ silver coin, Austrian (pl. -n), Danish (pl. -r), Norwegian (pl. -r), Swedish (kron/a, pl. -or), and Icelandic (krўn/a, pl. -ur), all abbr. kr.; Czechoslovak koruna Kronos (Gr. myth.), not C-, -us Kroo W. African Negro, not -ou, -u (not ital.) Kropotkin (Prince Peter Alexeivich) 1842-1921, Russian geographer, revolutionist, and author, not Kra-, -ine KRP (chess), king's rook's pawn (no points) Kru use Kroo Kruger (Stephanus Johannes Paulus) 1825-1904, S. Afr. statesman krugerrand S. Afr. gold coin (one word, not cap.) krummhorn not crumhorn krypton chem. element, not c-; symbol Kr 11.17 KS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KS Kansas (off. postal abbr.); King's Scholar; (typ.) keep standing Kshatriya the warrior caste of the Hindus (cap., not ital.) K.St.J. Knight of the Order of St John of Jerusalem 11.18 KT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KT Knight/ of the Order of the Thistle, -- Templar Kt (chess), knight (no point) Kt. Knight (Bachelor) Kt. Bach. Knight Bachelor 11.19 Ku... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ku kurchatovium (no point) Kuala Lumpur cap. of Malaysia Kublai Khan 1214-94, first Mongol Emperor of China "Kubla Khan" poem by Coleridge, 1816 Kuch Behar use Cooch kudos (Gr.), renown (not ital.) kudu a S. Afr. antelope, not koodoo; in Afrik. koedoe Kufic of a form of Arabic writing, not C- Ku-Klux-Klan US secret society (not ital.); abbr. KKK kukri (Ind.), a curved knife, not the many variants kulak Russian peasant proprietor Kultur (Ger. f.), culture Kulturkampf (Ger. m.), the war of culture (between Bismarck's government and the Catholic Church, c.1872-7) Kumasi Ghana, not Coo-, -assie kumis(s) use koumiss kЃmmel a liqueur kummerbund use cummerbund kumquat orange-like citrus fruit in S. China and Malaysia; small citrus fruit or tree in Australia, not c- kung fu Chinese karate Kunstlied (Ger. n.), art-song Kuomintang the Chinese nationalist people's party, founded 1912 kupfernickel (mineral.) (one f, not cap.) kupfferite (mineral.) (two fs) kurchatovium symbol Ku Kurds of Kurdistan, not Koo- kurfuffle use ker- Kurile Is. NW Pacific Kurrachee use Karachi kursaal a hall at a spa or resort Kursiv, Kursivschrift (Ger. typ. m., f.), italic type Kutch India, not C- kutch use c- Kutchuk-Kainardji treaty, 1774 Kuwait/ Persian Gulf; adj. -i Kuyp use C- 11.20 kV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- kV kilovolt (no point) kVA kilovolt-ampere (no point) kvass (Russ.), rye-beer, not quass 11.21 kW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- kW kilowatt (no point) kWh kilowatt-hour KWIC (indexing), keyword in context KWOC (indexing), keyword out of context 11.22 KY... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- KY Kentucky (off. postal abbr.) Ky. Kentucky (off. abbr.) Kyd (Thomas) 1558-94, English playwright Kymric Welsh, use C- Kyoto Japan, not Ki- Kyrie eleison (eccl.), "Lord, have mercy"; abbr. Kyrie, not -- eleeson Kyrle (John) 1637-1724, English philanthropist, "the Man of Ross" 12.0 L =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 12.1 L... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- L fifty, learner (motor vehicle), the eleventh in a series L. Lady, Lake, Latin, (theat.) left (from actor's point of view), (Lat.) liber (book), Liberal, licentiate, (biol.) Linnaeus, lir/a, -e, (Fr.) livre (book, pound), Loch, (Lat.) locus (place), London, Lough, prefix to enumeration of D. Scarlatti's works (see Longo) l. or њ, pound, the form њ to be used and placed before figures, as њ50. If l. is used, it must be placed after, as 50l. њE, Egyptian pound (100 piastres); њm., (one) million pounds. See also decimal currency l. (but no point in scientific and technical work), litre(s). When there may be confusion, the word should be spelt out in full l. leaf, league, left, (Ger.) lies (read), (meteor.) lightning, line, link. See also l. or њ L (elec.), symbol for inductance l (mech.), symbol for length 12.2 LA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LA law agent, Legislative Assembly, Library Association, Local Authority, Los Angeles, Louisiana (off. postal abbr.) La lanthanum (no point) La. Lane, Louisiana (off. abbr.) la (mus.), use lah laager encampment, esp. in circle of wagons; in Afrik. laer. See also lager Lab. Labour (party), Labrador lab (no point) laboratory label/, -led, -ling labi/um (anat.) a lip or liplike structure; pl. -a Labor Day (US), first Monday in Sept. lab/our, -orious Labour Day (UK and many other countries), 1 May Labourers Act (caps., no apos.) labourite supporter of Labour Party (not cap.) labour-market (hyphen) Labrador abbr. Lab. labr/um (Lat.), lip of a jug, etc.; pl. -a La BruyЉre (Jean de) 1645-96, French writer and moralist labyrinth/ structure with many confusing passages; adjs. -ian, -ic, -ine LAC Leading Aircraftman, Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London Athletic Club lac a resin. See also lakh Laccadive Islands off Madras west coast lace-up (adj. and noun), (shoe) having laces (hyphen) lace/wing, -wood (one word) lace-work (hyphen) Lachaise (P‚re) Paris cemetery (two words, caps.) lѓche (Fr.), lax, cowardly (ital.) laches (law), negligence or unreasonable delay (not ital.) Lachesis (Gr. myth.), the Fate that spins the thread of life lachrym/al of tears; -ation, -atory, -ose; not lacry-; lacri- is a correct form, now usual in scientific use lackadaisical listless lacker use lacquer lackey a footman, not -quey Lackland sobriquet of King John Laconian Spartan laconic concise (not cap.) lacquer a varnish, not lacker lacquey use lackey lacrimal etc., see lachry- La Crosse Wis., US lacrosse a ball game Lacryma Christi a sweet red or white wine from Mt. Vesuvius area lacrymal etc., use lachry- lacun/a a missing portion, esp. in ancient MS; pl. -as or -ae (not ital.) LACW Leading Aircraftwoman lacy lacelike, not -ey laddie young fellow, not -y Ladies (the) women's lavatory (cap., no apos.) Ladies'/ Gallery House of Commons; -- Mile, Hyde Park, London ladies' man (apos., two words) Ladikia use Latakia Ladin Engadine dialect Ladino/ Spanish dialect, non-Indian in Cent. Amer., pl. -s Ladismith Cape Province. See also Ladysmith Lady abbr. L. Lady (Our) (caps.) ladybird (one word) Lady Day/ 25 Mar. (two words, caps.); -- -- in Harvest, 15 Aug. ladyf/y, -ied not -if- lady-in-waiting (hyphens) ladylike (one word) Lady Margaret Hall Oxford, abbr. LMH lady's maid pl. ladies' maids (no hyphen) Ladysmith Natal. See also Ladismith lady-smock cuckoo flower (hyphen) lady's slipper (apos.) laemergeier use lammergeyer laer (Afrik.), use laager laesa majestas (Lat.), lЉse-majest‚ Laetare Sunday fourth in Lent laevo- prefix meaning left, not le- Lafayette/ (Marie Joseph, marquis de) 1757-1834, French general, aided Americans in Revolution (one word); -- College, Easton, Pa. Laffitte (Jacques) 1767-1844, French statesman Lafite (Chateau-) a claret (hyphen) Lafitte (Jean) 1780-c.1826, buccaneer of unknown origin La Follette (Robert Marion) 1855-1925, US politician La Fontaine (Jean de) 1621-95, French writer LAFTA Latin-American Free Trade Association lager light beer. See also laager Lagerkvist (P„r) 1891-1974, Swedish novelist Lagerl”f (Selma Ottilia Lovisa) 1858-1940, Swedish novelist Lagrange (Joseph Louis, comte) 1736-1813, French mathematician Lagting Upper House of Norwegian Parliament La Guaira Venezuela, not -yra La Guardia/ (Fiorello Henry) 1882-1947, Mayor of New York (one word, two caps.); -- Airport, New York, US LAH Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, Dublin lah (mus.), not la La Hague (Cape) NW France La Haye Fr. for The Hague La Hogue in Fr. La Hougue, a roadstead, NW France Lahore Pakistan, not -or Laibach Yugoslavia, Ger. for Ljubljana laicize to secularize, not -ise laid paper that which when held to the light shows close-set parallel lines La‹s a Greek courtesan and beauty of fourth century BC laissez/-aller (Fr.), absence of restraint; ---faire, letting people do as they think best, let well alone!; ---passer (m.), pass, permit (for persons and things); not laisser- Lake cap. when with name, as Bala Lake, Lake Superior; abbr. L. Lakeland the Lake District in Cumbria (one word) lakh/ (Anglo-Ind.), 100,000, not -ck, -c (not ital.); -- of rupees, pointing above one lakh is with a comma after the number of lakhs: thus 25,87,000 is 25 lakhs 87 thousand rupees. See also crore Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh, India, not Lalat- Lalla Rookh by Moore, 1817 "L'Allegro" by Milton, 1632 Lam. Lamentations (OT) lama Buddhist priest (cap. when part of title). See also llama Lamarck/ (Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de) 1744-1829, French naturalist; adj. -ian Lamarque (comte Maximilien) 1770-1832, French general Lamartine (Alphonse Marie Louis de) 1790-1869, French poet and statesman lamasery a monastery of lamas Lambar‚n‚ Gabon, site of Albert Schweitzer's hospital lambaste to beat, criticize, not -bast lambda Gr. letter; (phys.) symbol for wavelength lamb's fry (cook.) (apos., two words) lambskin (one word) lamb's-wool (apos., hyphen) LAMDA London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art lam‚ (adj. and noun), (material) with inwoven gold or silver thread (not ital.) lamell/a a thin plate; pl. -ae Lamentations (Book of) abbr. Lam. lamin/a a thin plate; pl. -ae Lammas 1 Aug. lammergeyer the bearded vulture, not lae-, le-, -geier lampblack (one word) lamp-holder (hyphen) lamp/lighter, -post, -shade (one word) Lancashire abbr. Lancs. Lancaster (County or County palatine, of) formal name of Lancashire Lance-Bombardier abbr. L.Bdr. or L/Bdr. Lance-Corporal abbr. L/Cpl. lancewood a tough W. Indian wood (one word) Lancing College W. Sussex Lancs. Lancashire Land (Ger. n.), province of W. Germany or Austria; pl. L„nder (ital., cap.) landau/ pl. -s; -let, a carriage (not ital.) landdrost (S. Afr.), a district magistrate (not ital.) landfall (one word) landgrav/e a German count; fem. -ine landgraviate a landgrave's territory, not -vate landholder (one word) l„ndler Austrian dance land-locked (hyphen) land/lubber, -mark (one word) land-mine (hyphen) L. & N.W.R. London and North-Western Railway, became part of LMSR until nationalization Landor (Walter Savage) 1775-1864, English poet and prose writer landowner (one word) landscape (typ.), book, page, or illustration of which the width is greater than the depth. See also portrait Land's End Cornwall landslide (one word) lands/man pl. -men L. & S.W.R. London and South-Western Railway, became part of SR until nationalization land-tax (hyphen) L. & Y.R. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, became part of LMSR until nationalization Lane abbr. La. Lang (Andrew), 1844-1912, Scottish man of letters; -- (Cosmo Gordon), 1864-1945, Abp. of Canterbury lang. language Langeberg Mountains S. Africa; in Afrik. Langeberge langouste (Fr. f.), a spiny lobster langsam (Ger. mus.), slowly lang syne long ago (two words) language abbr. lang. langue/ de chat (Fr. f.), finger-shaped biscuit or chocolate; -- d'oc, medieval French spoken south of the Loire; -- d'oil, ditto north of the Loire Languedoc former French province, between R. Loire and Pyrenees languor/ lassitude; -ous langur Indian monkey laniard use lany- Lankester (Sir Edwin Ray) 1847-1929, English zoologist lanolin fat in sheep's wool, not -ine Lansdown Avon, Glos.; -- (battle of), 1643 Lansdowne (Marquess of) Lansing Mich., US lantern-slide (hyphen) lanthanum symbol La lanyard short rope attached to something, not lani- Lao people and language of SE Asia Laoco”n Trojan priest, subject of a famous sculpture Laodicean lukewarm (of feelings) Laois county of Ireland, formerly Leix Laos independent 1949, formerly the kingdoms of Luang Prabang and Vientiane and the principality of Champassac (Fr. Indo-China); adj. Laotian Lao-tzu c.605-530 BC, founder of Taoism (hyphen) Lap. Lapland. See also Lapp La Paz Bolsvia lap-dog (hyphen) lapel/ the lap-over of a coat, not -elle, lappelle; -led lapis lazuli a rich blue stone or its colour (two words, not ital.) Laplace (Pierre Simon, marquis de) 1749-1827, French astronomer Lapland abbr. Lap. Lapp a native of Lapland, (adj. and noun) Lappish lappelle use lapel lapsus/ (Lat.), a slip; -- calami, ditto of the pen; -- linguae, ditto tongue; -- memoriae, ditto memory; pl. same Laputa/ flying island in Swift's Gulliver's Travels; -n, visionary, absurd lar/ Roman household god; pl. -es; lares and penates, one's home lardon bacon for larding, not -oon La Reyne/ le veult, -- -- s'avisera forms of Le Roy etc. when queen is reigning large crown (metric) see book sizes large-paper special copies of a book, with large margins, etc.; also termed ‚dition de luxe; abbr. LP largess a free gift, not -esse (not ital.) larghetto (mus.), fairly slow largo (mus.), slow, broad lariat rope for tethering animals, not -iette, larriet (not ital.) larkspur (bot.) (one word) La Rochefoucauld (Fran‡ois, duc de) 1613-80, French writer La Rochelle d‚p. Charente-Maritime, France Larousse/ (Pierre Athanase) 1818-75, French lexicographer; --, French publishers of reference books larrikin Australian street rowdy, not lari- larv/a pl. -ae (not ital.) laryn/x (anat.), pl. -ges; -geal, -gitis lasagne (It. pl.), pasta in wide ribbons Lasalle (Antoine Chevalier Charles Louis, comte de) 1775-1809, French general La Salle (Antoine de) c.1400-60, French soldier and poet; -- (St Jean Baptiste de), 1651-1719, French founder of the order of Christian Brothers; -- (Ren‚ Robert Cavelier), 1643-87, French explorer Lascar E. Indian sailor (not ital.) Las Casas (Bartolom‚ de) 1474-1566, Spanish missionary, "the apostle of the Indies" Las Cases (Emmanuel Augustin Dieudonn‚, comte de) 1766-1842, friend of Napoleon I on St Helena Lascaux SW France, site of palaeolithic cave-art laser device using light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (acronym). See also maser lashkar a body of Indian irregular troops (not ital.) Las Meninas by Vel zquez, not -i¤as La Spezia NW Italy, not -zzia Lassa Tibet, use Lhasa; --, Nigeria, source of -- fever Lassalle (Ferdinand) 1825-64, German Socialist (one word). See also Lasa- Lassell (William) 1799-1880, English astronomer lassie young girl, not -y lasso/ as noun, pl. -s; as verb, -ed, -es, -ing Lassus (Orlandus) 1532-94, Belgian-born composer Last Supper (the) (caps.) Lat. Latin; lat., latitude Latakia Syria, not Ladi-, -ieh, -yah latchkey (one word) lateish use latish La TЉne ware (anc. pottery) Lateran/ (St John) church in Rome; -- Council, one of five held there latex/ rubber fluid, pl. -es lath a thin strip of wood lathe machine for turning lathi heavy stick carried by Indian police Latin abbr. L. or Lat.; (typ.) alphabet same as English without w. Accents and ligatures falling into disuse; most scholars use i for j, many use lower-case u for v and cap. V for U. For use of caps. and word-division, see Hart's Rules, pp. 114-15 Latin Cross artwork name=crx. latine (Lat.), in Latin Latinity the quality of one's Latin Latinize to make Latin, not -ise latish fairly late, not lateish latitude abbr. lat. Latour (Chateau-) a claret (hyphen) La Trobe university, Melbourne Latrobe Pa., US, and Tas., Austral. latten metal like brass (not ital.) latter second of two. See also former Latter-day Saints Mormons' name for themselves Latvia a Soviet Socialist Republic, see USSR; adj. Latvian or Lettish Latymer Upper School Hammersmith, London laudator temporis acti (Lat.), a praiser of past times laughing/-gas, -stock (hyphens) launderette not -drette laura/ (hist.), a group of hermits' cells; pl. -s laurel/, -led Laurence (Friar) in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. See also Law- Laurentian Mts. and (geol.) rocks, near the St Lawrence River, Canada laurustinus an evergreen, not laures-, lauris- Laus Deo (Lat.), Praise (be) to God, abbr. LD lav colloq. for lavatory (no point) Lavoisier (Antoine Laurent) 1743-94, French chemist (one word) law (typ.), practically no punctuation used in legal documents. Copy must be followed. Spell out all figures; law/ agent, abbr. LA; ---binding, -- calf, -- sheep, binding in smooth pale brown calfskin or sheepskin, formerly much used for law books lawcourt (one word) Law Courts (the) (caps., no hyphen) lawgiver (one word) lawn tennis see tennis Lawrence (David Herbert) 1885-1930, English novelist; -- (Sir Thomas), 1769-1830, English painter; -- (Thomas Edward), 1888-1935, English archaeologist and soldier, "Lawrence of Arabia", (from 1927) Aircraftman Shaw; -- (St), Canadian river. See also Lau- lawrencium symbol Lw Laws abbr. LL law sheep see law law-stationer (hyphen) lawsuit (one word) Laxness (Haldўr Kiljan) b. 1902, Icelandic writer lay untilled land, use lea layabout (one word) Layamon fl. 1200, English priest lay brother (etc.) (two words) lay-by/ short "siding" on main road, pl. -s (hyphen) layette complete outfit for a baby (not ital.) layout (noun, one word) lazaretto/ a place for quarantine (not ital.); pl. -s lazy/-bones, -tongs (hyphen) lazzaron/e one of a low class at Naples, not lazar-; pl. -i 12.3 lb.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- lb. pound, pounds (weight) (not now in scientific use) l.b. (cricket), leg-bye L.B. & S.C.R. London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, became part of SR until nationalization L.Bdr., L/Bdr. Lance-Bormbardier lbw. (cricket), leg before wicket, not l.b.w. 12.4 LC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LC (theat.) left centre, Legislative Council, (US) Library of Congress, Lord Chamberlain, -- Chancellor, letter of credit l.c. loco citato (in the place cited), (typ.) lower case, that is not caps. (without points as a proof-correction mark) LCB Lord Chief Baron LCC London County Council, -lor. See GLC L.Ch. Licentiate in Surgery LCJ Lord Chief Justice LCM or l.c.m. (math.), least common multiple; LCM, London College of Music LCP Licentiate of the College of Preceptors L/Cpl. Lance-Corporal 12.5 LD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LD Lady Day, Laus Deo (praise be to God), Low Dutch Ld. Lord Ldg. (naval) Leading L.d'H. Legion d'honneur Ldp. Lordship LDS Licentiate in Dental Surgery LDV Local Defence Volunteers (later Home Guard) 12.6 њE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- њE Egyptian pound(s) LEA Local Education Authority lea untilled land, not lay, lee. See also ley lead (typ.), a thin strip of metal less than type high, used to separate lines of type lead (chem.), symbol Pb leaded/ matter, -- type having the lines separated by leads leader see leading article leaders (typ.), dots used singly or in groups to guide the eye across the page leading (typ.), the action of placing leads between lines of type; the leads so placed leading article an article appearing in a newspaper as the expression of editorial opinion on any subject; also called leader lead pencil (two words) leaf (typ.), single piece of paper, two pages back to back; abbr. l., pl. ll. leaflet (typ.), minor piece of printing, usu. 2, 4, or 6 pp. leaf-mould (hyphen) league abbr. l. Leamington Spa War. See also Lem-, Lym- lean/, -ed or -t lean-to (hyphen) leap/, -ed or -t leap-frog/ a game (hyphen); also as verb, -ged, -ging leap year (two words) learn/, -ed or -t leasehold/, -er (one word) leatherette a strong machine-glazed paper, coloured and embossed to resemble binding-leather leaves abbr. ll. Leban/on independent 1943; adj. -ese lebensraum (Ger. m.), territory for natural expansion Lebesgue/ (Henri L‚on) 1875-1941, French mathematican; -- theory of integration (math.) Lebewohl! (Ger. n.), farewell! Lecocq (Alexandre Charles) 1832-1918, French composer Leconte de Lisle (Charles Marie Ren‚) 1818-94, French poet Le Corbusier pseud. of Charles ђdouard Jeanneret, 1887-1965, Swiss architect Lecouvreur (Adrienne) 1692-1730, French actress; ital. when name of play (1849) by E. Scribe and E. Legouv‚; Adriana Lecouvreur, opera by Cilea, 1902 lect. lecture lectern church reading-desk, not -urn lecture/ship post of lecturer, but -rship at Oxford University LED light-emitting diode lederhosen (Ger. f. pl.), leather shorts ledger book of accounts; ---tackle, in fishing. See also leger line lee untilled land, use lea Leeuwenhoek (Anton van) 1632-1723, Dutch microscopist leeway (one word) Le Fanu (Joseph Sheridan) 1814-73, Irish writer left/ (theat., from actor's point of view), abbr. L.; -- centre, abbr. LC left/-hand, -handed adjs. (hyphens) left wing (hyphen as adj.), left-winger (hyphen) Leg. legislat/ive, -ure leg. legal, legit (he, or she, reads), legunt (they read, pres. tense) legalize not -ise Le Gallienne (Richard) 1866-1947, English author and journalist; -- (Eva), his daughter, b. 1899, US actress legato (mus.), smooth leg-bye (cricket), abbr. l.b. legenda (Lat.), things to be read L‚ger (Alexis St-L‚ger) 1887-1975, French poet, pseud. St John Perse legerdemain sleight of hand (not ital.) leger line (mus.), not led- leges (Lat.), laws; abbr. ll. leggiero (mus.), light, swift, delicate Legh family name of Baron Newton. See also Leigh Leghorn former English name for Italian port Livorno; leghorn a straw plait, a breed of domestic fowl L‚gion d'honneur (la) French order of merit legionnaire a member of a legion, a legionary (not ital.) legislat/ive, -ure abbr. Leg. Legislative Assembly abbr. LA (no points). See also Assemblies legit (Lat.), he, or she, reads; abbr. leg. legitim/ate (verb), (law) to render (a child) legitimate; elsewhere use -ize, not -atize, -ise leg/-pull, -rest, -room (hyphens) legume vegetable for food legunt (Lat.), they read (pres. tense); abbr. leg. Le Havre d‚p. Seine-Maritime, France, not Havre Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa. (one word) lei Polynesian garland. See also leu Leibniz (Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von) 1646-1716, German mathematician and philosopher, not -itz Leicestershire abbr. Leics. Leicester: sig. of Bp. of Leicester (colon) Leiden Netherlands. See also Leyden Leigh (Baron). See also Legh Leighton Buzzard Beds. (two words) Leipzig E. Germany, abbr. Lpz. or Leip. leishmaniasis disease caused by parasite leitmoti/v, -f (mus.), theme associated with person, situation, or sentiment, not -ive (one word, not ital.) Leix county of Ireland, formerly Queen's County, now Laois le juste milieu (Fr.), the golden mean. See also milieu L.E.L. pseud. of Letitia Elizabeth Landon, 1802-38 Lely (Sir Peter) 1618-80 Dutch-English painter Lemberg Ger. for Lvov Lemington Glos., Tyne & Wear. See also Lea-, Ly- lemm/a a title or theme, proposition taken for granted, pl. -as; heading of an annotation, pl. -ata (not ital.) lemmergeyer use la- LempriЉre (John) 1765-1824, English lexicographer Le Nain (Antoine) 1588-1648, -- (Louis), 1593-1648, and -- (Mathieu), 1607-67, brothers, French painters Lenclos (Ninon de) 1616-1706, a French beauty lending library (two words) length abbr. l., (mech.) symbol l Lenin assumed name of Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, 1870-1924, Russian political leader Leningrad name for Petrograd, q.v., since 1924 lenis Greek smooth breathing Lennoxtown Strathclyde (one word) Lenox Library New York lens/ not lense; pl. -es Lent from Ash Wednesday to Easter (cap.) lento (mus.), slow Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, Italian painter, sculptor, engineer Leoncavallo (Ruggiero) 1857-1919, Italian composer Leonid/ a meteor; pl. -s (not ital.) L‚opoldville Za‹re, now Kinshasa Lepidoptera (zool.), butterflies and moths LEPRA British Leprosy Relief Association leprechaun Irish sprite, not lepra-, -awn Le Queux (William Tufnell) 1864-1927, English novelist and traveller Lermontov (Mikhail Yurevich) 1814-41, Russian poet Le Roy/ le veult the royal assent to Bills in Parliament; -- -- s'avisera, ditto dissent lЉs or lez (Fr. topog.), near (with names of towns) Le Sage (Alain Ren‚) 1668-1747, French novelist and dramatist Lesbian (inhab.) of Lesbos lesbian a homosexual woman (not cap.) lЉse-majest‚ (Fr. f.), treason (ital.); Anglicized as lese-majesty (not ital.) L. Љs/ L. Licenci‚ Љs lettres, Licentiate in (or of) Letters; -- -- S., Licenci‚ Љs sciences, ditto Science Lesotho S. Africa, indep. 1966, formerly Basutoland Lethe/ a river in Hades; adj. -an let-in notes (typ.), those set inside the text-area (usu. in a smaller-size type), as distinct from side-notes Letraset propr. term for system of lettering using transfers letter/, -ed, -ing letterhead (typ.), printed (heading on) stationery (one word) letterpress (typ.), printing from raised type and/or blocks; text as opposed to illustrations (one word) letterset (typ.), printing by letterpress on to a blanket and then offsetting on to the paper (one word) letters of distinction as FRS, LL D, etc., are usually put in large caps. Even s. caps. often improve general effect letterspacing (typ.), shown in copy by short vertical dashes between letters (one word) letters patent formal writing conferring patent or privilege (two words) Lettish see Latvia lettre de/ cachet (Fr. f.), warrant for imprisonment, bearing the royal seal; -- -- cr‚ance, -- -- cr‚dit, letter of credit; -- -- marque, letter of marque, q.v.; pl. lettres de lettuce not -ice Letzeburgesch German dialect of Luxemburg leu Romaniun monetary unit; pl. lei leucotomy a brain operation, not -k- leukaemia excess of white corpuscles in blood, not -c-, -ch-, -kemia Leuven Fl. for Louvain Leuwenhoek use Leeuwenhoek Lev. Leviticus lev/ pl. -a, Bulgarian monetary unit levant morocco (binding), a superior quality with prominent grain levee an assembly (no accent, not ital.); US river embankment level/, -led, -ler, -ling lever de/ rideau (Fr. m.), opening piece at theatre, "curtain-raiser"; -- -- s‚ance, closing of a meeting leviable that may be levied Leviathan book by Hobbes, 1651 leviathan sea-monster L‚vi-Strauss (Claude) b. 1908, French anthropologist Leviticus abbr. Lev. Levkosia Gr. for Nicosia levo- prefix, use laevo- Lewes E. Sussex Lewes (Charles Lee) 1740-1803, English actor; -- (George Henry), 1817-78, English philosopher and critic. See also Lewis Lewis Western Isles Lewis (Sir George Cornewall not Cornw-), 1806-63, English statesman and man of letters; -- (Cecil Day), 1904-72, Poet Laureate 1968-72; -- (Clive Staples), 1898-1963, English writer; -- (Harry Sinclair), 1885-1951, US novelist; -- (Isaac Newton), 1858-1931, US soldier, inventor of -- gun; -- (Matthew Gregory, "Monk"), 1775-1818, English writer of romances. See also Lewes, Wyndham Lewis lex (Lat.), law; pl. leges lexicog. lexicograph/er, -y, -ical lexicon/ dictionary, esp. of Greek, Hebrew, Arabic; pl. -s; abbr. lex. (not ital.) lex/ loci (Lat.), local custom; -- non Scripta, unwritten law; -- scripta, statute law; -- talionis, "an eye for an eye"; -- terrae, the law of the land ley untilled land, use lea, but ley farming, grass-growing Leyden/ Netherlands, use Leiden, but -- jar (elec.) Leys School, Camb. lez see les 12.7 LF =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LF or l.f., low frequency Lfg. (Ger.), Lieferung (q.v.) 12.8 LG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LG (gunpowder, leather, wheat) large grain, Life Guards, Low German L.Ger. Low German L.Gr. Late Greek, Low Greek LGSM Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music LGU Ladies' Golf Union 12.9 l.h.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- l.h. left hand LHA Lord High Admiral Lhasa Tibet, not -ssa, Lassa LHC Lord High Chancellor LHD Literarum Humaniorum Doctor (literally doctor of the more humane letters) LHT Lord High Treasurer 12.10 LI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LI Light Infantry, Long Island (US) Li lithium (no point) Liadov (Anatol Konstantinovich) 1855-1914, Russian composer liaise (colloq.), to form a liaison, not -ase liaison illicit amour; joining of words; (mil.) connection, touch (now also in general use) liana tropical climbing plant, not -ne Liapunov (Sergei Mikhailovich) 1859-1924, Russian composer Lib colloq. abbr. of (Men's, Women's, etc.) Liberation (cap., no point) lib./ librarian, library; -- cat., library catalogue lib. (Lat.), liber (a book) libel/, -led, -ler, -ling, -lous liber (Lat.), a book; abbr. L. or lib. Liberal/ abbr. L.; -- Unionist (caps., no hyphen) liberalize not -ise Liberia republic, W. Africa libid/o sex drive, pl. -os; adj. -inal libr/a pound, pl. -ae; abbr. њ, l., lb. See also l. or њ librair/e (Fr. m.), bookseller; -ie (f.), bookseller's shop librar/ian, -y; abbr. lib. librett/o (It.), text of an opera, etc.; pl. -os, -i (not ital.); -ist, writer of this libris (ex-) see ex-libris libr/o (It.), a book; pl. -i Libya N. Africa, indep. 1951, formerly Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan (Italian) Libyan of anc. N. Africa or mod. Libya licence (noun), a permit; (US -se) licens/e (verb), to authorize; -ee, -er, -ing licensed victualler licentiate abbr. L. licet (Lat.), legal; it is allowed lichee use litchi lichen epiphytic veg. growth Lichfield Staffs. See also Litch- Lichfield: sig. of Bp. of Lichfield (colon) lich-gate roofed gateway of churchyard, not lych- lichi use litchi lickerish desirous, greedy. See also liquorice Lick Observatory California licorice use liquor- Liddell (Henry George) 1818-98, English lexicographer, father of the original of Alice in Wonderland lido/ open-air swimming-pool, pl. -s Lie (Jonas Lauritz Edemil), 1833-1908, Norwegian novelist; -- (Trygve Halvdan), 1896-1968, Sec.-Gen. of UN 1946-53 Liebfraumilch a hock; in Ger. Liebfrauenmilch Liebig/ (Justus, Baron von) 1803-73, German chemist; --, a beef extract first prepared by him (cap.) Liechtenstein principality on Upper Rhine lied/ (Ger. n.), a song; pl. -er Lieder ohne Worte songs without words Lieferung (Ger. f.), a part of a work published in instalments, abbr. Lfg. LiЉge Belgium,/ formerly Li‚-; in Fl. Luik; Liegeois/, fem. -e, an inhabitant of LiЉge. lieu (in) in place (of) (not ital.) Lieutenant/ abbr. Lt. or Lieut.; ---Colonel, abbr. Lt.- or Lieut.-Col.; ---Commander, abbr. Lt.- or Lieut.-Com.; ---General, abbr. Lt.- or Lieut.-Gen.; ---Governor, abbr. Lt.- or Lieut.-Gov. (hyphens) life/belt, -boat (one word) life cycle (two words) life/-guard, -jacket (hyphens) Life Guards regiment of household cavalry (two words); Life-guardsman (hyphen) life insurance is the general term. See also assurance life/like, -line (one word) lifelong lasting for life (one word). See also livelong life-size(d) (adj., hyphen) lifetime (one word) ligature (typ.), two or more letters joined together and forming one character or type. See also diphthongs, and Hart's Rules, pp. 62-3 light (verb), past lit (preferred), partic. lit when predic. (the fire is lit), lighted when attrib. (a lighted match) light bulb (two words) lightening making less heavy lighthouse (one word) Light Infantry abbr. LI or Lt. Inf. lighting-up time (one hyphen) light meter (two words) lightning (meteor.), abbr. l. light-o'-love fickle woman (hyphens, apos.) lightship (one word) lightweight (one word) light-year (astr.), unit of distance (hyphen) ligneous of wood, woody -like. In formations intended as nonce-words, or not generally current, the hyphen should be used. It may be omitted when the first element is of one syllable, but nouns in -l always require it, e.g. eel-like likeable not lika- likelihood not -lyhood Lilienthal (Otto) 1849-96, German aviator Liliput liliputian, use Lilli-, lilli- lillibullero a seventeenth-century song refrain, not the many variants (not ital.) Lilliput country of the pygmies in Swift's Gulliver's Travels; lilliputian, diminutive (not cap.) lily of the valley (no hyphens) limbo/ the borderland of Hell, a place of oblivion; pl. -s (not ital.) limbus/ fatuorum (Lat.), a fool's paradise; -- infantum, limbo of unbaptized children; -- patrum, limbo of pre-Christian good men lime/-juice, -kiln (hyphens) lime/light, -stone (one word) limes (Lat.), Roman frontier (ital.) Limey (derog.), an English immigrant in former British colonies; (US slang), a British sailor, an Englishman. See also limy Limited abbr. Ltd. limy limelike, sticky. See also Limey lin. line/al, -ar linable able to be covered on the inside, not linea- linage the number of lines, payment by the line. See also lineage linament use linea- or lini- linchpin not ly- (one word) Linch's law use lynch Lincoln: sig. of Bp. of Lincoln (colon) Lincoln Center New York, a nexus of theatres, opera-house, concert-hall, etc. Lincolnshire abbr. Lincs. Lindbergh (Charles Augustus) 1902-74, US aviator Lindley (John) 1799-1865, English botanist Lindsay (Earl of) family name Lindesay-Bethune; -- (Sir Coutts), 1824-1913, English artist; -- (Sir David), 1490-1555, Scottish poet; -- (Nicholas Vachel), 1879-1931, US poet Lindsey (Earl of) family name Bertie line abbr. l.; pl. ll. lineage ancestry. See also linage line/al, -ar abbr. lin. lineament a feature, not lina-. See also liniment Linear/ A earlier of two forms of anc. Cretan writing; -- B, later form, found also on Gr. mainland (no hyphens) line block (typ.), letterpress (q.v.) block for lines and solids linen-draper (hyphen) linenfold carved scroll (one word) lingerie linen articles collectively, women's underwear (not ital.) lingo/ (colloq.), a (foreign) language, pl. -s lingua franca an international language, esp. a mixture of It., Fr., Gr., and Span. used in the Levant (not ital.) liniment an embrocation, not lina-. See also lineament lining numerals (typ.), those that align at top and bottom, 1234567890 lining paper (binding), that inside the cover link 7.92 in.; one-hundredth of a chain; abbr. l. Linn/aean abbr. Linn.; but -ean Society, London (off. spelling); abbr. LS Linnaeus (Carolus) 1707-78, Swedish naturalist; in Sw. Carl von Linn‚; abbr. L. or Linn. Linnhe (Loch) Highland Linotype firm formerly producing hot-metal composing machine casting each line of type as a continuous unit (abbr. Lino), now various computer-driven filmsetting systems not on the slug (q.v.) principle linsey-woolsey a thin coarse fabric of linen and wool; gibberish; not linsy-, -wolsey Linson (bind.), strong paper used in place of bookcloth (propr. term) lintel/, -led liny full of lines, not -ey Lion (Gulf of the) or Lion Gulf, off Mediterranean Fr. coast; in Fr. golfe du Lion, not Lions, Lyon, Lyons Lionardo da Vinci use Le- lionize not -ise Lippi (Fra Filippo or Lippo), c.1406-69, and -- (Filippino), c.1457-1504, his son, Italian painters lip/salve, -stick (one word) lip-service (hyphen) liq. liquid, liquor lique/faction, -factive, -fiable, -fy, not liqui- liqueur/ a strong alcoholic liquor, sweetened and flavoured (not ital.); ---glass (hyphen) liquid abbr. liq. liquidambar a genus of balsam-bearing trees, not -er (one word, not ital.) liquor/ abbr. liq.; -- on draught, not draft liquorice not licor- liquorish desirous, greedy, use licker- lir/a unit of Italian currency; pl. -e; abbr. L. lissom supple, not -e Liszt (Abb‚ Franz) 1811-86, Hungarian pianist and composer lit. literal, -ly, literary, literature, litre, little Litchfield Hunts, also Conn., US; -- (Earl of). See also Lich- litchi Chinese fruit (-tree), also grown in Bengal, not the many variants (not ital.) Lit.D. Literarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters). See also D.Lit., D.Litt., Litt.D. lite pendente (Lat.), during the trial liter/al, -ally, -ary, -ature; abbr. lit. literal (typ.) printing of wrong sort, of turn (q.v.), or of sort in battered state or wrong fount literalize etc., to render literal, not -ise litera (or littera) scripta manet (Lat.), the written word remains literat/i the learned as a class; sing. -us, not litt- literatim (Lat.), letter for letter Lith. Lithuanian lithium symbol Li lithography (typ.), planographic (q.v.) printing process from smooth plate, originally a stone; abbr. litho (no point) Lithuania a Soviet Socialist Republic. See also USSR Lit. Hum. Literae Humaniores, Faculty (Classics and Philosophy) at Oxford litigious fond of going to law litmus-paper (hyphen) Litolff (Henri Charles) 1818-91, French pianist, composer, music-publisher litotes (rhet.), a form of meiosis (q.v.), esp. one using ironical negative, e.g. no mean feat litre/ abbr. l. (but no point in scientific and technical work) or lit., one-thousandth of a cubic metre, 1.76 pint; -age, number of litres Litt.B. Literarum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Letters) Litt.D. Litterarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters, Camb. and TCD). See also D.Lit., D.Litt., Lit.D. littera see litera litterateur a literary man (not ital.) litterati use lite- Little Englander (hist., two words, caps.) Littlehampton W. Sussex (one word) Littleton family name of Baron Hatherton; -- (Sir Thomas), ?1407-81, English jurist. See also Lyttelton littoral a region by a coast Littr‚ (Maximilien Paul ђmile) 1801-81, French lexicographer liturg. liturg/ies, -ical, -y liv. (Fr.), livre (m. book, f. pound) liveable not liva- livelong intensive and emotional form of long. See also lifelong Liver/politan, -pudlian (inhab.) of Liverpool Liverpool: sig. of Bp. of Liverpool (colon) livestock (one word) Livingston Lothian, "new town", 1962 Livingstone (David) 1813-73, Scottish explorer and missionary Livorno Italian seaport, formerly in Eng. Leghorn livraison (Fr. f.), a part of a work published in instalments livre (Fr. m.), book; (f.) pound; abbr. L. or liv. Livy (in Lat., Titus Livius), 59 BC-AD 17, Roman historian 12.11 LJ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LJ Lord Justice; L JJ, Lords Justices (thin space) Ljubljana Yugoslavia; in Ger. Laibach 12.12 LL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LL late, law, or Low, Latin, Lord-Lieutenant, -s ll in Spanish and Welsh, a separate letter, not to be divided ll. leaves, lines, (Lat.) leges (laws) -ll (words ending in), followed by -ful or -ly, usu. omit one l llama S. American ruminant. See also lama Llandeilo Dyfed; -- Group (geol.) (caps.) Llandrindod Wells Powys Llanelli Dyfed (not now -y) llano/ S. American plain, pl. -s Llantwit Major S. Glamorgan, in Welsh Llanilltud Fawr LL B Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws) (no points, thin space) LL D Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws) (no points, thin space) LL M Legum Magister (Master of Laws) (no points, thin space) Lloyd (Norddeutscher) the North-German Lloyd Steamship Co. (two words) abbr. NDL Lloyd's/ the association of underwriters, not -s'; -- marks, in -- Register of Shipping, in order of merit, for wooden ships, Al, Al (in red), AE, and E; for iron or steel, 100 Al, 90 Al, 80 Al. See also Loyd Lloyds Bank, Ltd. (no apos.) 12.13 LM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LM Licentiate in Midwifery; (mus.) long metre њm. (one) million pounds l.M. (Ger.), laufenden Monats (of the current month) lm lumen(s) (no point) LMBC Lady Margaret Boat Club (St John's College), Camb. LMD long metre double LMH Lady Margaret Hall (Oxford) LMR London Midland Region LMS London Missionary Society LMS(R) London, Midland, & Scottish Railway (prior to nationalization) LMSSA Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery, Society of Apothecaries 12.14 ln... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ln natural logarithm (no point) LNER London and North Eastern Railway (prior to nationalization) 12.15 LO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LO Liaison Officer loadstar use lodestar loadstone magnetic oxide of iron, not lode- (one word) load-water-line (hyphens); abbr. LWL Loanda Angola, not St Paul de --, but use now Luanda loath averse, not loth loathe to hate loathsome not loth- LOB Location of Offices Bureau Lobachevski (Nikolai Ivanovich) 1793-1856, Russian mathematician "Lobgesang" Mendelssohn's "Hymn of Praise", 1840 lobscouse a sailor's dish lobworm (one word) locale scene of operations (erron. form, but well established) localize not -ise loc. cit. loco citato (in the place cited) (not ital.) loch Scottish lake, not -ck; capital when with name, abbr. L. Lochalsh Highland lochan small Scottish lake Loch Awe Strathclyde Lochearnhead Central (one word) Lochgilphead Strathclyde Loch Leven Highland, Tayside Lochnagar mountain in Grampian (one word) Lock/e (John) 1632-1704, English philosopher; adj. -ian, not -ean lockjaw (one word) lock-out employers' refusal of work; pl. lock-outs (hyphen) locksmith (one word) lock-up (noun or adj., hyphen); -- (typ.), exertion of pressure to hold various elements in the forme together loco/ locomotive, pl. -s (no point) loco/ (Lat.), in the place; -- citato, ditto cited, abbr. l.c. or loc. cit. (not ital.); -- laudato, ditto cited with approval, abbr. loc. laud.; -- sigilli, ditto of the seal, abbr. LS; -- supra citato, ditto cited above, abbr. l.s.c. (not ital.) Locofoco (US), extreme section of Democratic Party, 1835 locum/-tenency (hyphen); -- tenens, a substitute, pl. -- tenentes (not ital.) loc/us (Lat.), a written passage, a curve, pl. -i; locus/ citatus, the passage quoted; -- classicus, an authoritative passage from a standard book, pl. loci classici; -- communis, a commonplace; -- delicti, the place of a crime; -- in quo, the place in which; -- poenitentiae, a place of repentance; -- sigilli, the place of the seal, abbr. LS; -- standi, recognized position, (law) right to appear LOD Little Oxford Dictionary lodestar star steered by, not load- lodestone use load- lodg/e, -eable, -ement, -ing lodging-house (hyphen) Loeb (James) 1867-1933, US banker, founder of the -- Library of classical authors loess (geol.), deposit of fine yellowish loam in certain valleys, not lo‰ss, l”ss L. of C. line of communication Lofoten Islands Norway, not -den, -ffoden log logarithm (no point) log. logic logan-stone a rocking-stone, not loggan-, logging- logarithm abbr. log; -- (natural), to base e, abbr. ln log-book (hyphen) loge (Fr. f.), theatre stall (ital.) loggia/ (It.), a gallery; pl. -s logi/on a saying of Christ not in the Gospels; pl. -a (not ital.) logo/ (colloq.), a device used as printed badge etc. of organization, pl. -s (no point) logotype (typ.), several letters, or a word, cast as a single sort log-roll/, -er, -ing (to give, one who gives) mutual aid among politicians or reviewers (hyphen) logwood (one word) Lohengrin German hero; (ital.) opera by Wagner, 1850 Loir, Loire, Loiret French rivers lollipop/ a sweetmeat, not lolly-; -- man (colloq.), traffic-controller Lombroso (Cesare) 1836-1909, Italian criminologist Lom‚ Togo Londin: sig. of Bp. of London (colon) London/ abbr. L. or Lond.; -- Apprentice, hamlet in Cornwall; -- County Council/, -lor, abbr. LCC (no points). See also GLC long. longitude longboat (one word) long-bodied (typ. adj.), denoting metal sorts whose body is cast a point or more longer than the size of letter upon them normally takes, producing the effect of leading, q.v. longbow (one word) long-distance (adj., hyphen) longe use lu- long/eval long-lived, not -aeval; -evity Longfellow (Henry Wadsworth not Words-), 1807-82, US poet longhand (one word) Long Island US; abbr. LI longitude abbr. long. long jump (two words) Longleat House Wilts. Longman Group Ltd. publishers Long Mynd (The) Shropshire; Longmynd Group (geol.) (caps.) Longo (Alessandro) 1864-1945, compiler of edition of Domenico Scarlatti's keyboard works longo intervallo (Lat.), at a long interval long page (typ.), one having a line or lines more than its companion pages long primer (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 10 pt.; pron. primmer Longridge Lancs. Longshanks sobriquet of Edward I Longships islands and lighthouse off Cornwall long-shore (adj., hyphen), not 'long-; long-shoreman long ton 2,240 lb., abbr. l.t. Longton Lancs., Staffs. Longtown Cumbria, Hereford & Worc. longueur tedious passage in book, play, film, usu. pl. (ital.) long/ways, -wise (one word) looking-glass (hyphen) look-out/ pl. -s (hyphen) loophole (one word) loosestrife (bot.) (one word) Lope de Vega see Vega Carpio loping with long strides, not lope- lopsided (one word) loquitur (Lat.), he, or she, speaks; abbr. loq. Lorca (Federico GarcЎa) 1899-1936, Spanish poet Lord (with name), may be substituted for Marquess, Earl, or Viscount, and is more often used than Baron Lord abbr. Ld. Lord/ Chamberlain, -- Chancellor abbr. LC; -- Chief Baron, abbr. LCB; -- Chief Justice, abbr. LCJ; -- Justice, abbr. LJ, pl. L JJ (thin space); ---Lieutenant, pl. Lord-Lieutenants (hyphen), abbr. LL; -- Mayor (two words,caps.); -- of hosts, -- of lords, as Deity (one cap.); -- President of the Council, abbr. LPC; -- Privy Seal, abbr. LPS; -- Provost, abbr. LP Lord's Cricket Ground London (apos.) Lord's Day (caps.) Lordship abbr. Ldp. Lord's/ Prayer, -- Supper, -- Table (caps.) Lorelei siren of the Rhine, not -ey, Lurlei Lorenzo see Louren‡o Loreto Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Peru Loretto Anglicized version of the It. Loreto; also Scottish school lorgnette opera-glass, or pair of eye-glasses with long handle loris small lemur, not lori, lory Lorrain (Claude) (n‚ Gel‚e), 1600-82, French painter, not -aine Lorraine see Alsace-Lorraine lory one of the parrots. See also loris losable not -eable Los Angeles Calif., US l”ss (geol.), use loess Lot-et-Garonne d‚p. France loth/ -some, use loath(-) Lothario/ "the gay", in Nicholas Rowe's The Fair Penitent, 1703; pl. -s Lothian region of Scotland Loti (Pierre) pseud. of Julien Viaud, 1850-1923, French writer lotus/ Egyptian and Asian water lily; pl. -es lotus-eater not lotos-; but "The Lotos-Eaters" by Tennyson louche (Fr.), disreputable (ital.) loudspeaker (one word) lough Irish lake, capital when with name, abbr. L. Louisiana off. abbr. La. or (postal) LA, not Lou. Louis-Philippe 1773-1850, French king Louis/-Quatorze reign 1643-1715; -- Quinze, 1715-74; -- Seize, 1774-93; --Treize, 1610-43 (Louis XIV, XV, XVI, XIII), art styles (hyphens) loung/e, -ing lounge/ bar, -- suit (two words) lour to frown, not lower Louren‡o Marques, Mozambique, now Maputo; not Lorenzo --, -ez Louvain Belgium, in Fl. Leuven louvre shutter, ventilator, not -er lovable not -eable love/-affair, -bird, -hate (relationship), -letter (hyphens) love/lock, -lorn, -sick (one word) Love's Labour's Lost by Shakespeare, 1598 (two apos.) love/-song, -story (hyphens) Low Church (hyphen when attrib.) Low-Churchman (hyphen, caps.) low-down (adj.) mean, (noun, colloq.) the basic facts (hyphen) lower to frown, use lour Lower California (caps.) lower case (typ.), the case containing the small letters, hence the small letters a-z; abbr. l.c. (no points as proof-correction mark) Low (Sampson), Marston, & Co. publishers Low Sunday first after Easter (caps.) low water (two words) low-water mark (one hyphen); abbr. LWM Loyd (Sam) 1841-1911, US chess-player. See also Lloyd/, -s, -'s 12.16 LP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LP large paper, long-playing record, Lord Provost, low pressure (also l.p.), (paper) large post LPC Lord President of the Council LPG liquefied petroleum gas L-plate learner-driver's sign (hyphen) LPO London Philharmonic Orchestra L'pool Liverpool LPS Lord Privy Seal Lpz. (Ger.), Leipzig 12.17 lr.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- lr. lower LRAD Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Dancing LRAM Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Music LRCP Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians LRCS Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons LRCVS licentiate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons LRSC Licentiate of the Royal Society of Chemistry 12.18 LS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LS Leading Seaman, Linnean Society, loco or locus sigilli, (in) the place of the seal l.s. left side LSA Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries l.s.c. loco supra citato (in the place cited above) LSD the hallucinatory drug d-lysergic acid diethylamide, librae, solidi, denarii (pounds, shillings, and pence, also њ.s.d.), Lightermen, Stevedores, and Dockers LSE London School of Economics and Political Science LSI (comp.), large-scale integration LSO London Symphony Orchestra L. (&) S.W.R. London and South Western Railway (became part of SR until nationalization) 12.19 Lt.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Lt. Lieutenant l.t. long toll, low tension LTA Lawn Tennis Association, London Teachers' Association L.T. & S.R. London, Tilbury, and Southend Railway (became part of LMS until nationalization) LTCL Licentiate of Trinity College of Music, London Lt.-Col. Lieutenant-Colonel Lt.-Com. Lieutenant-Commander Ltd. Limited LTE London Transport Executive Lt.-Gen. Lieutenant-General Lt.-Gov. Lieutenant-Governor L.Th. Licentiate in Theology (Durham) Lt. Inf. Light Infantry LTM Licentiate in Tropical Medicine 12.20 Lu... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Lu lutetiom (no point) Luanda Angola, not now Loanda Luang Prabang Laos LЃbeck W. Germany, not Loe- Lubumbashi Za‹re, formerly Elisabethville Lucan of St Luke, not Luk-; (in Lat., Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), 39-65, Roman poet lucarne a dormer window Lucerne Switzerland, in Ger. Luzern lucerne a plant, not -ern Lucian 2nd c., Greek writer Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India lucus a non lucendo (Lat.), approx. inconsequent or illogical LUE (theat.), left upper entrance Luebeck use LЃbeck Luftwaffe German air force Luggnagg island in Swift's Gulliver's Travels lug/hole, -sail, -worm (one word) Luik Fl. for LiЉge Luke (St) (NT), not to be abbreviated; adj. Lucan, not Luk- lukewarm/, -ness tepid(ity) (one word) Lulsgate Airport Bristol lumbar (anat.), of the loins lumber to move clumsily; unused furniture, etc. lum/en (anat.), a cavity, pl. -ina; lumen/ (phys.), the unit of luminous flux, pl. -s, abbr. lm lumpenproletariat the lowest elements of the proletariat, term orig. used by Karl Marx (one word, not cap.) lunation time from one new moon to next, about 29 1/2 days lunge long rope for exercising horses, not lo- lunging not longeing lupin a garden plant, not -e lupine (adj.), of a wolf Lurlei not Lorelei Lusiads (The) by Camoens, 1572 Lusitania Portugal lustr/um a five-year period; pl. -a lusus naturae (Lat.), a freak of nature; pl. same lutenist a lute-player, not -anist lutetium not -tec-, symbol Lu Luth. Lutheran Lutine bell bell rung at Lloyd's, once to announce the loss, twice for the arrival, of a vessel overdue lux (phys.), unit of illuminance, abbr. lx Luxembourg Gardens and Palace, Paris Luxemburg prov. of Belgium; also Grand Duchy of --; in Fr. -ourg Luxemburg (Rosa) 1870-1919, German socialist Luzern Ger. for Lucerne 12.21 LV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- LV luncheon voucher Lvov USSR, in Ger. Lemberg, in Pol. Lwўw 12.22 Lw... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Lw lawrencium (no point) LWL load-water-line LWM low-water mark Lwўw see Lvov 12.23 lx... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- lx lux (no point) LXX the Septuagint, seventy 12.24 Lyadov... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Lya/dov, -punov use Lia- lyc‚e (Fr. m.), higher secondary school Lyceum (the) Aristotle's school of philosophy; lyceum/, a college of literary studies, pl. -s lychee use litchi lych-gate use lich- lyddite an explosive (two ds) lying-in childbed (hyphen) lyke-wake night-watch over dead body Lyly (John) ?1554-1606, English author. See also Euphues Lymington Hants. See also Lea-, Le- lynch law not -'s, Linch's (two words) lynchpin use li- lynx/ animal of cat-tribe; pl. -es Lyon King-of-Arms chief Scottish herald Lyonnais (Cr‚dit) French banking corporation Lyons in Fr. Lyon. See also Lion lysin (chem.), lysing substance lysine (chem.), an amino acid Lyte (Henry Francis) 1793-1847, English hymn-writer Lytham St Annes Lancs. (no apos.) Lyttelton family name of Viscounts Chandos and Cobham (see also Littleton); -- (Humphrey Richard Adeane), b. 1921, English jazz musician Lytton see Bulwer-Lytton 13.0 M =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 13.1 M... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- M 1,000; (chem.) molar; motorway; (as prefix) mega-; the twelfth in a series M. Majesty, Marqu/ess, -is, Member, metronome, middle, militia, (in Peerage) minor, Monday, (Fr.) main (hand), middle (a thousand), monsieur, (It.) mano (hand), mezz/o, -a (half), (Lat.) magister (master), medicinae (of medicine) m metre(s) (in scientific and technical work), (as prefix) milli- m. male, married, masculine, merid/ian, -ional, metre, -s, mile, -s, mill, million (q.v.), minute, -s, (meteor.) mist, month, -s, moon, (Lat.) meridies (noon) m (chem.) meta-, (mech.) mass, (Fr.) mois (month) M minim (drop) (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) 13.2 MA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MA Magister Artium (Master of Arts), Massachusetts (off. postal abbr.), Military Academy mA (elec.), milliampere (no point) m/a (book-keeping), my account ma (Italian), but ma'am see madam Maartens (Maarten) pseud. of Joost Marius van der Poorten-Schwartz, 1858-1915, Dutch novelist, wrote in English Maas see Meuse Maastricht Netherlands, not Maes- Mabinogion collection of ancient Welsh romances Mac (the prefix), spelling depends upon custom of the one bearing the name, and this (MacDonald, Macdonald, McDonald, etc.) must be followed. In alphabetical arrangement it should, however spelt, be treated as Mac mac colloq. for mackintosh, not mack (no point) macadamize to cover with layers of small broken stone, each rolled in, not -ise; from John Loudon McAdam, 1756-1836, British engineer Macao E. Asia, not -au macao a parrot, use macaw macaron/i (not macc-), long tubes of pasta; an eighteenth-century dandy, pl. -ies; -ic, in burlesque verse, Latinized modern and modernized Latin MacArthur (Douglas) 1880-1964, US general Macaulay (Dame Rose) 1881-1958, British novelist; -- (Thomas Babington, Baron), 1800-59, British writer macaw a parrot, West Indian palm, not macao, maccaw Macc. (1, 2) Maccabees, First, Second Book of Maccabean of the Maccabees, not -baean McCarthy (Eugene Joseph) b. 1916, US politician; -- (Joseph Raymond), 1909-57, US politician; -- (Mary), 1912-89 US writer MacCarthy (Sir Desmond) 1878-1952, British writer Macchiavelli use Mach- McCormack (John) 1884-1945, Irish-born US singer McCoy (the real) the genuine article MacCunn (Hamish) 1868-1916, Scottish composer MacDiarmid (Hugh) 1892-1978, Scottish poet, pseud. of Christopher Murray Grieve Macdonald (Alexandre) 1765-1840, Duke of Taranto, French marshal; -- (Flora), 1722-90, Jacobite heroine; -- (George), 1824-1905, Scottish novelist and poet MacDonald (Rt. Hon. James Ramsay) 1866-1938, British Prime Minister 1924, 1929-35 MacDowell (Edward Alexander) 1861-1908, US composer Maced. Macedonian mac‚doine mixed fruit or vegetables McGill Universiry Montreal, Canada Macgillicuddy's Reeks mountains in Kerry McGonagall (William) 1830-1902, Scottish poet noted for his bad verse McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Ltd. MacGregor family name of Rob Roy ma chЉre (Fr. f.), my dear. See also mon cher machete Central American knife, not matchet Machiavell/i (Niccol•) 1469-1527, Florentine statesman, playwright, writer on political opportunism, not Macch-; adj. -ian (cap. only in lit. or hist. usage); noun, -ianism, not -ism machicolation (archit.), openings between supporting corbels machina (Lat.), a machine. See also Deus ex- machinab/le, -ility not machine- machine abbr. M/C. machine revise final proof before actual printing Mach number ratio of speed of a body to speed of sound in surrounding atmosphere (not cap.), from Ernst Mach, 1836-1916, Austrian physicist Machpelah burial place of Abraham, not Maep- Machu Picchu Peru, site of antiquities Mackenzie (Sir Edward Montague Compton) 1883-1972, British novelist McKinley (William) 1843-1901, US President 1896-1901 mackintosh a waterproof, colloq. mac (no point); patented by Charles Macintosh, 1766-1843, Scottish chemist; not maci- mackle printing blemish macle twin crystal, spot in a mineral MacLehose & Sons printers, Glasgow MacLeish (Archibald) 1892-1982, US poet Macleod (Fiona) pseud. of William Sharp, 1856-1905, Scottish poet and novelist McLuhan (Herbert Marshall) 1911-81, Canadian sociologist MacMahon (Marie Edm‚ Patrice Maurice de) 1808-93, Duke of Magenta, French marshal, President 1873-9 McMaster University Hamilton, Ont., Canada Macmillan (Maurice Harold, Earl of Stockton) 1894-1986, British statesman Macmillan/ Publishers, Ltd. London; -- Publishing Company, Inc., New York McNaghten Rules on insanity as defence in criminal trial; not named from MacNaghtan (Edward), 1830-1913, English judge, but from the murderer of Sir Robert Peel's private secretary, 1843 MacNeice (Louis) 1907-63, Anglo-Irish poet, critic, traveller Macon Ga., US Mѓcon d‚p. Saone-et-Loire, France; also a burgundy, not -‡on Macpelah use Mach- Macquarie University Sydney macram‚ lace a trimming of knotted thread, not -mi- Macready (William Charles) 1793-1873, English actor macrocosm the great world. See also microcosm macron a mark (-) to indicate a long vowel or syllable (See Figure 1 in topic FRONT_4) macroscopic visible to the naked eye macrurous (zool.), long-tailed, not maerourous macul/a a spot; pl. -ae Madagascar off SE coast of Africa, formerly the Malagasy Republic madam pl. -s; colloq. abbr. 'm, ma'am (cap. for the correct form of address to the Queen), marm, m'm, mum Madame abbr. Mme, not Mdme; pl. Mesdames, abbr. Mmes (no point after abbrs.) M„dchen (Ger. n.), girl; pl. same (cap.) Madeira island, wine, cake Mademoiselle abbr. Mlle, not Mdlle; pl. Mesdemoiselles, abbr. Mlles, not Mdlles (no point after abbrs.) Madhya Pradesh (India), formerly Central Provinces; abbr. MP madonna (representation of) the Virgin Mary (cap. as name) madonna (It.), my lady, madam (in 3rd person only, not cap.) madrasah (Ind.), a school or college (not the many variants) Mad. Univ. Madison University, US; Madras Maecenas/ a patron of the arts, not Me-; pl. -es maelstrom whirlpool, not mahl-, mal- Maelzel (Johann Nepomuk) 1772-1838, German musician. See also metronome maenad/ a female follower of Baechus, not me-; pl. -s maestoso (mus.), majestic, stately Maestricht Netherlands, use Maas- maestr/o (mus.), master, composer, conductor; pl. -i (not ital.) Maeterlinck (Maurice) 1862-1949, Belgian poet, playwright, essayist, philosopher Mae West inflatable life-jacket named after film actress (two words, caps.) MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Mafia Sicilian secret society, extending to US. See also Camorra mafios/o member of Mafia, pl. -i (not cap.) ma foi! (Fr.), upon my word! Mag. Magyar (Hungarian) mag. magazine, magnetism Maga colloq. for Blackwood's Magazine magazine abbr. mag. magazines (titles of) (typ.), when cited, to be in italic magdalen a repentant prostitute, a home for such; but Mary Magdalene Magdalen College Oxford Magdalene College Cambridge Magdalenian (archaeol.), late palaeolithic culture or period maggot a grub. See also magot magic/ (verb), -ked, -king magilp use meg- magister (Lat. m.), master, abbr. M.; -- artium, Master of Arts, abbr. MA; -- chirurgiae, ditto Surgery, abbr. M.Ch. magistrand an arts student ready for graduation, esp. now at Aberdeen Univ.; at St Andrews a fourth-year student magma/ a mass; pl. -ta, or -s in gen. use Magna Carta (1215), not -- Cha- magnalium alloy of magnesium and aluminium magnesium symbol Mg magnetism abbr. mag. magnetize not -ise magneto/ type of electric generator; pl. -s magnification sign x (followed by a numeral) magnifico/ Venetian grandee, pl. -es (not ital.) magnif/y, -ied, -ying magnifying glass (two words) magnum a reputed two-quart wine bottle magnum bonum a large, good variety, esp. of plums or potatoes; pl. magnum bonums (two words, not ital.) magn/um op/us (Lat.), an author's chief work; pl. -a -era. See also opus magnum magot ape, also Chinese or Japanese figure. See also maggot Magritte (Ren‚) 1898-1967, Belgian painter mag/us a wise man; pl. -i; but the Magi (cap.) Magyar dominant race in Hungary; a Hungarian; the Finno-Ugric speech of Hungary; abbr. Mag. magyar type of blouse or of its sleeves Mahabharata Indian epic (accent on third syllable) Mahame/dan, -tan use Muhammadan, q.v. mahara/ja Indian prince, not -jah (cap. as title); -nee, wife of maharaja, not -ni maharishi Hindu sage mahatma in esoteric Buddhism one possessing supernatural powers; (with cap.) title prefixed to exalted persons, esp. Gandhi mahaut use mahout Mahican (member of) an American Indian tribe between the Hudson River and Narragansett Bay. See Mohegan and Mohican mah-jong Chinese game played with tiles, not -ngg (hyphen) Mahler (Gustav) 1860-1911, Austrian composer mahlstick painter's hand-test, use maul- mahlstrom use mael- Mahom/et the trad. English spelling, not -ed; but use Muhammad. See also Islam, Muhammadan, Muslim mahout elephant-driver, not -aut Mahratta use Maratha Mahratti use Marathi mahseer large Indian freshwater fish, not the many variants mahwa Indian tree mai (Fr. m.), May (not cap.) Maia (Gr. myth.), mother of Hermes maidan (Ind., Pers.), a plain, an esplanade, not -aun maiden/hair, -head (one word) maiden name (two words) maieutic of Socratic method of educing latent ideas maigre day (RCC), one when no flesh is eaten Maillol (Aristide) 1861-1944, French sculptor maillot (Fr. m.), dancer's tights, woman's bathing-suit main/ (Fr. f.), a hand, also a quire, abbr. M.; -- droite, right hand, abbr. MD; -- gauche, left hand, MG Maine US, off. abbr. Me. or (postal) ME Maine-et-Loire d‚p. France (hyphens) main line (hyphen attrib.) mainline (verb, take drugs) main/sail, -spring, -stay (one word) Mainz am Rhein W. Germany (no hyphens), not Mayence maiolica use maj- maisonette a small house, a flat; Anglicized form of Fr. f. maisonnette maison garnie (Fr. f.), furnished house Maisur see Mysore maЊtre/ title of French advocate; -- d'h“tel (Fr. m.), house steward; … la -- --, plainly prepared with parsley (no hyphen) maЊtresse (Fr. f.), mistress maiuscol/a (It. typ.), capital letter; -etto, small capital letter Maj. Major maj. majority Majest‚ (Sa) (Fr. f.), His, or Her, Majesty, not Son -- Majesty abbr. M. Majlis see Assemblies majolica an Italian glazed or enamelled earthenware, not maiol-; in It. maiolica Major/ abbr Maj.; -- General (caps. as title, hyphen), abbr. Maj.-Gen. Majorca Balearic Is.; in Sp. Mallorca major-domo/ a house steward, pl. -s (hyphen) majority abbr. maj. majuscule a capital, or upper-case, letter make-believe (hyphen) makeready (typ.), preparation of forme or plate, fitting of new offset blankets, on printing machine (one word) makeshift (one word) make-up (typ.), arrangement of matter into pages makeweight (one word) Mal. Malachi, Malayan Malacca see Malaya (Federation of) malacology study of molluscs; abbr. malac. maladroit clumsy (not ital.) mala/ fide (Lat.), treacherously; -- fides, bad faith; -- in se (Lat.), acts which are intrinsically wrong M laga Spain (accent); Malaga, wine from there Malagasy native or language of Madagascar Malagasy Republic see Madagascar malague¤a dance from M laga malaise discomfort, uneasiness malamute Eskimo dog, not male- Malaprop (Mrs) in The Rivals, by Sheridan, 1775 malapropos inopportunely; in Fr. mal … propos Malawi/ Cent. Africa, independent state within the Commonwealth, 1964, republic 1966; formerly Nyasaland; adj. -an; -- (Lake), formerly Lake Nyasa Malay language and people Malaya (Federation of): till 1957 consisted of nine states (Johore, Kedah, Kelantan, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Trengganu) and the two British settlements of Penang and Malacca; adj. Malayan, abbr. Mal. Malayalam language of Malabar coast, SW India Malaysia/ since 1957, independent state within the Commonwealth; consists of Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak; adj. -n malcontent not male- mal de mer (Fr. m.), seasickness Malden Surrey mal de t€te (Fr. m.), headache Maldiv/es (The) SW of Sri Lanka; adj. -ian Maldon Essex mal du pays (Fr. m.), homesickness male abbr. m. (bot., zool., sociol.) maleable use mall- malecontent use malc- malee use mallee malemute use malamute malentendu (Fr. m.), misunderstanding (one word) Malesherbes (Chr‚tien Guillaume de Lamoignon de) 1721-94, French statesman. See also Malherbe malgr‚ (Fr.), in spite of Malherbe (Fran‡ois de) 1555-1628, French writer. See also Malesherbes mali Indian gardener. See also mallee Mali/ republic in NW Africa, 1960, formerly French Sudan; adj. -an Malines Belgium, not Mechlin, q.v. Mallarm‚ (Stephane) 1842-98, French poet malleable not male- mallee Australian eucalyptus. See also mali Mallorca Sp. for Majorca Mallow Co. Cork Malmaison near Paris (one word) Malmesbury Wilts. malmsey a sweet wine, not -sie, -esie, -asye Malone (Edmond not -und), 1741-1812, British lit. critic Malplaquet (battle of), 1709 malpractice misbehaviour, not -se malstrom use mael- Maltese Cross (See Figure 4 in topic FRONT_4) Malthus (Thomas Robert) 1766-1834, writer on population Malton N. Yorks. mama use mamma mameluco in Brazil, offspring of a White and an Indian Mameluke (hist.), member of mil. body that ruled Egypt 1254-1811, not the many variants mamill/a nipple; pl. -ae; adj. -ary mamma child's name for mother, not mama mamm/a breast; pl. -ae; adj. -ary mammee tropical American tree, not the many variants Mammon wealth personified (cap.) Man. Manila; Manitoba man. manual Man (Isle of), see Isle of Man man about town (three words) manacle fetter, not -icle Manacles rocks off Cornish coast manage/able, -ment manakin trop. American bird. See also manikin, mannequin, minikin ma¤ana (Sp.), tomorrow Manassas Virginia, scene of American Civil War battles Manasseh (tribe of) Manasses (Prayer of) Apocr., abbr. Pr. Man. man-at-arms pl. men-at-arms (hyphens) manatee the sea-cow Manaus Brazil manche (Fr. m.), a handle; (f.) a sleeve Manche (La) (Fr.), the English Channel Manche d‚p. France Manchester abbr. Manch. or M/C. Manchester: sig. of Bp. of Manchester (colon) man-child pl. men-children (hyphens) Manchu (noun), an inhabitant or the language of Manchuria; (adj.), of the land, people, or language of Manchuria; not -choo, -chow Manchukuo, an empire of NE Asia, 1932-45, formed by the Japanese out of Manchuria, Chinese Jehol, and part of Inner Mongolia Manchuria region in E. Asia, named (1643) from an invading Mongolian people; see previous entry; returned to China, 1945 Mancunian (inhabitant) of Manchester Mandalay Burma, not Mande- mandamus writ issued from a higher court to a lower, not -emus (not ital.) mandarin western name for a Chinese official; a small Chinese orange; (cap.) Chinese language; not -ine mandatary (law, hist.), one to whom a mandate is given mandatory (adj.), commanding, compulsory M and B (also M and B 693), sulphonamide drug (from initials of manufacturers May and Baker) Mandelay, mandemus use -da- mandioc use manioc mandolin stringed instrument, not -ine mandrel a spindle, not -il mandrill a baboon manЉge horsemanship, riding school. See also menage Manet (Edouard), 1832-83, French painter man/et (Lat., theat.), he, or she, remains; pl. -ent manganese symbol Mn mangel-wurzel a large beet, not mangle-, mangold- mango/ Indian fruit, not -oe; pl. -es mangold-wurzel use mangel--- mangosteen tropical fruit, not -an, -ine mangy having mange, not -gey manhaden use men- manhandle (one word) manhattan a cocktail (not cap.) Manhattan Island New York Manhattan Project the production of the first atomic bombs in US Manheim W. Germany, use Mann- man-hour/ work of one man per hour, pl. -s (hyphen) man-hunt (hyphen) Manichaean pertaining to the Manichees, religious followers of the Persian Mani, c.216-76; not -chean manicle a fetter, use -acle manifesto/ declaration of policy; pl. -s manikin a dwarf anatomical model, not mana-, manni-. See also manakin, mannequin, minikin Manila Philippine Islands, abbr. Man. manila hemp, paper, not -illa manilla African bracelet manioc the cassava plant, not the many variants maniple subdivision of Roman legion, vestment manipulator not -er Manipur NE India, not Munnepoor Manitoba Canada; abbr. Man. man-made (hyphen) mannequin dressmaker's (live) model. See also manakin, manikin Mannheim W. Germany, not Manh- mannikin use mani- mannish manlike (usu. derog. of woman) Mannlicher rifle mano/ (It. f.), a hand, abbr. M.; -- destra, right hand, abbr. MD; -- sinistra, left hand, abbr. MS manoeuvrab/le, -ility (US maneuverab/le, -ility) manoeuvr/e, ed, ing (US maneuver/, -ed, -ing) man-of-war armed ship; pl. men-of-war (hyphens) man-of-war's-man (apos., hyphens) manqu/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, unsuccessful Mansard (Fran‡ois) 1598-1666, French architect mansard roof lower part steeper than upper (not cap.) Mansfield (Katherine) 1888-1923, NZ-born British writer of short stories, pseud. of Kathleen Beauchamp, later Murry. See Murry mansuetae naturae (law), adj., tame (of animals), lit. of a tame nature mantel shelf above fireplace mantelet short cloak; movable screen to protect gunners, not mantlet mantelpiece not mantle- mantilla (Sp.), a short mantle; a veil covering head and shoulders mantis orthopterous insect, pl. same mantle cloak mantlet use mantelet mantrap (one word) Mantua Italy, in It. Mantova manual organ keyboard; abbr. man. manufactur/e, -er abbr. mfr.; -ed, mfd.; -ers, -es, mfrs.; -ing, mfg. manum/it to set (slave) free; -itted, -itting; noun -ission manu propria (Lat.), with one's own hand manus (Lat. f), a hand; pl. same manuscript abbr. MS (a, not an), pl. MSS (but spell out except in bibliog. enumeration). Also called copy. It should be cleanly typed double-spaced on one side of paper (which should be of the same size throughout). One inch blank margin on left-hand side. Caps. I, J, S, T, and l.c. e, i, l, m, n, t, u, if handwritten, to be clear. Italics, bold, small capitals, etc. are indicated by underlining as in proof correction, q.v. Copy must be folioed in consecutive order throughout: not each chapter separately. Never place corrections or additions on back of a leaf, but put in an extra leaf and mark it, say, 23 A, B, or C; cue the alteration clearly into the original text. If a leaf is deleted, say 24, mark previous one 23-24. All matter not to be printed (e.g. folio numbers, directions to the printer) to be ringed round in ink. Adhesive tape should be used as little as possible, and pins and staples should not be used. Copy for extracts and footnotes should be incorporated in sequence with the text. See also footnotes and BS 5261 part 1 manuscrit (Fr. m.), MS; abbr. ms., pl. mss. Manuskript (Ger. n.), MS; also printer's copy Manutius/ (Aldus) 1450-1515, in It. Aldo Manuzio; -- -- "the younger", 1547-97; -- (Paulus), 1512-72; Italian printers Manx/ of the Isle of Man; -man, -men, -woman, -women (one word) Manzanilla a dry sherry Mao/ism doctrine of Mao Zedong; -ist Maori/ member or language of native race of New Zealand; pl. -s Mao/ Zedong (-- Tse-tung) 1893-1976, Chairman of Chinese Communist Party 1954-76 Maquis the resistance movement in France in Second World War; from Corsican maquis, scrubland mar/, -red, -ring Mar. March mar. maritime Mar (Earl of), family name: of Mar. See also Mar and Kellie marabou/ feather, -- stork not -bout, -bu marabout N. African monk or hermit, not -but Maracaibo Venezuela, not -ybo maranatha (Syriac), "our Lord cometh" Mar and Kellie (Earl of) family name Erskine. See also Mar maraschino a liqueur Marat (Jean Paul), 1743-93, French revolutionary Maratha an Indian people, not Mahratta Marathi Indian language, not Mahratti Marazion Cornwall marbling (bind.), staining endpapers or book edges to resemble marble marbly marble-like, not -ley marbr‚ (Fr.), marbled; also marbled edges of books Marcan of St Mark, not Mark- marcato (mus.), emphasized March (month of), abbr. Mar. march. marchioness M„rchen (Ger. n.), a fairy-tale; pl. same marches/e (It.), marquis; fem. -a, marchioness marchioness abbr. march. (cap. as title) Marcobrunner a hock Marconi (Guglielmo, Marchese) 1874-1937, inventor of radio telegraphy; marconigram, message sent by his system Marcuse (Herbert) 1898-1979, German-born US philosopher Mardi Gras Shrove Tuesday mare (Lat.), sea, (astr.) lunar plain, pl. maria; -- clausum, a sea under one country's jurisdiction; -- liberum, a sea open to all countries mar‚chal/ (Fr. m.), Field Marshal; his wife; -e Mar‚chal Niel a rose mare's-tail (bot.), marsh plant (apos., hyphen) marg. margin, -al margarine butter-substitute, colloq. marge margarite a mineral or rock-formation Margaux (Chateau-) a claret (hyphen) marge colloq. for margarine, not marg marge (Fr. f.), margin margin/, -al abbr. marg. marginalia (pl.), marginal notes (not ital.) margins (typ.), the four are called back (at binding), head (top), foredge (opposite the binding), and tail (foot of page). An acceptable ratio for the size of margins, in order as above, is 1:1.5:2:2.5 Margoliouth (David Samuel) 1858-1940, British orientalist Margrethe b. 1940, Queen of Denmark 1972- marguerite ox-eye daisy mariage de convenance (Fr. m.), marriage of convenience, not marr- Mariamne name of two wives of Herod the Great Marianne woman symbolizing France Marie/ de' Medici 1573-1642, wife of Henry IV of France (de', not de); in Fr. -- de M‚dicis marijuana (Sp.), hemp, not -huana marin/ade (Fr. cook. f.), a pickle; -ate, to steep in it Mariolatry (derog.), worship of the Virgin Mary, not Mary- marionette a puppet; in Fr. f. marionnette maritime abbr. mar. marivaudage (Fr. m.), daintily affected style, from Marivaux (Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de), 1688-1763, French playwright and novelist Mark (St) (NT), not to be abbreviated; adj. Marcan, not Mark- mark/ German coin, pl. in English contexts -s; the currency of the Federal Republic of Germany is based on the Deutsche Mark, q.v. mark-down (noun), a reduction in price (hyphen) market/ abbr. mkt.; -ed, -ing market-day (hyphen) Market/ Drayton Shropshire; -- Harborough, Leics.; -- Weighton, Humberside (no hyphens) market garden (two words) Marketors (Worshipful Company of) market overt (law), open market market-place (hyphen) market/ town, -- value (two words) marks of correction see proof-correction marks marks of reference (See Figure 5 in topic FRONT_4) mark-up (noun), an increase in price; (typ.), final copy-preparation in printer's office (hyphen) Marlburian (member) of Marlborough College marlinspike for separating strands of rope in splicing, not -ine-, -ing- (one word) Marlow Bucks., Hereford & Worc. Marlowe (Christopher) 1564-93, English playwright Marmara (Sea of) not -ora marmoset a monkey Marocco use Morocco Marprelate Controversy (the) war of pamphlets, 1588-9, between puritan "Martin Marprelate" and defenders of the Established Church marq. marquis marque de fabrique (Fr. f.), trade mark marque/ make (not type) of car; -- (letters of), those authorizing reprisals at sea marquee large tent Marquesas Islands S. Pacific marquetry inlaid work, not -terie mar/quis, -quess abbr. M., or marq.; fem. marchioness, abbr. march.; caps. as titles; in Fr. marquis/, fem. -e Marrakesh Morocco, not Mara-, -kech marriage in Fr. m. mariage marriageable not -gable married abbr. m. marron (Fr. m.), chestnut; marron glac‚, sugared chestnut (not ital.) marrowfat a pea "Marseillaise (La)" French national song Marseilles S. France; in Fr. Marseille marshal/ (noun and verb), not -ll; -led, -ler, -ling Marshall/ (Gen. George Catlett) 1880-1959, US soldier and statesman, initiator of -- Plan for W. Eur. recovery, 1947 Marshall Islands W. Pacific Marsham (Viscount) eldest son of Earl of Romney. See also Masham martellato (mus.), played with heavy strokes Martello/ small circular fort, pl. -s (cap.) marten a weasel. See also martin Martha's Vineyard an island, Mass., US Martial (in Lat., Marcus Valerius Martialis), c.40-c.102, Roman poet, abbr. Mart. martial warlike Martian of the planet Mars martin a bird. See also marten Martineau (Harriet) 1802-76, English writer martingale strap from horse's noseband to girth, not -gal Martini vermouth (propr. term) Martinique W. Indies Martinmas 11 Nov. martyrize etc., not -ise marvel/, -led, -ling, -lous Marvell (Andrew) 1621-78, English poet and satirist Marx/ (Karl) 1818-83, German man socialist, author of Das Kapital; -ian; -ism; not -ianism Mary USSR, formerly Merv Maryland US, off. abbr. Md. or (postal) MD Marylebone London; -- (St), parliamentary constituency Marymass 25 Mar. Maryolatry use Mari- mas (Lat.), a male; pl. mares Masaryk (Thomas Carrigue) 1850-1937, first president of Czechoslovakia; -- (Jan Garrigue), his son, 1886-1948, Czechoslovak politician masc. masculine Mascagni (Pietro) 1863-1945, Italian composer masculine abbr. m. or masc. Masefield (John) 1878-1967, Poet Laureate 1930-67 maser microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (acronym). See also laser mashallah! (Arab., Pers., Turk.), an exclamation of wonder Masham (Baron) family name Lister; -- of Ilton (Baroness), family name Cunliffe-Lister. See also Marsham mashie a golf-club, not -y Mashona/, -land Zimbabwe, not Mashu- masjid (Arab.), a mosque, not mes-, mus- mask cover for the face, etc. See also masque masochism a sexual perversion in which person delights in being cruelly treated; from Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, 1835-95, Austrian novelist Mason/ -ic, -ry (Freemasonry) (cap.) Mason-Dixon line US, separated slave-owning South from free North; surveyed 1763-7 by Englishmen Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon (hyphen) Masor/ah Heb. tradition, not the many variants; -etic Text, abbr. MT masque entertainment. See also mask mass (mech.), symbol m Massachusetts off. abbr. Mass. or (postal) MA mass‚ stroke at billiards Mass‚na (Andr‚) 1758-1817, French marshal Massenet (Jules ђmile Fr‚d‚ric) 1842-1912, French composer Massereene (Viscount) masseu/r fem. -se (not ital.) massif (geol.), mountain mass (not ital.) Massora use Masorah mastaba/ (archaeol.), anc. Egyptian tomb, pl. -s Master abbr. M.; Master of/ Arts, MA; -- -- Commerce, M.Com.; -- -- Dental Surgery, MDS; -- -- Education, M.Ed.; -- -- Laws, LL M; -- -- Letters, M.Litt.; -- -- Music, M.Mus. or (Camb.) Mus.M.; -- -- Philosophy, M.Phil.; -- -- Science, M.Sc. or MS (US); -- -- Surgery, M.Ch., M.Chir., MS, or Ch.M.; -- -- Theology, M.Th. master-at-arms (naut.), first-class petty officer (hyphens) master mariner captain of a merchant vessel (two words) mastermind (noun, adj., and verb, one word) Master of title of the eldest son of certain Scottish peers, e.g. The Master of Lovat Master of the Rolls abbr. MR masterpiece (one word) master printer the head of a printing establishment Master Printers Association abbr. MPA master/-stroke, -switch, -work (hyphens) mast-head (hyphen) mastic a gum-resin, not -ich, -ick mat dull, use matt Matabele/ pl. same; -land, Zimbabwe (one word) matador bullfighter, not -ore match/board, -box (one word) matchet use machete matchmaker (one word) match point (two words) matchwood (one word) mat‚ Paraguay tea, not mate (not ital.) matelot a shade of blue, (slang) a sailor (not ital.) matelot (Fr. m.), a sailor matelote (Fr. cook. f.), a rich fish stew mat/er (Lat.), mother; pl. -res materialize not -ise materia medica science of drugs (not ital.) mat‚riel (mil.), everything except personnel (ital.) matey sociable, not -ty math. mathemat/ics, -ical, -ician mathematics (typ.), reference to footnotes in math. works to be marks of reference (dagger etc. but not *), and not superior figures, as these may be mistaken for indices. When letters are required for formulae, caps. and l.c. (not s. caps.) are usual. A formula, if detached from the text, is generally set in the middle of the line; and if it has to be carried on to the next, the break is made at an equals, minus, or plus sign, which is carried over. Abbr. math. See also BSI, fractions, numerals Mathew (Lord Justice) 1830-1909 Mathews (Charles) 1776-1835, English actor; -- (Charles James), 1803-78, his son, English actor and playwright; -- (Elkin), publisher; -- (Shailer), 1863-1941, US educator and theologian. The usual spelling of the name is Matthews matin (Fr. m.), morning matin‚e afternoon entertainment; matin‚e musicale, ditto with music matins sometimes in Prayer Book mattins matriculator not -er matr/ix (typ.), individual die for casting type; pl. -ices matronymic use metro- matt (of colour) dull, without lustre, not mat Matt. St Matthew's Gospel Mattei (Tito) 1841-1914, Italian composer matter (typ.), MS or copy to be printed, type that has been set Matthews the usual spelling, but see Mathews mattins see matins Mau Uttar Pradesh, India. See also Mhow Maugham (William Somerset) 1874-1965, English novelist and playwright Maugrabin (Hayraddin) in Scott's Quentin Durward Maulmain Burma, use Moulmein maulstick painter's hand-rest, not mahl- Mau Mau a Kikuyu secret society in Kenya, rebelled 1952 (two words) Maundy Thursday day before Good Friday, not Maunday (two words) Maupassant (Guy de) 1850-93, French writer Mauresque use Mor- Mauretania ancient region of NW Africa Mauretania name of two successive Cunard liners Maurist member of the reformed Benedictine congregation of St Maur (Fr.) Mauritania NW Africa, indep. 1960 Mauriti/us former British colony, French-speaking, in Indian Ocean; indep. 1968; adj. -an mausoleum/ a magnificent tomb; pl. -s mauvaise honte (Fr. f.), shyness mauvais/ go–t (Fr. m.), bad taste; -- pas, a difficulty; -- quart d'heure, bad quarter of an hour, a short unpleasant time; -- sujet, a ne'er-do-well; -- ton, bad style maverick an unbranded animal, masterless person, rover Max. Maximilian I or II, Holy Roman emperors max. maxim, maximum maxill/a the jaw; pl. -ae maximize not -ise maxim/um the greatest; pl. -a; abbr. max. (not ital.) maxwell unit of magnetic flux; abbr. Mx Maxwell (James Clerk) 1831-79, Scottish physicist, not Clerk-Maxwell Maxwell-Lyte (Sir Henry Churchill) 1848-1940, English hist. writer May (month of), not to be abbreviated may (tree) (not cap.) maya (Hindu philos.), illusion Maya/ one of an Indian people of Cent. America and S. Mexico; pl. -s; adj. -n maybe perhaps (one word) May-bug (hyphen) May Day 1 May (caps., two words) Mayday international radio distress signal (one word, cap.) Mayence on the Rhine use Mainz am Rhein Mayfair London (one word), but May Fair Hotel, London May/flower, -fly (one word) mayhem (legal and US) maiming mayn't to be printed close up mayonnaise (Fr. f.), a salad-dressing (not ital.) maypole (one word) May queen (two words) mayst (no apos.) mazagran (Fr. m.), black coffee served in a glass Mazarin Bible 42-line, first book printed from movable type, by Gutenberg and Fust, c.1450. Cardinal Mazarin, 1602-61, had twenty-five copies mazarine deep blue Mazeppa (Ivan) 1644-1709, Cossack chief hero of Byron's poem Mazeppa, 1819 mazurka a Polish dance, not mazou- Mazzini (Giuseppe) 1805-72, Italian patriot 13.3 MB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MB Medicinae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Medicine) mb or mbar, millibar Mbabane Swaziland MBCS Member of the British Computer Society MBE Member of the Order of the British Empire MBIM Member of the British Institute of Management 13.4 MC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MC Master of Ceremonies, -- of Surgery, (US) Member of Congress, -- of Council, Military Cross M/C. Manchester, machine Mc see Mac MCC Marylebone Cricket Club M.Ch., M.Chir. Magister Chirurgiae (Master of Surgery) M.Com. Master of Commerce MCP Member of the College of Preceptors; male chauvinist pig MCR Middle Common Room MCS Military College of Science Mc/s better MHz, q.v. MCSP Member of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 13.5 MD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MD managing director, Maryland, US (off. postal abbr.), (Lat.) Medicinae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine), mentally deficient, Middle Dutch, (It. mus.) mano destra (right hand), (Fr. mus.) main droite (right hand) Md mendelevium (no point) Md. Maryland, US (off. abbr.) Mdlle use Mlle (Mademoiselle) Mdme use Mme (Madame) MDS Master of Dental Surgery MDu. Middle Dutch 13.6 ME... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ME Maine, US (off. postal abbr.), Marine Engineer, Mechanical Engineer, Middle English, Military Engineer, Mining Engineer, Most Excellent Me. Maine, US (off. abbr.) me mus.), not mi me (it is), it is I, both used in speech, but former should not be printed, except as a colloquialism mea culpa (Lat.), by my fault mealie/ (S. Afr.), ear or grain of maize; pl. -s mealy-mouthed hypocritical (hyphen) mean time that based on mean sun (two words) meantime (adv.), but in the mean time meanwhile (adv.), but in the mean while measur/e, -able, -ing abbr. meas.; (typ.) the width to which type is set, usu. stated in 12 pt. (pica) ems; -ements, see numerals measuring-jug (hyphen) meatball (one word) Mebyon Kernow (Corn.), "sons of Cornwall", movement for Cornish independence MEC Member of Executive Council Mecca cap. of Hejaz, and one of the federal capitals of Saudi Arabia, not Mekka, -ah, -eh. See also Riyadh Mecenas use Mae- mech. mechan/ics, -ical mechanics is singular as name of the science Mechlin lace etc., but see Malines Mecklenburgh Square London, WC Mecklenburg/-Schwerin, ---Strelitz E. Germany Mec Vannin (Manx), "sons of Man", movement for Manx independence M.Ed. Master of Education med. medical, medicine, medieval, medium medal/, -led, -lion, -list M‚decin malgr‚ lui (Le) by MoliЉre, 1666 media (the) conventional name for channels of information, is plural mediaeval use medieval medic slang for doctor or medical student (no point) medical abbr. med. (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) Medic/i Florentine ruling family, 15th-18th cc.; adj. -ean. See also Marie de' Medici medicinae (Lat.), of medicine; abbr. M. medicine abbr. med. medico/ colloq. for doctor or medical student, pl. -s medieval/ abbr. med.; -ism, -ist, -ize, etc., not mediae- Medina river, IW Medina Arabia, in Arab. al-Madinah Medit. Mediterranean meditatio fugae (Lat., Sc. law), contemplation of flight medi/um pl. -a, in spiritualism -ums (not ital.) abbr. med. See also media medium/ former size of paper, 18 x 23 in.; -- 4to, 11.5 x 9 in., -- 8vo, 9 x 5.75 in. (untrimmed). See also book sizes med. jur. medical jurisprudence M‚doc (Fr. m.), a claret Meerut Uttar Pradesh, India, not Merath, Mirat mega- prefix meaning a million or very large, abbr. M, e.g. megawatt, MW Megaera (myth.), one of the Furies megalomania the delusion of grandeur megalopolis a great city Megara city and port, anc. Greece megavolt (elec.), a million volts; abbr. MV megawatt a million watts; abbr. MW megilp an artist's medium, vehicle for oil-colours, not mag-, -ilph megohm (elec.), a million ohms; abbr. MR megrim/, -s headache, "the blues" mehrab use mi- Meilhac (Henri) 1831-97, French playwright mein Herr (Ger.), a form of address, as Sir; pl. meine Herren; fem. meine Dame, pl. meine Damen meios/is (rhet.), diminution, understatement (see also litotes); (biol.) cell-division before fertilization, pl. -es Meiringen Switzerland, not Mey- Meirionnydd district of Gwynedd Meissen porcelain, from E. German town Meissonier (Jean Louis Ernest) 1815-91, French painter Meissonnier (Juste AurЉle) 1693-170, French goldsmith, architect, furniture designer Meistersinger von NЃrnberg (Die) opera by Wagner, 1867 me judice (Lat.), in my opinion Mekk/a, -ah, -eh use Mecca Melanchthon (Philip) Graecized form of Philipp Schwarzerd, 1497-1560, Luther's associate Melanesia the islands between the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and between New Guinea and Fiji (an archbishopric, not a political unit) m‚lange (Fr. m.), a mixture Melchior (Lauritz) 1890-1973, Danish tenor Melchi/zedek king of Salem, OT; NT, -sedec, but -zedek in NEB m€l‚e a fray (not ital.) Meliboean (poetry), alternating, not -aean, -bean melodrama romantic and sensational drama Melos Gr. island. See also Milo Melpomene (Gr.), the muse of tragedy melt spleen, use milt melting/-point, -pot (hyphens) Melton Mowbray Leics. (two words) mem. memento, memorial Member abbr. M. Member of Parliament (caps.); abbr. MP, pl. MPs memento/ a souvenir, pl. -es, abbr. mem. (not ital.) memento mori (Lat.), remember that you must die Meml/ook, -uk use Mameluke memo/ memorandum, pl. -s (no point) m‚moire (Fr. m.), bill, report, treatise; (f.) memory memorabilia noteworthy things, is pl. memorand/um a written note, pl. -ums; pl. -a, things to be noted. See also memo memorial abbr. mem. Memorial Day (US), = Decoration Day memorialize to petition by a memorial, not -ise memoria technica (Lat.), mnemonics memorize to commit to memory, not -ise memsahib see sahib menad use mae- m‚nage (Fr. m.), a household. See also manЉge menagerie (place for) a collection of wild animals, not -ery menarche onset of menstruation Mencken (Henry Louis) 1880-1956, US author mendacity falsehood Mendel/ (Gregor Johann) 1822-84, Austrian botanist; -ian, -ism mendelevium symbol Md Mendeleyev (Dmitri Ivanovich) 1834-1907, Russian chemist Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Jacob Ludwig Felix) 1809-47, German composer mendicity begging meneer (Afrik.), Mr, sir menhaden a N. American fish of herring family, not man- meningitis inflammation of meninges meno (It. mus.), less Menorca Sp. for Minorca mensa (Lat.), a table; a mensa et toro, from bed and board (a kind of divorce), not thoro Menshevik member of a minority group of the Russian Social Democratic Party before 1917. See Bolshevik Men's Lib (caps., no point) mens/ rea (Lat.), criminal intent; -- sana in corpore sano, a sound mind in a sound body menstru/um a solvent; pl. -a mensur. mensuration menswear (one word, no apos.) menthe (Fr. cook. f.), mint, not mi- Menton Fr. Riviera, often given It. spelling Mentone menu/ (Fr. m.), bill of fare, pl. -s Menuhin (Yehudi) b. 1916, US violinist MEP Member of the European Parliament m.e.p. mean effective pressure mephistophelean malicious, cynical, not -ian mer. meridian, meridional Merano Italian Tyrol Merath use Meerut Mercator's projection a method of map-making, from Latinized form of surname of Gerhard Kremer, 1512-94, Flemish-born German cartographer Mercedes German make of car; Merc‚dЉs (Fr.), Mercedes (Sp.), girl's name mercerize treat cotton under tension, not -ise merchandise (noun and verb), not -ize Merchant/ Company Schools Edin.; -- Taylors Company; but -- Taylors' School (apos.) merci (Fr. m.), thanks; no, thank you; (f.) mercy mercury symbol Hg Meredith (George) 1828-1909, English novelist and poet; -- (Owen), see Bulwer-Lytton (Edward Robert) meretricious befitting a prostitute, showy meridian a great circle passing through the poles of a sphere and any given place; esp. that which cuts the observer's horizon at due north and south, and which the sun crosses at (local) noon; abbr. m. or mer.; (fig.) the highest point meridies (Lat.), noon; abbr. m. meridional of a meridian, abbr. m. or mer.; (in the northern hemisphere) southern; of S. Europe; (noun) an inhabitant of S. Europe, esp. of S. France M‚rim‚e (Prosper) 1803-70, French novelist and historian merino/ sheep, pl. -s meritocracy government by the best people meritorious deserving reward or praise merle the common blackbird, not merl merlin falcon merlon solid part of embattled parapet Merovingian (king) of a Frankish dynasty in Gaul and Germany, c.500-700, not -j- merry andrew buffoon (two words, not cap.) merry-go-round (hyphens) merrythought the wishbone (one word) Merseyside metropolitan county Merthyr Tydfil Mid Glam. (two words), not -vil Merv USSR, now Mary mesa (Western US), flat-topped mountain m‚salliance (Fr. f.), marriage with a social inferior; use misalliance Mesdemoiselles abbr. Mlles, not Mdlles mesjid use mas- mesmerize to hypnotize, fascinate, not -ise Mesolongi use Missolonghi Mesozoic (geol.) (cap.) mesquite N. American tree, not -it Messerschmitt (Willy) 1898-1978, German aircraft-designer, not -dt Messiaen (Olivier EugЉne Prosper Charles) b. 1908, French organist and composer Messiah, Messianic Messiah, oratorio by Handel, 1742, not The Messiah Messieurs (Fr.), abbr. MM.; sing. Monsieur Messrs sing. Mr (no point) mestiz/o one of Spanish and American-Indian blood, not -ino; pl. -os; fem. -a, fem. pl. -as met. metallurg/y, -ical, -ist, metronome meta- (chem. prefix) (ital.) metal/, -led, -ling, -lize not -ise metallurg/y, -ical, -ist abbr. met. or metall. metal rule (typ.), a type-high strip of metal for printing a line on paper: en rule, em rule, two-em rule, and longer metamorphos/e to transform, not -ise, -ize; noun -is, pl. -es metaph. metaphys/ics, -ical, -ically, -ician, metaphor, -ical, -ically meteor. meteorology meter measuring device Meth. Methodist methodize not -ise m‚tier (Fr. m.), a handicraft metonymy naming of thing by its attribute; metonym, word thus used; abbr. meton. metre/ SI unit of length, 39.37 in.; abbr. m. (but no point in scientific and technical work); -age, number of metres, not -rage M‚tro (Le) (no point), abbr. of Le M‚tropolitain, the Paris underground railway metrology science of weights and measures; abbr. metrol. metronome (mus.), instrument for fixing tempos; abbr. M. or met.; Maelzel's --, MM metronymic name taken from female ancestor, not ma- metropol/is pl. -ises; -itan; abbr. metrop. meubl/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, furnished meum/ (Lat.), mine; -- and tuum, mine and thine, not et tuum Meuse river of France, Belgium, and Netherlands; in Du. Maas MeV mega-electron-volt; meV, milli-electron-volt mews a street of stables converted into garages or houses; pl. same Mex. Mexic/o, -an Meynell (Alice) 1847-1922, English poet; -- (Sir Francis), 1891-1975, English typographer; -- (Wilfrid), 1852-1948, English writer Meyringen use Mei- MEZ (Ger.), Mitteleuropaische Zeit, time of the Middle European zone, one hour in advance of GMT mezereon (bot.), a spring-flowering shrub, not -eum mezzanine a low storey between two others mezza voce (It. mus.), not with full strength of sound, abbr. m.v. mezzo/ short for mezzo-soprano, pl. -s mezz/o (It. mus.), fem. -a, half, medium; abbr. M. mezzo-rilievo half-relief mezzo-soprano (mus., hyphen) mezzotint (typ.), intaglio illustration process from a roughened plate 13.7 MF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MF (paper) machine finish; medium frequency; (typ.) modern face mf (mus.), mezzo forte (fairly loud) mfd. manufactured mfg. manufacturing MFH Master of Foxhounds M.F.Hom. Member of the Faculty of Homoeopathy M.Fr. Middle French mfr. manufactur/e, -er mfrs. manufactur/ers, -es m.ft. mistura fiat (let a mixture be made) 13.8 MG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MG (Fr. mus.), main gauche (left hand); (paper) machine glazed; machine-gun; Morris Garages Mg magnesium (no point) mg milligram (no point in scientific and technical work) MGB USSR "Ministry of State Security", 1946-53. See also NKGB M.Glam. Mid Glamorgan MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer M.Gr. Middle Greek Mgr. Manager, Monsignor, Monseigneur, pl. Mgrs. 13.9 MH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MH Master of Hounds (usu. beagles or harriers) MHG Middle High German MHK Member of the House of Keys (I.o.M.) mho (elec.), unit of conductance. See also ohm M.Hon. Most Honourable Mhow Madhya Pradesh, India. See also Mau MHR Member of the House of Representatives MHz megahertz, a million hertz (no point, two caps.) 13.10 MI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MI Michigan (off. postal abbr.), Military Intelligence, Mounted Infantry M.I.5 Secret Service Division; M.I.6, Espionage Department MIAE Member of the Institute of Automobile Engineers M.I.Ae.E. Member of the Institute of Aeronautical Engineers miasm/a (Gr.), noxious emanation; pl. -ata M.I.Biol. Member of the Institute of Biology Mic. Micah (OT) micaceous pertaining to mica, not -ious Micawber/ (Wilkins) in Dickens's David Copperfield; -ish, unpractical but hopeful; -ism MICE Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers Mich. Michaelmas; Michigan (off. abbr.) Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564, Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet (two words, not three) Michelson/ (Albert Abraham) 1852-1931, German-American physicist; ---Morley experiment M.I.Chem.E. Member of the Institution of Chemical Engineers Michener (James Albert) b. 1907, US novelist Michigan off. abbr. Mich. or (postal) MI mickey (to take the -- out of), to make fun of, not micky Mickey Finn (US), a drugged drink Mickiewicz (Adam) 1798-1855, Polish poet Micmac a tribe of N. American Indians (one word) micro- prefix meaning very small, or one-millionth, e.g. microhm, micrometre (preferred to micron), microvolt microchip (one word) microcosm the little world. See also macrocosm microfiche a sheet of film, suitable for filing, containing microphotographs of pages of book etc.; pl. same microfilm film bearing microphotographs microgram one-millionth of a gram micrography description or delineation of microscopic objects microgroove of gramophone record (one word) micrometer instrument for measuring minute distances or angles. See also micrometre, under micro- micromillimetre or millimicron, use nanometre, abbr. nm micron but prefer micrometre, q.v. under micro- Micronesia islands north of Melanesia micro-organism (hyphen) microphotograph a photograph reduced to microscopic size; do not use for photomicrograph, q.v. microprocessor (one word) micros. microscop/y, -ist microsecond one-millionth of a second microwave oven (two words) mid. middle midbrain (one word) Mid Calder Lothian (caps., no hyphens) midday (one word) middle abbr. M. or mid. middle age (two words), but middle-aged (hyphen) Middle Ages (the) roughly from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance and the Reformation (two words, caps.) middle class (hyphen as adj.) Middle English abbr. ME middleman (one word) Middlesbrough Cleveland, not -borough Middlesex former county of England, abbr. Middx. Middleton (Baron) family name Willoughby; -- (Thomas), ?1570-1627, English playwright. See also Midleton, Mydd- Middle West see Midwest Middx. Middlesex middy loose blouse, (colloq.) midshipman midfield (noun and adj., one word) Mid Glamorgan county of Wales midi dress etc. of medium length midinette Parisian shop-girl (not ital.) Midland Bank, Ltd. Mid Lent fourth Sunday in Lent (caps., no hyphen) Midleton (Viscount) family name Brodrick. See also Midd-, Mydd- Midlothian former county of Scotland (one word) mid/night, -rib, -ship (one word) Midsomer Norton Avon midsummer (one word) Midsummer Day 24 June (two words, caps.) midway (one word) Midwest the North-Central states of US (one word). Also Middle West (two words) midwi/fe pl. -ves; -fery midwinter (one word) MIEE Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers Miehle (typ.), Chicago firm of press-builders, now also manufacturing in England Miers (Sir Henry Alexander) 1858-1942, English mineralogist. See also Myers, Myres Mies van der Rohe (Ludwig) 1886-1969, US architect mightest not mightst mightn't to be printed close up mignonette a fragrant plant; in Fr. f. mignonnette migraine a severe headache (not ital.) Mihailovich (Drazha) 1893-1946, Yugoslav soldier mihrab niche in mosque, not me-, mirh- MIJ use MJI mijnheer ordinary Dutch form of mynheer as title mil one-thousandth of an inch (no point) mil. military, militia Milan Italy; in It. Milano mile/ -s, abbr. m., mls.; geogr. or naut. --, 6,080 feet; statute --, 280 feet; in Fr. m. mille/, -s mileage number of miles, not milage Milesian (inhabitant) of anc. Miletus in Asia Minor; (joc.) Irishman milestone (one word) milieu/ environment (not ital.), pl. -x. See also le juste milieu military abbr. mil. Military Academy abbr. MA militia abbr. M. or mil. milk/ bar, -- chocolate (two words) milk-float (hyphen) milkman (one word) milk/ pudding, -- round, run, -- shake (two words) milksop (one word) Milky Way (astr.) (caps.) mill abbr. m. Mill (James), 1773-1836, Scottish historian and economist; -- (John Stuart), 1806-73, his son, English economist and polit. philosopher Millais (Sir John Everett) 1829-96, English painter Millay (Edna St Vincent) 1892-190, US poet mille/ (Fr. m.), a thousand (no s in plural), abbr. M.; also a mile, pl. s; ---feuille (f.), a confection millenar/y of a thousand; (celebration of) the thousandth anniversary; adj. -ian millennium/ a thousand years, pl. -s (two ls, two ns) mille passus (Lat.), 1,000 paces of five feet, or the Roman mile; abbr. MP millepede (zool.), not -ed, milli- Millers Dale Derby. (no apos.) Milles-Lade family name of Earl Sondes. See also Mills Millet (Aim‚) 1819-91, French sculptor; -- (Jean-Fran‡ois), 1814-75, French painter milli- prefix meaning one-thousandth, abbr. m, e.g. milliampere, mA milliard a thousand millions millibar unit of pressure, one-thousandth of a bar; abbr. mbar, or mb in meteor. usage (no point) milligram one-thousandth of a gram, 0.015 grain; abbr. mg (no point in scientific and technical work), not -gramme millilitre one-thousandth of a litre; abbr. ml (no point in scientific and technical work) millimetre one-thousandth of a metre, 0.039 inch; abbr. mm. (but no point in scientific and technical work) millimicron use nanometre million abbr. m. For millions of pounds use, for example, њ150m. millionaire not -onnaire millipede use mille- Mills family name of Baron Hillingdon. See also Milles-Lade Milngavie Strathclyde Milo It. for Melos, Gr. island, esp. in Venus de Milo M.I.Loco.E. Member of the Institute of Locomotive Engineers milt spleen, not melt Milton Keynes Bucks., "new town", 1967 Milwaukee Wis., US M.I.Mech.E. Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers mimic/, -ked, -king M.I.Min.E. Member of the Institution of Mining Engineers MIMM Member of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy min. minim, minimum, mining, minister, ministry, minor; minute(s) (but no point in scientific and technical work) mina/ a starling of SE Asia, pl. -s, not myn-, -ah; anc. Gr. unit of weight and currency, pl. -e minac/ious threatening; -ity minatory threatening minauderie affected, simpering behaviour (not ital.) mincemeat (one word) mince pie (two words) Mindanao one of the Philippine Islands, not -oa Mindererus/ Latinized name of R. M. Minderer (c.1570-1621), German physician; -- spirit, a diaphoretic mineralog/y, -ical abbr. mineral., (of) the study of minerals; not minerolog/ical, -y minever use mini- mingy mean, not -ey Mini propr. term for car made by British Leyland (cap.) mini in gen. senses, esp. short skirt (not cap.) mini/bus, -cab, -car (one word) Mini‚ (Claude ђtienne) 1814-79, inventor of rifle, etc. minikin a diminutive person or thing. See also manakin, manikin minim a drop, one-sixtieth of fluid drachm; abbr. min. (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) minimize not -ise minim/um pl. -a (not ital.); abbr. min. mining abbr. min. minion (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 7 pt. miniscule use minuscule miniskirt (one word) minister abbr. min. minium red oxide of lead miniver a fur, not -ever Minn. Minnesota (off. abbr.) Minneapolis Minn., US Minnehaha wife of Hiawatha minnesinger one of a school of medieval German lyric poets (not ital.) Minnesota off abbr. Minn. or (postal) MN Minoan pertaining to the civilization of ancient Crete (from King Minos) minor abbr. min., (in Peerage) M. Minorca Balearic Is.; in Sp. Menorca Minories a street in London Minotaur monstrous offspring of a bull and Pasipha‰, wife of King Minos Min./ Plen. or Plenip., Minister Plenipotentiary; -- Res., ditto Residentiary M.Inst.P. Member of the Institute of Physics Mint (the) (cap.) minthe use menthe minuet a dance, or its music, not -ette minus/ less, sign -; a negative quantity, a disadvantage, pl. -es minuscule a small, or lower-case, letter, (adj.) tiny, not mini- minute/, -s abbr. m. or min. (but no point in scientific and technical work), sign '; -- mark ('), symbol for feet, minutes, also placed after a syllable on which the stress falls minuti/ae small details; sing. -a (not ital.) MIOB Member of the Institute of Building Miocene (geol.) (cap., not ital.) mi/osis contraction of the pupil of the eye, not my-; adj. -otic MIPA Member of the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising mirabile/ dictu (Lat.), wonderful to relate; -- visu, ditto see Mirat use Meerut mirepoix (Fr. cook. m.), saut‚d chopped vegetables mirhab use mihrab mirky dark, use murky Mirў (Joan) b. 1893, Spanish painter MIRV multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicle miry mirelike, not -ey Mirzapur Uttar Pradesh, India, not -pore mis/advice bad counsel; -advise, to give it (one word) misalliance marriage with a social inferior, not m‚salliance misandry hatred of men misc. miscellaneous, miscellany miscegenation interbreeding between White and non-White miscellanea miscellanies, is pl. mischievous not -ious miscible capable of being mixed, esp. in scientific and technical contexts. See also mixable misdemeanour not -or mise-en-scЉne (Fr. f.), scenery, stage-effect misЉre declaration of no tricks in cards Miserere (musical setting of) the 50th Psalm of the Vulgate miserere properly misericord, bracket on turn-up seat used as support for person standing misfeasance a wrongful act; (law) a trespass mishmash mixture (one word) Mishna/h a collection of Jewish precepts; adj. -ic misle use mizzle misletoe use mistle- misogam/y hatred of marriage; -ist misogyn/y hatred of women; -ist misprint (typ.), a typographical error misprision (law), wrong act or omission Miss (cap. as title, no point) Miss. Mission, -ary; Mississippi, US (off. abbr.) missel-thrush not mistle- misseltoe use mistle- mis/send, -sent (one word) misshape/, -n (one word) Mission/, -ary abbr. Miss. missis slang for Mrs (q.v.), not -us Mississippi river and State, US; off. abbr. Miss. or (postal) MS Missolonghi Greece Missouri river and State, US; off. abbr. Mo. or (postal) MO mis/spell, -spend, -spent, -state (one word) missus use missis mist (meteor.), abbr. m. mistakable not -eable Mister abbr. Mr Mistinguett (pseud. of Jeanne Marie Bourgeois), 1875-1956, French entertainer, not -e mistle use mizzle mistle-thrush use missel- mistletoe not missel-, misle- Mistral (Fr‚d‚ric) 1830-1914, Proven‡al poet; -- (Gabriela), 1889-1957, pseud. of Lucila Godoy de Alcayaga, Chilean poet mistral (Fr. m.), cold NW wind in S. France Mistress abbr. Mrs M.I.Struct.E. Member of the Institution of Structural Engineers MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mithra/s Persian sun-god; -ic, -ism Mithridates (VI, 136-63 BC), King of Pontus, not Mithra- Mitilini see Mytilene mitre/-block, -board, -box (hyphens) mitring not mitreing Mitterrand (Fran‡ois) b. 1916, Pres. of France 1981- mixable in gen. use, not -ible See also miscible mizen/ the aftermost of the fore-and-aft sails; -mast, the aftermost mast of a three-masted ship; not mizz- Mizen Head Co. Cork mizzle fine rain, not misle, mistle 13.11 MJI =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MJI Member of the Institute of Journalists, not MIJ 13.12 Mk.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Mk. identifying a particular design, as Mk. I; mark (Ger. coin), use RM or DM m.k.s. metre-kilogram-second system mkt. market 13.13 ML... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ML Licentiate in Midwifery, Medieval Latin, Middle Latin, motor launch Ml. mail ml. millilitre, -s (no point in scientific and technical work) MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly, Modern Languages Association MLC Member of the Legislative Council MLG Middle Low German M.Litt. Master of Letters Mlle, -s Mademoiselle, Mesdemoiselles (no point) MLR minimum lending rate MLS Member of the Linnean Society (off. spelling), not Linnaean mls. miles 13.14 MM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MM 2,000, Military Medal, (mus.) Maelzel's metronome, (Their) Majesties, (Fr.) Messieurs mm. millimetre, -s (but no point in scientific and technical work) m.m. mutatis mutandis (with the necessary changes) Mme (Fr.), Madame, pl. Mmes (no point) m.m.f. magnetomotive force M.Mus. Master of Music 13.15 MN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MN Merchant Navy, Minnesota (off. postal abbr.) Mn manganese (no point) Mn. Modern (with names of languages) Mnemosyne (Gr. myth.), goddess of memory, mother of Muses 13.16 MO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MO mass observation, Medical Officer, Missouri (off. postal abbr.), money order Mo molybdenum (no point) Mo. Missouri (off. abbr.) mob/, -bed, -bing mobilize not -ise M”bius (August Ferdinand) 1790-1868, German mathematician, discoverer of the -- strip moccasin American Indian shoe, N. American venomous snake, not the many variants Mocha Arabian port on Red Sea, moss agate mocha coffee, sheepskin (not cap.) mock turtle soup (three words) M.o.D. Ministry of Defence, including, from 1964, the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Air Ministry MOD Ministry of Overseas Development; more usually ODM mod. moderate, modern mod. moderato (mus.) mode (Fr. m.), method, (gram.) mood; (f.) fashion model/, -led, -ler, -ling moderate abbr. mod. moderato (mus.), in moderate time; abbr. mod. modern abbr. mod. or Mn. (q.v.) modern face (typ.), a type design with contrasting thick and thin strokes and serifs at right-angles, abbr. MF modern figures (typ.), see numerals modernize not -ise modicum/ a small quantity; pl. -s (not ital.) modif/y, -iable, -ied, -ier, -ying Modigliani (Amedeo) 1884-1920, Italian painter and sculptor modiste a milliner, dressmaker (not ital.) modo praescripto (Lat.), as directed Mods. Moderations, the First Public Examination at Oxford University modus/ operandi (Lat.), a plan of working; -- vivendi, a way of living, a temporary compromise Mo‰t et Chandon champagne manufacturers moeurs (Fr. f. pl.), manners, customs Mogadishu Somalia Mogul a Mongolian, not Mog/hal, -hul, Mughal MOH Master of Otter Hounds, Medical Officer of Health Mohammed the Prophet, use Mahomet (trad. Eng. form) or Muhammad (correct) Mohammedan use Muhammadan. See also Islam, Muslim Mohave Desert use Moj- Mohawk N. Amer. Indian, not Mohock Mohegan (member of) eastern branch of Mahican Indian tribe, formerly in lower Conn. and Mass., US Mohican (member of) western branch of Mahican Indian tribe, formerly on both sides of the Hudson River, US Mohocks London ruffians (18th c.) moire (noun), a watered fabric, usu. silk, orig. mohair (not ital.) moir‚ (adj.), (of silk etc.) watered; (noun) the watered surface (not ital.) mois (Fr. m.), month, abbr. m (no point). See also month Mojave Desert Calif., US, not Moh- mol (chem.), abbr. of mole, q.v. molar (chem.), abbr. M molasses syrup from sugar, not moll- Mold Clwyd Moldavia a Soviet Socialist Republic. See also USSR mole (chem.), SI unit of amount of substance; abbr. mol MoliЉre pseud. of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, 1622-73, French playwright moll (Ger. mus.), minor mollah use mu- mollasses use mola- Moln r (Ferenc) 1878-1952, Hungarian playwright Moloch Canaanite idol to whom children were sacrificed (often fig.), not -eck Moltke (Count Helmuth Karl Bernard von) 1800-91, Prussian field marshal; -- (Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von), 1848-1916, his nephew, German general in First World War molto (mus.), much, very mol. wt. molecular weight molybdenum symbol Mo Mombasa Kenya, not -assa moment/um impetus, mass x velocity; pl. -a (not ital.) Mommsen (Theodor) 1817-1903, German historian Mon. Monday Monaco principality adjoining Mediterranean France; adj. Monegasque Mona Lisa portrait by Leonardo da Vinci, also called La Gioconda mon/ ami (Fr.), fem. -- amie, my friend monaural of reproduction of sound by one channel. Also monophonic M”nchen-Gladbach W. Germany mon cher (Fr. m.), fem. ma chЉre, my dear Monck (Viscount); -- (George, Duke of Albemarle), 1608-70, English general. See also Monk Monckton (Lionel) 1861-1924, English composer; -- (Walter Turner, Viscount), 1891-1963, British lawyer and politician Moncreiff (Baron) Moncreiffe of that Ilk (Sir Rupert Iain Kay, Bt.) Moncrieff the more usual spelling Moncton NB, Canada Monday abbr. M. or Mon. Mondrian (Pieter Cornelis) 1872-1944, Dutch painter Mon‚gasque see Monaco Monet (Claude Oscar), 1840-1926, French painter monetar/y, -ist money/ pl. --s, -ed, not monied; -- order, abbr. MO (no point). See also numerals Monghyr Bihar, India Mongol member of Asian people mongol/, -ism (one suffering from) congenital mental deficiency (not cap.) mongoos/e an Indian animal, pl. -es, not mun- Monk Bretton (Baron). See also Monck Mono see Monotype mono/ short for monaural; as noun, pl. -s monochrom/e (picture) in one colour (one word); -atic monocle a single eyeglass monocoque/ aircraft or vehicle with body of single rigid structure, pl. -s monogam/y marriage with one person; -ous monogyny marriage with one wife monophonic see monaural Monophoto (typ.), propr. term for (computer-driven) filmsetting systems adapted from Monotype principles monopol/ism, -ist, -istic, -ize, -y Monotype (typ.), propr. term for a composition system, using separate keyboard and caster, for casting single types; abbr. Mono Monroe Doctrine that European powers should not interfere in American affairs, from James Monroe, 1758-1831, US president Mons Belgium Mons. this abbr. for Monsieur is regarded as incorrect in France Monseigneur (Fr.), abbr. Mgr.; pl. Messeigneurs, abbr. Mgrs. See also Monsignor Monserrat Spain. See also Mont- Monsieur/ (Fr.), Mr, Sir, abbr. (to be used in third person only) M; pl. Messieurs, abbr. MM.; -- Chose, Mr So-and-so. See also Mons. Monsignor/ RCC title, abbr. Mgr.; pl. -s, abbr. Mgrs.; It. -e, pl. -i mons Veneris rounded mass of fat on woman's abdomen above vulva (one cap.) Mont. Montana (off. abbr.) montage mounting photographs and other objects on a surface to make a design; selecting, cutting, and combining separate "shots" to make a continuous film Montagu of Beaulieu (Baron) Montagu (Lady Mary Wortley) 1689-1762, English writer Montague Romeo's family in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Montaigne (Michel Eyquem de) 1533-92, French essayist Montana off. abbr. Mont. or (postal) MT Mont Blanc (caps.) mont-de-pi‚t‚ (Ft. m.), Government pawnshop; pl. monts------ (hyphens) Monte Cristo not -- Christo Montefiascone Italian wine, not -sco (one word) Montenegr/o republic of Yugoslavia; adj. -in Monterey Calif., US Monte Rosa Switzerland (caps., two words) Monterrey Mexico Montesquieu (Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de) 1689-1755, French jurist and philos. writer Monteverdi (Claudio Giovanni Antonio), 1567-1643, Italian composer Montevideo cap. of Uruguay (one word) Montgomerie family name of Earl of Eglinton; -- (Alexander), 1556-1610, Scottish poet Montgomery second title of Earl of Pembroke, town and former county in Wales, also towns in Ala. and W.Va., US, and Pakistan Montgomery of Alamein (Bernard Law Viscount) 1887-1976, British field marshal in Second World War. month/, -s abbr. m.; -- (day of the), to be thus, 25 Jan., not Jan. 25. When necessary, months to be abbreviated thus: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.; May, June, July to remain in full. In Fr. the names of months do not take caps., as janvier Montpelier Vermont, US Montpellier d‚p. H‚rault, France Mont-Saint-Michel d‚p. Manche, France (caps., hyphens); in Cornwall, Mount Saint Michael, use St Michael's Mount Montserrat Leeward Islands. See also Mons- Montyon prizes of French Academy, not Month- Moodkee use Mudki Moog synthesizer propr. term for electronic musical instrument (one cap.) Mooltan use Mu- moolvi/ Muslim doctor of the law, pl. -s, not -vee, -vie moon cap. only in astronomical contexts and in a list of planets; abbr. m. (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) moon/beam, -light, -lit (one word) moonshee Indian writer or teacher, not munshi moonshine (one word) Moore (George) 1852-1933, Irish novelist; -- (Sir John), 1761-1809, British general, killed at Corunna; -- (Thomas), 1779-1852, "the bard of Erin". See also More Moosonee (Abp. of), Ontario, Canada mop/e, -ed, -ing, -ish Mor. Morocco moral (adj.) concerned with principles of right and wrong (e.g. -- philosophy), virtuous (opp. to immoral); (noun) a moral lesson or principle, in Fr. f. morale morale state of mind, in respect of confidence and courage, of groups of combatants or others under stress; in Fr. m. moral moralize not -ise moratori/um pl. -ums Moray former Scottish county, not Morayshire; -- (Earl of) morbidezza (It. art), extreme delicacy morbilli (med.), measles, not -bilia morbus (cholera) (not ital.) morceau/ (Fr. m.), a morsel, also a short mus. piece; pl. -x mordant biting; (substance) fixing dye mordent (mus.), a type of ornament more (Lat.), in the manner of More (Hannah) 1745-1833, English religious writer; -- (Sir Thomas), 1478-1535, English writer, canonized 1935. See also Moore moreish so pleasant one wants more, not -rish morel an edible fungus, nightshade, not -lle morello/ bitter dark cherry, pl. -s more majorum (Lat.), in the style of one's ancestors morendo (mus.), dying away mores (Lat. pl.), social customs and conventions moresco an Italian dance (not cap.). See also Morisco Moresque Moorish, not Mau- more suo (Lat.), in his, or her, own peculiar way Moretonhampstead Devon (one word) Moreton-in-Marsh Glos. (hyphens, not -in-the-Marsh) morganatic marriage between royalty and commoner, the children being legitimate but not heirs to the higher rank (not cap.) morgue a mortuary morgue (Fr. f.), haughtiness Morisco/ Moorish, a Moor, pl. -s. See also moresco Morison (James) 1816-93, Scottish founder of the Evangelical Union, 1843; -- (James Augustus Cotter), 1832-88, English hist. writer; -- (Stanley), 1889-1967, typographer Morisot (Berthe) 1841-95, French Impressionist painter Morland (George) 1763-1804, English painter Mormon member of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (not -an) morn. morning Mornay (Duplessis-) 1549-1623, French Huguenot leader mornay (cook.), sauce flavoured with cheese Morny (duc de) 1811-65, French statesman Morocc/o abbr. Mor.; adj. -an; not Ma-; indep. 1956 morocco leather (bind.) (not cap.); french -- --, a low grade with small grain; levant -- --, high grade with large grain; persian -- --, the best, usu. finished on the grain side morph. morphology, the study of forms (bot. or linguistics) Morpheus god of sleep, not -aeus morphia a drug (pop. for morphine) Morrell (Lady Ottoline) 1873-1938, English hostess Morris (Gouverneur) 1752-1816, US statesman, and his great-grandson, 1876-1953, US writer; -- (William), 1834-96, English craftsman, poet, and socialist; -- (William Richard, Lord Nuffield), 1877-1963, English industrialist and philanthropist morris dance (two words, not cap.) mortgag/ee the creditor in a mortgage; -er, the debtor; in law, -or mortice use -ise mortis causa (Lat., Sc. law), in contemplation of death mortise/ hole for receiving tenon in joint; -- lock, one recessed in frame etc. (two words), not -ice Morton/ (John) c.1420-1500, English statesman, deviser of --'s Fork Morvan (Le) French district Morven Grampian Morvern Highland MOS (comp.), metal oxide semiconductor Mosaic of Moses mosaic/ representation using inlaid pieces of glass, stone, etc.; as verb -ked, -king; -ist, maker of mosaics Moscow USSR, in Russ. Moskva Moseley a Birmingham suburb. See also Mosl- Moseley (Henry Gwyn Jeffreys) 1887-1915, English physicist Moselle river, France-Germany; in Ger. Mosel moselle a white wine (not cap.) Moslem use Muslim Mosley (Sir Oswald Ernald, Bt.) 1896-1980, English politician. See also Mose- mosquito/ pl. -es, not mu- Mossley Ches., Gr. Manch., Staffs. mosso (mus.), "moved" (e.g. pi— mosso, more moved = quicker) Most High as Deity (caps.) Moszkowski (Moritz) 1854-1925, Polish composer MOT Ministry of Transport, now Department of Transport, but still used colloq. in MOT test for motor vehicles mot (Fr. m.), a word; mot … mot, word for word, abbr. m. … m. Mother Carey's chicken the storm petrel Mother Hubbard a character in a nursery rhyme; a gown such as she wore Mother Hubberds Tale by Spenser, 1591 Mothering Sunday fourth in Lent mother-in-law pl. mothers-in-law (hyphens) motherland (one word) mother-of-pearl (hyphens) mother tongue (two words) motif dominant idea in artistic expression; ornament of lace, etc. (not ital.) motley a mixture, not -ly moto/ (It. mus.), motion; -- continuo, constant repetition; -- contrario, contrary motion; -- obbliquo, oblique motion; -- perpetuo, a piece of music speeding without pause from start to finish; -- precedente, at the preceding pace; -- primo, at the first pace; -- retto, direct or similar motion motor/ bike, -- boat, -- car, -- coach, -- cycle (two words, hyphens when attrib.) motorized not -ised motorway (one word) mottl/ed, -ing motto/ pl. -es motu proprio (Lat.), of his, or her, own accord mouezzin use mue- moufflon (Fr. m.), a wild sheep, not moufl-, muf- mouill‚ (Fr.), softened, wet, (phonet.) palatalized (of consonant) moujik Russian peasant, not mujik, muzhik Moulmeia Burma, not Maulmain moult a shedding, not molt Mount/, -ain abbr. Mt., pl. Mts. Mountain Ash Mid Glam. Mount Auburn Mass., US, noted cemetery Mount Edgcumbe (Earl of) Mountevans (Baron) (one word) Mountgarret (Viscount) (one word) Mount Saint Michael Cornwall, use St Michael's Mount, in Fr. Mont-Saint-Michel, d‚p. Manche Mourne Mountains Ireland mousetrap (one word) moussaka Gr. dish, not -s- mousseline/ (Fr. f.) muslin-like fabric; -- de-laine, wool and cotton muslin; -- de-soie, muslin-like silk mousseu/x (Fr.), fem. -se, foaming, as wine moustache US mu- mousy mouselike, not -ey mouth-organ (hyphen) mouth/piece -wash (one word) mouton (Fr. m.), sheep, mutton movable in legal work moveable moyen/ (Fr. m.), medium; -- ѓge (le), the Middle Ages moyenne (Fr. f.), average Mozambi/que SE Africa, indep. 1975, in Port. Mo‡-; adj. -can Mozart/ (Wolfgang Amadeus) 1756-91, Austrian composer; adj. -ian 13.17 MP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MP Madhya Pradesh (India), formerly Central Provinces, Member of Parliament (pl. MPs), Metropolitan Police, Military Police, mille passus (a thousand paces, the Roman mile) m.p. melting-point mp (mus.), mezzo piano (fairly soft) MPA Master Printers Association m.p.g. miles per gallon m.p.h. miles per hour M.Phil. Master of Philosophy MPO Metropolitan Police Office ("Scotland Yard") MPS Member of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 13.18 MR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MR Master of the Rolls, Municipal Reform Mr Mister, pl. Messrs MRA Moral Re-Armament MRAC Member of the Royal Agricultural College M.R.Ae.S. Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society MRAS Member of the Royal Asiatic Society MRBM medium-range ballistic missile MRC Medical Research Council MRCO Member of the Royal College of Organists MRCOG Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists MRCP Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London MRCS Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England MRCVS Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London MRE Microbiological Research Establishment MRGS Member of the Royal Geographical Society MRH Member of the Royal Household MRI Member of the Royal Institution MRIA Member of the Royal Irish Academy MRIC Member of the Royal Institute of Chemistry, now MRSC MRICS Member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors MRINA Member of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects Mrs Missis, Missus, which are corruptions of Mistress MRSC Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry MRSH Member of the Royal Society of Health MRSL Member of the Royal Society of Literature MRSM Member of the Royal Society of Medicine, ditto Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain MRST Member of the Royal Society of Teachers 13.19 MS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MS manuscriptum (manuscript), pl. MSS (no point). See also manuscript MS Master of Science, ditto Surgery, multiple sclerosis, (Lat.) memoriae sacrum (sacred to the memory of), Mississippi (off. postal abbr.), (It. mus.) mano sinistra (the left hand) Ms title of woman whether or not married (no point) m/s metres per second, SI unit of speed ms. (Fr.), manuscrit (MS) MSA Member of the Society of Apothecaries (of London), Mutual Security Agency M.Sc. Master of Science MSH Master of Staghounds MSI (comp.), medium-scale integration MSIAD Member of the Society of Industrial Artists and Designers m.s.l. mean sea-level MSM Meritorious Service Medal MSS manuscripta (manuscripts). See also manuscript mss. (Fr.), manuscrits (MSS) 13.20 MT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MT Masoretic Text (of OT), Mechanical (Motor) Transport, Montana (off.postal abbr.) Mt. Mount, -ain MTB motor torpedo-boat M.Th. Master of Theology Mts. Mounts, Mountains 13.21 mucus... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- muc/us slimy substance; adj. -ous mud/dy (verb), -died, -dying Muddiford Devon Mudeford Dorset Mudford Som. Mudki E. Punjab, India, not Moodkee muesli food of cereal and dried fruit, etc. (not ital.) muezzin Muslim crier, not mou- muffetee a wristlet muflon use mou- mufti (Arab.), a magistrate, not -tee (ital.) mufti (in) in civilian dress (not ital.) Mughal use Mogul mugwump an Indian chief one who thinks himself important, (US politics) a politician critical of his party Muhammad now correct for Mohammed and the traditional English form Mahomet Muhammadan pertaining to, a follower of Muhammad; not Mahometan, Mohammedan. See also Muslim MЃhlhausen Thuringia, E. Germany mujik Russian peasant, use moujik Mukden China mulatto/ offspring of a European and a Black; pl. -s mulch half-rotten vegetable matter, not -sh Mulhouse Alsace, France; in Ger. MЃlhausen mull (bind.), coarse muslin glued to backs of books mullah (Muslim), a learned man (not cap.), not moll-, mool-, -a mullein tall yellow-flowered plant, not -en MЃller (Friedrich Max-) 1823-1900, English philologist mulligatawny a soup, not muli-, mulla- mulsh use mulch Multan Pakistan, not Moo- Multatuli pseud. of Edward Dowes Dekker, 1820-87, Dutch writer multimillionaire a possessor of several millions (one word) multinational (one word) not multiple mark (typ.), the sign of multiplication x multiplepoinding (Sc. law), a process which safeguards a person from whom the same funds are claimed by more than one creditor (one word) multiplication point to be set medially, as mъs, metre-second multiracial (one word) multi-storey (hyphen) multum in parvo (Lat.), much in small compass mumbo-jumbo/ an object of popular homage, meaningless ritual or language, pl. -s (hyphen) Munchausen (Baron) 1720-97, Hanoverian nobleman whose extravagant adventures are the theme of Adventures of Baron Munchausen, collected by Rudolph Eric Raspe; in Ger. MЃnchhausen MЃnchen Ger. for Munich mungoose use mon- municipalize etc., not -ise Munnepoor use Manipur munshi (Ind.), use moonshee Munster Ireland MЃnster W. Germany; Switzerland muntjak a S. Asian deer, not -jac, -jack Muntz (metal) alloy of copper and zinc for sheathing ships, etc., not Muntz's Murdoch (Jean Iris) b. 1919, British writer; -- (John), 1747-1824, friend of Burns Murdock (William) 1754-1839, inventor of coal-gas lighting, not -och murky dark, not mi- Murray the usual spelling, but see Murry MЃrren Oberland, Switzerland murrhine fluorspar ware; not murrine, myrrhine Murrumbidgee river in NSW, Australia Murry (John Middleton) 1889-1957, English hist. writer, not -ay; -- (Kathleen), wife of above, see Mansfield Murshidabad W. Bengal, India mus. museum, music, -al musaeo/graphy, -logy use museo- Musalman use Mussul- Mus.B. Musicae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Music) musc/a (Lat a fly; pl. -ae Muscadet a dry white wine from Brittany. See also muscatel Muscat cap. of Oman, S. Arabia muscatel general name for a wine made from the muscat-grape (musk-flavoured) Muschelkalk (geol.), shell lime-stone (cap.) Musc/i the true mosses; sing. -us muscovado/ unrefined sugar, pl. -s Mus.D. Musicae Doctor (Doctor of Music) museo/graphy museum cataloguing; -logy, the science of arranging museums, not musae- Muses (the nine) Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, Urania museum abbr. mus. Music (Bachelor of), abbr. Mus.B., B.Mus.; -- (Doctor of), abbr. Mus.D., D.Mus.; -- (Master of), abbr. M.Mus. or (Camb.) Mus.M. music/, -al abbr. mus.; -- drama (two words); ---hall, -paper, -stool (hyphens) Musigny a red burgundy musique concrЉte (Fr. f.), music constructed from recorded sounds musjid use mas- Muslim (a member) of the faith of Islam, q.v.; not Moslem. Preferred to Muhammadan in general usage, as connoting the religion rather than the prophet muslin-de-lain use mousseline-de-laine Mus.M. Master of Music (Cambridge) musquito use mos- Mussalman use Mussul- Musselburgh Lothian, not -borough Mussorgsky (Modest Petrovich) 1839-81, Russian composer Mussul/man a Muslim, from Pers. Musulman, not the many variants; pl. -mans, not -men mustache US for mous- Mustafa Algeria Mustafabad Uttar Pradesh, India mustang (Western US), small, half-wild horse mustn't to be printed close up Musulman Pers. form of Mussulman mutable likely to change mutand/um (Lat.), anything to be altered; pl. -a mutatis mutandis (Lat.), with the necessary changes; abbr. m.m. mutato nomine (Lat.), with the name changed mutton (typ.), colloquial term for an em quad "mutual" friend often objected to, though used by Burke, Dickens, Geo. Eliot, and others; the alternative "common" can be ambiguous muu-muu (Hawaiian), woman's loose-fitting dress Muybridge (Eadweard) 1830-1904, English photographer Muzaffarabad Kashmir Muzaffarpur Bihar, India Muzak propr. term for system of piped music (cap.) muzhik Russian peasant, use moujik 13.22 MV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MV motor vessel, (or m.v.) muzzle velocity mV (elec.), millivolt (no point) m.v. (It. mus.), mezza voce MVD USSR 'Ministry of Internal Affairs', 1953-60. See also KGB, NKVD MVO Member (of fourth or fifth class) of the Royal Victorian Order M.V.Sc. Master of Veterinary Science 13.23 MW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MW megawatt, Most Worshipful, -- Worthy mW milliwatt (no point) 13.24 Mx =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Mx maxwell (no point) 13.25 MY... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- MY motor yacht myalism W. Indian witchcraft; adj. myal myall wild Australian Aboriginal, Australian acacia myceli/um (bot.), the thallus of a fungus; pl. -a Mycennean of Mycenae (anc. Greece) or its civilization Myddelton Square Clerkenwell, London. See also Mi- Myddleton (Sir Hugh) 1560-1631, London merchant My dear Sir (in letters, two caps. only, comma at end) Myers (Frederic William Henry) 1843-1901, English poet, essayist, spiritualist; -- (Leopold Hamilton), 1881-1944, English novelist. See also Miers, Myres myna (bird), use mina mynheer (Du.), Sir, Mr, in Du. mijnheer; a Dutchman myop/ia shortness of sight; adj. -ic myosis use miosis myosotis the forget-me-not Myres (Sir John Linton) 1869-1954, English archaeologist. See also Miers, Myers Myriapoda the centipedes and millepedes, not Myrio- myrobalan a plum, not -bolan myrrhine use murrh- myrtle not -tel Mysore Deccan, India, not the more correct Maisur myst. mysteries myth. mytholog/y, -ical mythopoei/a construction of myths; -c, mythmaking, not -pae-, -pei- Mytilen/e Lesbos, Greece; adj. -aean; Mitylene in NT; Mitilini, the modern city myxoedema metabolic disease, not myxed- myxomatosis a contagious and destructive infection of rabbits 14.0 N =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 14.1 N... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- N (chess) knight, newton(s), nitrogen, the thirteenth in a series N. Norse, north, -ern, (Lat.) nom/en, -ina (name, -s), noster (our) (N.) (naval), navigat/ing, ion n (math.) an indefinite integer, whence (gen.) to the nth (degree); (as prefix) nano- n (chem.), symbol for amount of substance n. name, nephew, neutet, new, nominative, noon, note, noun n. (Lat.), natus (born), nocte (at night) ¤ (Sp.), called "n with the tilde", or "Spanish n"; pron. as ni in onion; follows n without tilde in Spanish alphabetical sequence 14.2 NA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NA National Academ/y, -ician, Nautical Almanac, Naval Auxiliary, North America, -n Na natrium (sodium) (no point) n/a (banking), no account; not applicable, not available NAAFl, Naafi Navy, Army, and Air Force Institutes Naas Co. Kildare; also Norway, the home of sloid, q.v. nabob Muslim official under Mogul empire, a rich Anglo-Indian (orig. same as nawab, but now differentiated) Nabuchodonosor see Nebuchadnezzar nach use nautch nach/ Christi Geburt, -- Christo (Ger.), An; abbr. n. Chr. Nachdruck (Ger. typ. m.), reprint, pirated edition; nachdrunken, to reprint, or pirate nach und nach (Ger. mus.), little by little nacre/ mother-of-pearl (not ital.); ad. -ous, not -tons nacr‚ (Fr.), like mother-of-pearl (ital.) nadir the lowest point, opp. to zenith naev/us a birthmark, pl. -i Naga Hills Assam, India and Burma Nagaland Indian state Nagar W. Bengal, Mysore, E. Punjab, Kashmir -nagar (Indian suffix), a town, as Ahmadnagar, not -naggore, -nagore, -nugger, -ur Nagpur Maharashtra, India, not -pore Nahum OT, abbr. Nah. naiad/ river-nymph, not naid; pl. -s or -es na‹f artless, use na‹ve; in Fr. na‹/f fem. -ve Naini Tal Uttar Pradesh, India nainsook Indian muslin, not -zook Nairne (Baroness n‚e Caroline Oliphant), 1776-1845, Scottish poet Nairnshire former county, Scotland na‹ve/ artless, not nai-, na‹f; -ty na‹vet‚ (Fr. f), artlessness NALGO, Nalgo National and Local Government Officers' Association Nama (S. Afr.), Hottentot tribesman namable use name- Namaqualand (off spelling), S. Africa (one word) namby-pamby weakly sentimental (hyphen) name abbr. n. nameable not namable namely preferred to viz. N. Amer. North America(n) namesake (one word) names of periodicals see periodicals names of persons and places initial letters to be capitalized, as John Smith, West Africa (see capitalization). They may undergo changes for political or other reasons, as when Saigon becomes Ho Chi Minh City, or Sir Francis Bacon becomes Baron Vetulam and then Viscount St. Albans. Names from countries where the Latin alphabet is not used need transliteration, and for most languages there is no universally accepted system; transliterated forms may therefore vary (see, e.g., Hart's Rules, p. 131, concerning Russian). The same applies to translated names (Ivan the Terrible or John the Dread). For words derived from proper names, see Hart's Rules, pp.12-13 names of ships (typ.), to be italic Namibia formerly South West Africa N. & Q. Notes and Queries nankeen fabric, not -kin nano- prefix meaning one-thousand-millionth (10 to the power of -9), abbr. n nanometre one-thousandth of a micrometre; abbr. nm; Nansen (Fridtjof), 1861-1930, Norwegian Arctic traveller Nantasket Beach Mass., US Nantucket Island Mass., US Nap. Napoleon nap/, -ped, -ping nap a card game, a short sleep, pile in cloth naphtha an inflammable oil naphthal/ene crystalline substance used in mfr. of dyes, etc.; adj. -ic Napierian logarithms from John Napier, 1550-1617, Scottish mathematician; not -perian Naples Italy, in It. Napoli napoleon in Fr. m. napol‚on, 20-franc coin of Napoleon I napolitaine (… la) (Fr. cook.), in Neapolitan style (not cap. n) Narbada Indian river, not Nerbudda narciss/us flower, pl. -i; -ism, admiration of one's own body narcos/is stupor induced by narcotics; pl. -es narghile a hookah, not the many variants; in Pers. nargileh Narragansett Bay RI, US, not -et narrow measure (typ.), type composed in narrow widths, as in columns narrow-minded (hyphen) narwhal the sea-unicorn, not -e, -wal; -- tusk, not horn NAS National Association of Schoolmasters, Noise Abatement Society NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US) nasalize not -ise NASD National Amalgamated Stevedores and Dockers Nash (Ogden) 1902-71, US poet; -- (Richard, or "Beau"), 1674-1762, Bath Master of Ceremonies Nash or Nashe (Thomas) 1567-1601, English pamphleteer and playwright Nasirabad Pakistan Nasmith (James) 1740-1808, English theologian and antiquary Nasmyth (Alexander) 1758-1840, Scottish painter; -- (James), 1808-90, Scottish engineer; Nasmyth hammer, not -th's nasturtium/ (bot.), not -ian, -ion; pl. -s Nat. Natal (prov. of S. Africa), Nathanael, -iel, National, -ist nat. natural, -ist natch colloq. for naturally. See also nautch nat. hist. natural history National/ abbr. Nat.; -- Academ/y, -ician, abbr. NA; -- Assemblies (see Assemblies); -- Graphical Association, abbr. NGA nationalist lower-case initial, but cap. with reference to a particular party or institution, abbr. Nat. nationalize not -ise National/ Engineering Laboratory East Kilbride, abbr. NEL; -- Physical Laboratory, Teddington, abbr. NPL National Westminster Bank, Ltd. nations and places words derived from, see capitalization and Hart's Rules, pp. 12-13 nation-wide (hyphen) NATO, Nato North Atlantic Treaty Organization nat./ ord. natural order; -- phil., -- philosophy natrium sodium, symbol Na NATSOPA National Society of Operative Printers, Graphical and Media Personnel nattier blue a soft blue, from Jean-Marc Nattier, 1685-1766, French painter natt/y trim; -ier, -ily, -iness natura (Lat.), nature natural/ abbr. nat.; -ism, moral or relig. system based on nature; -ist, one who believes in such; a student of plants or animals. See also naturism natural (mus.), sign naturalize not -ise natura non facit salt/um, -us (Lat.), Nature makes no leap/, -s nature the processes of the material world; cap. only when personified natur/ism worship of nature; (advocacy of) (collective) nudism; -ist. See also naturalism natus (Lat.), born; abbr. n. naught nothing. See also nought Nauheim (Bad) Hesse, W. Germany Nauru/, W. Pacific, indep. 1968; adj. -an nause/a sickness; -ate, -ating, -ous Nausicaa in Homer's Odyssey (no accent) nautch/ Indian dancing entertainment; -- -girl; not nach, natch nautical/ abbr. naut.; -- mile, (UK) 1,853.18 m., (international) 1,852 m. Nautical Almanac abbr. NA nautil/us a shell; pl. -uses or -i nav. naval, navigation Navaho/ N. American Indian, not Navajo; pl. -s navarin a stew of mutton or lamb Navarrese of Navarre navigat/ing, -ion abbr. (N.) or nav. Navy, Army, and Air Force in toasts, etc., the Navy precedes, being the senior service "Navy List" (two words) nawab (hist.) Indian nobleman; distinguished Muslim in Pakistan. See also nabob Naz/arene -arite, native of Nazareth, not -irite, q.v. Nazi member of the German National Socialist Party; Nazism Nazirite an anc. Hebrew who had taken vows of abstinence, not -arite, q.v. 14.3 NB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NB Nebraska (off postal abbr.), New Brunswick (Canada), North Britain (a name for Scotland, offensive to Scots), nota bene (Lat., mark well) Nb niobium (no point) n.b. (cricket), no ball NBA net book agreement NBC National Book Council, now NBL; National Bus Company n.b.g. no bloody good NBL National Book League NBS National Broadcasting Service (of New Zealand) 14.4 NC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NC North Carolina (off. abbr.) NCB National Coal Board NCCL National Council for Civil Liberties n. Chr. (Ger.), nach Christo or nach Christie Geburt, AD NCL National Carriers, Ltd. NCO non-commissioned officer NCR no carbon (paper) required NCU National Cyclists' Union NCW National Council of Women 14.5 ND... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ND North Dakota (off. postal abbr.) N.D. (Fr.), Notre-Dame Nd neodymium (no point) n.d. (bibliog.), no date given N. Dak. North Dakota (off. abbr.) Ndjamena Chad NDL Norddeutscher Lloyd 14.6 NE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NE new edition (also n/e), New England, north-east(ern) Ne neon (no point) n‚ (Fr.),fem. n‚e, born n/e (banking), no effects.See also NE Neal (Daniel) 1678-1743 English Puritan writer; -- (John), 1793-1876, US writer Neale (John Mason) 1818-66, English hymnologist Neanderthal/ man, -- skull names for palaeolithic fossil hominid identified in 1856 in valley of this name near DЃsseldorf, W. Germany; -er, a Neanderthal man, not -tal- Neapolitan/ (inhabitant) of Naples; -- ice, ice-cream layered in different colours; -- violet, kind of sweet-scented viola neap-tide tide of smallest range (hyphen) near abbr. nr.; near by (adv., two words); nearby (adj., one word) Nearctic (zool.), of northern N. America, not Neoarctic neat-house shed for cattle (hyphen) neat's-foot oil (one hyphen) NEB National Enterprise Board, New English Bible Nebraska off. abbr. Nebr. or (postal) NB Nebuchad/nezzar king of Babylon, destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC (Nabuchodonosor in AV Apocr. and in the Vulgate; -rezzar, in Jer. 43: 10, etc.) nebula/ pl. -e necess/ary, -ity Neckar river, WЃrttemberg, W. Germany Necker (Jacques) 1732-1804, French statesman nec pluribus impar (Lat.), a match for many (motto of Louis XIV) NED New English Dictionary, use OED (Oxford English Dictionary) NEDC National Economic Development Council, colloq. Neddy NEDO National Economic Development Office n‚e (Fr. f.), born needlework (one word) Neele (Henry) 1798-1828, English poet neelghau an antelope, use nilgai ne'er/ never; -- -do-well (hyphens) ne exeat regno (law), a writ to restrain a person from leaving the kingdom nefasti (dies) (Lat.), blank days neg. negative, -ly Negev (the) region of S. Israel, not -eb n‚glig‚ (Fr. m.), women's informal wear, a diaphanous dressing-gown, not negligee negligible not -eable negotiate not -ciate Negretti & Zambra instrument-makers, London Negrillo/ one of a dwarf Negro people in Cent. or S. Africa; pl. -s (cap.) Negri Sembilaa see Malaya (Federation of) Negrito/ one of a dwarf Negroid people in the Malayo-Polynesian region; pl. -s (cap.) Negritude quality of being a Negro (cap.) Negr/o pl. -oes, fem. -ess (cap.) Negroid not -rooid Negus title of Emperor of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) negus wine-punch Neh. Nehemiah Nehru (Jawaharlal, "Pandit"), 1889-1964, Indian nationalist leader, Prime Minister from 1947 n.e.i. non est invent/us, -a, um (he she, or it, has not been found) neice use niece neige (Fr. cook. f.), whisked white of egg neighbour/, -hood, -ly not -or Neilgherry Hills S. India, use The Nilgiris Neill (Alexander Sutherland), 1883-1973, British educationist; -- (Patrick), d. 1705, first printer in Belfast, of Scottish birth; -- (Patrick), 1776-1851, Scottish naturalist neither (of two), is; neither he nor she is; but neither he nor they are, neither these nor those are Nejd ("the plateau"); see Saudi Arabia nekton free-swimming organic life, as opp. to plankton NEL National Engineering Laboratory nematode (noun or adj.), (of) roundworm or threadworm, not -oid nem./ con. nemine/ contradicente; -- diss., -- dissentiente Nemean/ (adj.), of the vale of Nemea in anc. Argolis; -- games, one of the four principal Panhellenic festivals; -- lion, slain by Hercules nemes/is (cap. when personified); pl. -es nemine/ contradicente (Lat.), unanimously, abbr. nem. con.; -- dissentiente, no one dissenting, abbr. nem. diss. nemo/ (Lat.), nobody; -- me impune lacessit, no one attacks me with impunity (motto of Scotland, and of the Order of the Thistle) nemophila (bot.), a garden flower, not -phyla N. Eng. New England ne nimium (Lat.), shun excess nenuphar the great white water-lily. See also Nuphar neo- is freely added (with hyphen) to the names of philosophies and institutions and to their adjectival forms, to designate their revivals (retain caps. of words which have them) neo-Christianity, neo-classical, neo-colonialism, neo-Freudian, neo-Romantic, etc. An exception is Neoplatonism (q.v.) Neoarctic use Nearctic neo-colonial/, -ism (hyphen) Neocomian (geol.) (cap.) neodymium symbol Nd neolithic (archaeol.) (not cap.) neolog/ize to use new terms, not -ise; -ism, abbr. neol. neon symbol Ne Neoplaton/ism the revived Platonism of the 3rd-6th cc.; adj. -ic (one word, one cap.) Nep. Neptune Nepal/ kingdom between Tibet and India, not -aul; adj. -ese, not -i neper unit for comparing power levels nephew abbr. n. ne plus ultra (Lat.), perfection neptunium symbol Np ne quid nimis (Lat.), be wisely moderate Nerbudda Indian river, use Narbada NERC Natural Environment Research Council nereid/ a sea-nymph pl. -s or (with cap.) -es Neri (Saint Philip) 1515-95, founder of the Congregation of the Oratory nero antico (It.), a black marble Neruda (Jan) 1834-91, Czech writer; -- (Pablo), pseud. of Neftali Ricardo Reyes, 1904-73, Chilean poet nerve/-cell, -centre (hyphens) nerve gas (two words) nerve-racking not wr- Nesbit (Evelyn) pseud. of Mrs Edith (Hubert) Bland, 1858-1924, English writer Nesbitt (Cathleen) 1890-1982, English actress Nessler's reagent (chem.), from Julius Nessler, 1827-1905, German chemist n'est-ce-pas? (Fr.), is it not so? Nestl‚ Co., Ltd. (The) net/ not subject to deduction; -- book, whose retail price is fixed by publisher; not nett net/, -ted, -ting net curtain (two words) Netherlands (The) country, not Holland; abbr. Neth. netsuke/ Japanese ornament, pl. -s nett not subject to deduction, use net nettle-rash (hyphen) network (one word) Neuchѓtel Switzerland, white or red wine from there Neufchѓtel d‚ps. Aisne and Seine-Maritime, France; a kind of cheese Neuilly d‚p. Seine, France neume (mus.), (sign indicating) group of notes to be sung with one syllable, not neum neuralgia pain in a nerve (a symptom, not a disease) neurasthenia nervous prostration, chronic fatigue neurine a poisonous ptomaine, not -in neuritis inflammation of nerve-fibres neurone nerve-cell and its appendages, not -on Neuropter/a an order of insects (lacewings, etc.) sing. -on neuros/is a functional derangement through nervous disorder; pl. -es neurotic/ (adj. and noun); -ally, -ism neuter abbr. n. or neut. neutralize not -ise neutrino/ (phys.), an uncharged particle with very small mass; pl. -s neutron/ (phys.), an uncharged particle; pl. -s Nevada off. abbr. Nev. or (postal) NV n‚v‚ (Fr. m.), glacier snow (not ital.) never/-ending, -failing (hyphens) nevermore (one word) never-never (colloq.), hire-purchase (hyphen) nevertheless (one word) Nevill family name of Marquess of Abergavenny Neville family name of Baron Braybrooke new abbr. n. Newbery (John) 1713-67, English printer; -- Medal (US) Newbiggin Cumbria, Durham, Northumb., N. Yorks. Newbigging Strathclyde, Tayside new/-blown, -born (hyphens) Newborough (Baron) New Brunswick Canada, abbr. NB Newburgh Fife, Grampian, Lanes.; -- (Countess of) New Castle Ind., Pa., US Newcastle: sig. of Bp. of Newcastle (colon) Newcastle/ upon Tyne Tyne & Wear; -- under Lyme, Staffs. (no hyphens) newcomer (one word) Newdigate (Sir Roger) 1719-1806, founder of Oxford prize for poem new edition abbr. NE, n/e New English Bible (The) first part (the New Testament) publ. 1961, complete 1970; abbr. NEB newfangled (one word) New Forest Hants (two words) Newfoundland/ (one word), Canada, abbr. NF, Mfld.; -er, an inhabitant New Guinea see Papua New Hall Camb. Univ. Newham borough of Gr. London (one word) New/ Hampshire off. abbr. NH, never abbr. as - Hants. New Haven Conn., US (two words) Newhaven Lothian, E. Sussex (one word) New Hebrides abbr. N.Heb.; now Vanuatu New Jersey US, off. abbr. NJ new-laid egg (one hyphen) New Mexico US, off. abbr. N.Mex. or (postal) NM New Mills Ches., Powys Newmilns Strathclyde Newnes (Sir George) 1851-1910, publisher New Orleans La., US, abbr. NO new paragraph (typ.), abbr. n.p. New Quay Dyfed, Essex (two words) Newquay Cornwall (one word) New Red Sandstone (geol.) (caps.) news agency (two words) news/agent, -caster, -letter (one word) New South Wales Australia (three words, caps., no hyphens); abbr. NSW news/paper, -paperman (one word) Newspaper Publishers' Association abbr. NPA newspapers (titles of) see periodicals newsprint paper on which newspapers are printed news-reader (hyphen) newsreel (one word) news/-sheet, -stand (hyphens) news theatre (two words) New Style according to the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Britain on 14 Sept. 1752 (omitting 3-13 Sept.), and in Russia in 1917; abbr. MS. See also Old Style new style numerals see numerals newsvendor not -er newsworthy (one word) New Testament abbr. MT; for abbr. of books in, see each title newton SI unit of force; abbr. N Newton Abbot Devon Newton-le-Willows Merseyside, N. Yorks. (hyphens) Newtonmore Highland (one word) Newton Poppleford Devon Newton Stewart Dumfries & Galloway (two words). See also Newtownstewart Newtown Powys, adjacent to site of "new town", 1967 Newtownabbey Co. Antrim (one word) Newtownards Co. Down (one word) Newtownbutler Co. Fermanagh (one word) Newtowncunningham Co. Donegal (one word) Newtownforbes Co. Longford (one word) Newtownmountkennedy Co. Wicklow (one word) Newtownsands Co. Limerick (one word) Newtownstewart Tyrone (one word). See also Newton Stewart New Year's Day (caps.) New York the US State, abbr. NY; the city, often abbr. NYC, but officially New York, NY New Yorker inhabitant of New York New Yorker (The) magazine (ital.) nex/us (Lat.), a tie, a linked group; pl. -us (pedantic) or -uses (gen.), not -i Ney (Michel) 1769-1815, French marshal 14.7 NF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NF National Front, Newfoundland, New French, Norman-French Nfld. Newfoundland NFU National Farmers' Union NFWI National Federation of Women's Institutes 14.8 NG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NG National Giro, National Guard, New Granada ng in Welsh a separate letter, following g in alphabetical sequence; not to be divided n.g. no good NGA National Graphical Association NGO non-governmental organization N.Gr. New Greek 14.9 NH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NH New Hampshire (off. abbr.) N.Heb. New Hebrew, -- Hebrides NHG New High German n.h.p. nominal horsepower NHS National Health Service 14.10 NI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NI National Insurance, Northern Ireland Ni nickel (no point) Niagara river separating Ontario, Canada, from New York State, US Niagara Falls waterfalls of R. Niagara; town, NY; town, Ontario Nibelungenlied German epic, twelfth-thirteenth century niblick a golf-club Nicar. Nicaragua Nicene Creed issued in 325 by the Council of Nicaea (in Asia Minor); to be distinguished from the longer Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed of the Thirty-nine Articles niche a recess, not -ch Nicholas Anglicized spelling of the names of five popes, two Russian emperors, and the patron saint of Russia; in Russ. Nikolai Nicholson the usual spelling, but see Nicolson nicht wahr? (Ger.), is it not so? nick (typ.), a groove cast in the shank of a type nickel/ symbol Ni; -- plating (hyphen); -- silver (two words) nickel (US), a five-cent coin nicknack use knick-knack nickname (one word) Nicobar Islands Indian Ocean, not Nik- nicol prism from William Nicol 1768-1851, Scottish physicist Nicolson (Hon. Sir Harold George) 1886-1968, British politician and man of letters Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle Nicosia Cyprus (Gr. Levkosia), Sicily, not Nik- NID Naval Intelligence Division nid/us (lat.), a nest; pl. -i Niebelungenlied use Nib- Niebuhr (Barthold Georg) 1776-1831, German historian and philologist; -- (Karsten), 1733-1815, German traveller; -- (Reinhold), 1892-1971, US theologian niece a relation, not nei- niell/o Italian metal work; pl. -i (not ital.) Niepce (Joseph Nic‚phore) 1765-1833 French physicist, originator of photography; -- de Saint-Victor (Claude Marie Fran‡ois) 1805-70, his nephew, inventor of heliographic engraving Niersteiner a hock (wine) Nietzsche (Friedrich Wilhelm), 1844-1900, German polit. philosopher NiЉvre d‚p. France Niger (Republic of), W. Cent. Africa, indep. 1960 Nigeria (Republic of) W. coast of Africa, indep. 1960 nightcap (one word) night/-clothes, -club, -dress (hyphens) nightfall (one word) night/-gown, -life, -light (hyphens) night-long (adj. and adv., hyphen) nightmarish not -reish night nurse (two words) nightshade (bot.) (one word) night/-shift, -shirt, -spot, -time, -watch, -watchman, -work (hyphens) nihil/ (Lat.), nothing; -- ad rem, nothing to the purpose; -- obstat, no objection is raised (to publication etc.) Nihon use Nippon Nijinsky (Vaslav) 1890-1950, Russian ballet-dancer; Nijinska (Bronislava), 1891-1972, his sister, Russian choreographer Nijni Novgorod Russian city (no hyphen), now named Gorky; not Nizh- Nikobar Islands, Nikosia use Nic- nil/ (Lat.), nothing; -- admirari, wondering at nothing (not admiring nothing); -- conscire sibi, to be conscious of no fault; -- desperandum despair of nothing, not never despair nilgai short-horned Indian antelope, not neelghau, nylghau Nilgiris (The) hills, S. India, not Neilgherry Hills ni l'un (or une fem.) ni l'autre (Fr.), neither the one nor the other nimbo-strat/us (meteor.), low grey layer of cloud, pl. -i nimb/us a halo, a rain cloud; pl. -i or -uses; adj. -used niminy-piminy affectedly delicate, not -i -i n'importe! (Fr.), never mind! Nin (Ana‹s) 1903-77, French-born US writer nincompoop a simpleton (one word) ninepins game (one word) ninth not -eth niobium symbol Nb nip/, -ped, -per, -ping Nippon native name for Japan, not Nihon nirvana in Buddhism and Hinduism, cessation of sentient existence nisi unless; nisi prius, unless before Nissen/ (Peter Norman) 1871-1930, British engineer, inventor of -- hut nis/us (Lat.), an effort; pl. -us nitrate a salt of nitric acid nitrite a salt of nitrous acid nitrogen symbol N nitrogenize not -ise nitrogenous not -eons nitro-glycerine an explosive, not -in (hyphen) nizam a Turkish soldier, (cap.) title of ruler of Hyderabad pl. same Nizhni-Novgorod Russia, use Nijni Novgorod 14.11 NJ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NJ New Jersey (off. abbr.) 14.12 NKGB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NKGB USSR "People's Commissatiat of State Security", 1943-6. See also NKVD Nkrumah (Dr Kwame), 1909-72, Ghanaian politician (President, 1960-6) NKVD USSR "People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs", 1934-43. See also OGPU 14.13 NL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NL New Latin n.l. (Lat.), non licet (it is not allowed), non liquet (it is not clear), (typ.) new line N. lat. north latitude NLC National Liberal Club 14.14 NM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NM New Mexico (off. postal abbr.) n.M. (Ger.), n„chsten Monats (next month) nm nanometre N.Mex. New Mexico (off abbr.) 14.15 nn.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- nn. notes NNE north-north-east NNW north-north-west 14.16 NO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NO Navigation Officer, New Orleans NO n.o. (cricket), not out No Jap. drama, use Noh No nobelium (no point) No. no., from It. numero (number); pl. Nos., nos.; no (the negative), pl. noes Noachian pertaining to Noah Nobel (Alfred Bernard) 1833-96, Swedish inventor of dynamite; -- prizes (six), awarded annually for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology and Medicine, Literature, Peace, Economics nobelium symbol No noblesse/ (Fr. f.) nobility; -- oblige, -- imposes obligations nobody (one word) nocte (Lat.), at night; abbr. n. "Noctes Ambrosianae" articles in Blackwood's Magazine, 1822-35 nocturn (RCC), part of matins orig. said at night nocturne (painting) a night-scene, (mus.) a night-piece (not ital.) NOD Naval Ordnance Department nod/, -ded, -ding nod/us difficulty, pl. -i No‰l the name Noel Christmas; Eng. Nowel(l), obs. except in carols noetic of the intellect Noh Jap. drama with dance and song, not No (cap.) noisette hazel-nut; (cook.) in pl. -s, small choice pieces of meat; (bot.) a hybrid between China and moss rose noisome noxious, ill-smelling (no connection with noise) noisy not -ey nolens volens (Lat.), willy-nilly; pl. nolentes volentes noli me tangere (Lat.), don't touch me (no hyphens) nolle prosequi (Lat.), plaintiff's relinquishment of suit; abbr. nol. pros. nolo/ (Lat.), I will not; -- contendere, I plead guilty; -- episnopari, I do not wish to be a bishop (formula for avoiding responsible office) nol. pros. nolle prosequi nom. nominal, nominative no man's land unclaimed territory (apos., three words) nom de guerre (Fr. m.), assumed name nom de plume pseudonym (not in Fr. usage) nom de th‚ѓtre (Fr. m.), stage-name nom/en a name, pl. -ina, abbr. N.; nomen/ generinum, a generic name; -- specificum, a specific name nomin. nominative nominative (gram.), the case of the subject; abbr. n., nom., or nomin. non/ (Lat.), not; -- assumpsit, a denial of any promise non- is freely added (with hyphen) to adjectives and to nouns of action, condition, or quality to indicate their opposites (retain caps. of words which have them) non-aggression, non-co-operation, non-Euclidean, non-resident, non-toxic, etc. It is also attached to give sense "that does not --" non-skid, non-slip, non-stick, etc. nonce-word one coined for the occasion (hyphen) nonchalance indifference (not ital.) nonchalant indifferent non-commissioned officer/, -s abbr. NCO non compos mentis (Lat.), of unsound mind non con. non-content, dissentient Nonconformist an English Protestant separated from the Church of England (cap. only in this sense) non constat (Lat.), it is not clear non-co-operation (two hyphens) nones (pl.), in Roman calendar the ninth day, counting inclusively, before the ides non est/ (Lat.), it is wanting; -- -- invent/us, -a, -um, he, she, or it has not been found, abbr. n.e.i. nonesuch (strictly correct), nonsuch (usual), person or thing that is unrivalled Nonesuch Press founded by Sir Francis Meynell nonet (mus.), composition for nine performers none the less (three words) non-Euclidean (hyphen, one cap.) non-hero opposite of a hero (hyphen) non/ inventus (Lat.), not found; -- libet, it does not please (me); -- licet, it is not permitted, abbr. n.l.; -- liquet, it is not clear, abbr. n.l.; -- mi ricordo (It.), I do not remember; -- nobis (Lat.), not unto us; -- obstante, notwithstanding, abbr. non obst.; - obstante veredicto, notwithstanding the verdict non-lining numerals see numerals non-net book one that retailer may sell at less than published price nonpareil unequalled; (typ.) name for a former size of type, about 6 pt. non placet (Lat.), it does not commend itself nonplus/ to perplex; -sed, -sing non plus ultra (Lat.), perfection non/ possumus (Lat.), we cannot; -- prosequitur, he does not prosecute, abbr. non pros.; -- sequitur, it does not follow logically, abbr. non seq. non-resident (hyphen) non/-skid, -slip, -stick see non- non-stop (hyphen) nonsuch now usual for nonesuch, q.v. nonsuit stoppage of suit by judge when plaintiff has failed to make a case (one word) non-toxic (hyphen) non-U not characteristic of the upper class (hyphen, no point) noon abbr. n. noon/day, -tide (one word) no one (two words) n.o.p. not otherwise provided for no par. (typ.), matter to run on, and have no break Nor. Norman Norddeutscher Lloyd (two words); abbr. NDL Nordenfeldt gun Nordenskj”ld (Nils Adolf Erik Baron) 1832-1901, Swedish Arctic explorer Norge Norw. for Norway norm/a (Lat.), a rule or measure; pl. -ae normalize to standardize, not -ise Normanby (Marquess of) normande ( la) (Fr. cook.), apple-flavoured (not cap.) Noronha (Fernando de) Brazilian penal colony in S. Atlantic Norroy and Ulster the third King-of-Arms Norse abbr. N. north/ -ern, abbr. N. See also capitalization, compass North (Christopher), pseud. of Prof. John Wilson, 1785-1854, Scottish poet Northallerton N. Yorks. (one word) North Americ/a, -an abbr. NA or N. Amer. Northamptonshire abbr. Northants northbound (one word) North Britain or Scotland, abbr. Scot., not NB North Carolina abbr. NC Northd. Northumberland North Dakota abbr. N. Dak. or (postal) ND North Downs Kent, etc. north-east/, -ern abbr. NE northeaster wind (one word) northern abbr. N. Northern Territory (Australia), abbr. NT Northesk (Earl of) North-German Gazette (one hyphen) Northleach Glos. (one word) North Pole (caps.) Northumberland abbr. Northumb. or (postal) Northd. North Wales abbr. NW north-west/, -ern abbr. NW Norvic: sig. of Bp. of Norwich (colon) Norw. Norway, Norwegian Norway in Norw. Norge; in Fr. NorvЉge. See also Assemblies Norwegian typography see accents Nos. nos., numbers nosce teipsum (Lat.), know thyself nose/bag, -band, -bleed (one word) nose-cone (hyphen) nosedive (noun and verb, one word) nose/-piece, -wheel (hyphens) nosey use nosy noster (Lat.), our, our own; abbr. N. Nostradamus (in Fr., Michel de Nostredame), 1503-66, French astrologer nostrum/ a quack remedy; pl. -s (not ital.) nosy not nosey Nosy Parker an inquisitive person (two caps.) nota bene (Lat.), mark well; abbr. NB notabilia (Lat. pl.), notable things notand/um (Lat.), a thing to be noted; pl. -a Notary Public law officer two words) pl. -ies --; abbr. NP notation see numerals note/, -s abbr. n., pl. nn. See also footnotes, let-in notes, shoulder-notes, side-notes note/book, -case, -paper, -worthy (one word) notic/e, -eable, -ing notice-board (hyphen) notif/y, -iable, -ied, -ying notiti/a (Lat.), a list; pl. -ae not proven see proven Notre Dame Ind., US, university town Notre-Dame (Our Lady), abbr. N.-D., French name of many churches, not N“- (hyphen) Notre-Seigneur (Fr.), Our Lord, abbr. N.-S. Nottinghamshire abbr. Notts. Nouakchott Mauritania n'oubliez pas (Fr.), don't forget nougat a confection nought the figure zero (0). See also naught noumen/on an object of intellectual intuition, not perceptible by the senses, opp. to phenomenon; pl. -a; -al, -ally noun abbr. n. nouns (collective) if regarded as a whole to be treated as singular, e.g. the army is, the committee meets. If regarded as a number of units, to be treated as plural, e.g. The French (people) are thrifty nouns (German) all have initial caps. in Ger. usage nous (Gr.), intellect, shrewdness (not ital.) nous avons chang‚ tout cela (Fr.), we have changed all that nous verrons (Fr.), we shall see nouveau/ riche/ (Fr. m.), parvenu; pl. -x -s nouvelles (Fr. f. pl.), news nouvelle vague (Fr. f), new wave Nov. November nova/ (astr.) new star, pl. -e Novalis pseud. of Baron Friedrich von Hardenberg, 1772-1801, German writer Nova/ Scotia Canada, abbr. NS; -- Zembla, use Novaya Zemlya, Arctic islands (two words, caps.) Noveboracensian of New York, not Nova- novelette a small novel novella a short novel or narrative November abbr. Nov.; in Fr. m. novembre, abbr. nov. (not cap.) noviciate the state or period of being a novice, not -tiate novus homo (Lat.), a self-made man; pl. novi homines nowadays (one word) Nowel(l) see No‰l nowhere (one word) noyade (Fr. f), execution by drowning noyau/ a liqueur; also a sweetmeat, pl. - x 14.17 NP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NP New Providence, Notary Public Np neptunium (no point) n.p. net personalty, (typ.) new paragraph, (bibliog.) no place of publication given NPA Newspaper Publishers' Association NPFA National Playing Fields Association NPL National Physical Laboratory NPO New Philharmonia Orchestra (earlier and later, Philharmonia Orchestra) n.p.p. no passed proof 14.18 NR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NR North Riding Nr. (Ger.), Nummer (number) nr. near NRA National Rifle Association NRDC National Research Development Corporation 14.19 NS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NS New Series, New Side, Newspaper Society, New Style (after 1752), Nova Scotia N.-S. (Fr.), Notre-Seigneur (Our Lord) n.s. not specified n/s (banking), not sufficient NSB National Savings Bank NSPCC National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children NSW New South Wales 14.20 NT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NT National Theatre, -- Trust, New Testament, (Australia) Northern Territory, (bridge) no trumps NTP normal temperature and pressure 14.21 n.u.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- n.u. name unknown nuance shade of difference (not ital.) NUBE National Union of Bank Employees nucle/us pl. -i nuclide (phys.), atom having specified type of nucleus, not eide -nugger Indian suffix, use -nagar NUGMW National Union of General and Municipal Workers NUI National University of Ireland Nuits-Saint-Georges a red burgundy (two hyphens) NUJ National Union of Journalists nulla bona (law), no goods that can be distrained upon nullah (Ind.), a dry watercourse (not ital.) nulla-nulla Australian wooden club, not -ah -ah nullif/y, -ied, -ying nulli secundus (Lat.), second to none Num. Numbers (OT), not Numb. NUM National Union of Mineworkers num. numeral, -s number abbr. No. or no., pl. Nos. or nos. number (house), in road or number (cont.) street, no comma following, as, 6 Fleet Street. See also numerals numbskull use nums- numerals (see BS 2961). I. Roman Use full caps. for Henry VIII, Gipsy Moth III, etc., LXX (Septuagint), and in lines of even full caps. Elsewhere small caps. give a better appearance to the page, and lower case is used for prelim page numbers, etc. See also authorities. II. Arabic Two cuts are used: old style (or non-ranging, non-lining) 1234 etc., and new style (or modern, lining, ranging) 1234 etc. (used esp.in scientific and technical work). Use numerals, not words, for ages, but "he died in his eightieth year"; bookwork, rarely, and only those over 100 (but in statistic passages numerals are used more freely); dates, days and years regularly, months for brevity; degrees of heat; money (omit the ciphers for cents, pence, etc., when there are none, as e.g. $100, not $100.00); narrow measure (works of); numbers with vulgar or decimal fractions; races, distance and time; scores, of games and matches; specific gravity (relative density); statistics; time of day when followed by a.m. or p.m.; votes; weights, when abbreviated units are given. Numerals are not to be combined with words in one amount (use all numerals, or all words); use commas to separate each group of three consecutive numerals, starting from the right, when there are four or more, except in math. work and pagination; in scientific and foreign-language work thin spaces are used instead of commas (1234567 not 1,234,567); in pagination, dates, etc., use the least number of numerals possible (42-5, 161-4, 1961-8, 1961-75, 1966/7) -- but this does not apply to the numbers 10-19, which represent single words, so 10-11, 16-18, 210-11 dates involving changes of century and all BC dates must be given in full; number of a house in road or street, etc., not to be followed by comma as it does not make the meaning clearer. Use words for: beginning of sentences; degrees of inclination; indefinite amounts, as two or three miles, I have told you a hundred times; legal work, always; street names (numerical), as Fifth Avenue; one-and-twenty, etc. (hyphens). See also decimal currency, fractions, lakh num‚r/o (Fr. m.), number; -oter, to number (e.g. pages) -oteur, numbering machine numis. numismatic, -s, numismatology Nummer (Ger. f.), number, abbr. Nr. numskull a dunce, not numb- Nunc Dimittis (Lat.), (musical setting of) the Song of Simeon as a hymn nuncio/ a papal ambassador; pl. -s NUPE National Union of Public Employees Nuphar yellow water-lily genus. See also nenuphar NUR National Union of Railwaymen Nuremberg not -burg; in Ger. NЃrnberg Nureyev (Rudolf Hametovich) b. 1939, Russian ballet-dancer nurl use knurl NЃrnherg Anglicized as Nuremberg nurs/e, -eling, -ing nursemaid (one word) nurseryman (one word) nursery/ rhyme, -- school (two words) NUS National Union of Seamen; ditto Students NUT National Union of Teachers nut/, -ted, -ting, -ry nut/crackers; -hatch a bird; -shell (one word) NUTG National Union of Townswomen's Guilds nux vomica seed of E. Indian tree, source of strychnine (two words, not ital.); abbr. nux vom. 14.22 NV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NV Nevada (off. postal abbr.), New Version NVM Nativity of the Virgin Mary 14.23 NW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NW north-west(ern), North Wales NWFP North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan) NWT North-West Territories (Canada) 14.24 NY... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NY New York (City or State), US. See also New York Nyasaland Cent. Africa, not Nyassa- (one word); now Malawi NYC New York City nyet (Russ.), no nylghau antelope, use nilgai nymph/ae (anat.), the labia minora; sing. -a Nymphaea (bot.), the white water-lily genus nymphet young nymph, sexually attractive girl nympho/ colloq. for nymphomaniac, pl. -s Nynorsk see Landsm†l 14.25 NZ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- NZ New Zealand 15.0 O =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 15.1 O... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- O (exclamation), see Oh O oxygen (no point), (Lat.) octarius (a pint), the fourteenth in a series O. Odd Fellows, Ohio, Order (as DSO), owner, (Fr. m.) ouest (west), (Ger. m.) Osten (east) O' Irish name prefix; use apos. as O'Neill, not turned comma; o or ў, or the corresponding caps., followed by thin space, also used, thus: ў Brian o. old, (meteor.) overcast o- (chem.), ortho- o' abbr. for of ™ ”, in German, Swedish, etc., may not be replaced by Oe, oe, (except in some proper names), O, o, or OE, oe ” (Sw.), island % per cent 15.2 o/a... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- o/a on account of oaf/ stupid person, pl. -s Oak-apple Day 29 May O. & M. organization and methods OAP Old Age Pension(er) oarweed seaweed, not ore-weed OAS on active service, Organization of American States, Organisation de l'Arm‚e SecrЉte oas/is pl. -es oatcake (one word) Oates (Titus) 1649-1705, false informer of Popish Plot, 1678 oatmeal (one word) OAU Organization of African Unity Oaxaca Mexico 15.3 OB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OB Old Boy, outside broadcast ob. oboe ob. obiit (he, she, or it died) Obadiah abbr. Obad. obbligato (mus.), (required) accompaniment, not obl-; abbr. obb. OBE Officer of the Order of the British Empire obeah Negro witchcraft, not -ea, -eeyah, -i obeisance courtesy bow obelisk not -isc; (typ.) the dagger mark; double obelisk, See also reference marks (See Figure 5 in topic FRONT_4) obel/us critical mark, pl. -i Oberammergau Bavaria obi witchcraft, use obeah obi Japanese sash obiit/ (Lat.), he, she, or it died, abbr. ob.; -- sine prole, died without issue, abbr. ob.s.p. obit date of death, funeral or commemoration service; colloq. for obituary (not ital.) obiter/ dictum (Lat.), a thing said by the way, pl. -- dicta; -- script/um, ditto written, pl. -- -a object/, -ion, -ionable, -ive, -ively abbr. obj. object-glass lens nearest the object object-lesson (hyphen) objet d'art (Fr. m.), a work of artistic value; pl. objets -- -- (ital.) objet trouv‚ (Fr. m.), thing found, pl. -s -s obl. oblique, oblong obligato use obb- obligee (law), person to whom another is bound obliger one who does a favour obligor (law), one who binds himself to another oblique abbr. obl. oblong abbr. obl. obo/e (mus.), not the many variants; abbr. ob.; -ist, not -eist obol small coin or weight of anc. Greece obol/us an obol; also used for various small coins in medieval European countries; pl. -i O'Brien (Conor Cruise) b. 1917, Irish politician; -- (Edna), b. 1932, Irish writer; -- (William Smith), 1803-64, and -- (William), 1852-1928, Irish patriots obs. observation, observatory, observed, obsolete obscurum per obscurius (Lat.), the obscure by means of the more obscure, not obscurus obsequi/es funeral rites, the sing. -y not used; adj. -al obsequious fawning observanda (Lat. pl.), things to be observed observat/ion, -ory abbr. obs. obsidian (mineral.) obsolescen/ce, -t becoming obsolete obsolete abbr. obs. ob.s.p. obiit sine prole (died without issue) obstetric/s midwifery; abbr. obstet.; -ian, an expert in it obstructor not -er obverse that side of a coin with the head or main device 15.4 OC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OC Officer Commanding, Officer of the Order of Canada o.c. use op. cit. ocarina terracotta wind-instrument, not och- Occam/ (William of) 1280-1349, English Franciscan philosopher, deviser of --'s razor, principle of fewest possible assumptions; -ism, -ist; not Ockam Occident (the) the West Occidental (cap. as noun, not cap. as adj.) occip/ut back of head (not ital.); -ital Occleve use Hoccleve occulist use ocu- occur/, -red, -rence, -rent, -ring Oceania islands of the Pacific ocell/us (entom.), simple (as opp. to compound) eye (of insect); pl. -i ocharina use oca- ochlocracy mob-rule ochone Anglo-Irish form of ohone (q.v.) ochra use okra ochr/e yellow pigment, -eous, -y, not oker Ockham Surrey. See also Occam o'clock to be printed close up (not to be abbreviated in print) O'Connell (Daniel) 1775-1847, Irish statesman O'Connor (Feargus Edward) 1794-1855, Irish-born Chartist leader; -- (Rt. Hon. Thomas Power), 1848-1931, Irish-born journalist and British politician OCR (comp.), Optical Character Recognition (reading of print etc. by electronic eye for computer input) ocra use okra Oct. October octachord eight-stringed (musical instrument), not octo- octahedr/on solid figure with eight faces, pl. -ons; adj. -al; not octae-, octoe-, octoh- octaroon use octo- octastyle (archit.), having eight columns, not octo- Octateuch first eight books of OT, not Octo- octavo/ (typ.), a book based on eight leaves, sixteen pages, to the sheet; pl. -s, abbr. 8vo (no point). See also book sizes octet (mus.), not ett, -ette October abbr. Oct.; in Fr. m. octobre, abbr. oct. (not cap.) Octobrist (Russian hist.), not -erist octochord use octa- octodecimo see eighteenmo octoedron, -hedron use octa- octopus/ pl. -es octoroon person of one-eighth Negro blood, not octa- octostyle use octa- Octoteuch use Octa- octroi (Fr. m.), municipal customs duties (not ital.) OCTU or Octu, Officer Cadets Training Unit oculist eye-specialist, not occ- Oculi Sunday third in Lent ocul/us (Lat.), an eye; pl. -i 15.5 OD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OD Old Dutch, Ordnance datum O/D on demand, overdraft od a hypothetical force; (arch.) God, not 'od o.d. outer diameter odal use udal odalisque (Turk.), female slave, not -isk (not ital.) O.Dan. Old Danish odd used as suffix requires hyphen to avoid ambiguity (e.g. twenty-odd people) Oddfellow member of fraternity (official title lndependent Order of Odd Fellows) oddments (typ.), the parts of a book separate from the main text, such as contents, index; a section containing oddments odd pages (typ.), the right-hand, or recto, pages Odelsting lower house of Norwegian Parliament Odendaalsrus (off. spelling), Orange Free State, not -st Od‚on Paris theatre Oder-Neisse line between Poland and E. Germany odeum/ building for musical performances, pl. -s Odeypore use Udaipur odi profanum vulgus (Lat.), I loathe the common herd odium widespread dislike odium/aestheticum (Lat.), the bitterness of aesthetic controversy; -- medicum, ditto medical; -- musicum, ditto musical; -- theologicism, ditto theological ODM Ministry of Overseas Development odometer instrument for measuring distance travelled, not ho- O'Donoghue of the Glens (The) (cap. T) O'Donovan (The) (cap. T) odontoglossum/ an orchid pl. -s; italics (cap. O) as genus odor/iferous, -ize, -izer, -ous odour/, -less Odysseus Greek hero (Roman Ulysses) Odyssey of Homer (ital., not quoted); Odyssean odyssey a long wandering (not cap., not ital.) 15.6 OE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OE Old English Oe (phys.), oersted oe (ligature). See also diphthongs OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development oecist the founder of a Greek colony, not oik- oecology use ec- oecumenic/, -al see ecumenic/, -al Oecumenical Patriarch Abp. of Constantinople, head of the Orthodox Church OED Oxford English Dictionary; NED (New English Dictionary) is now incorrect oedema/ swelling; -tous, not ed- Oedipus/ the Theban hero, not Edi-; -- complex (psych.), a boy's subconscious desire for his mother and hostility to his father (two words); adj. Oedipal OEEC Organization for European Economic Co-operation, now OECD, q.v. Oehlenschl„ger (Adam) 1779-1850, Danish writer oeil (Fr m) eye pl. yeux; oeil-de- boeuf, a small round window, pl. oeils-de boeuf; oeil-de-perdrix, a soft corn, pl. oeils-de-perdrix oeillade (Fr. f.), a glance oeno/logy study of wine; -phile, lover of wines, not en, oin- o'er to be printed close up oersted (phys.) unit of magnetic field strength, from Hans Christian Oersted, 1777 1851, Danish physicist; oesophag/us the gullet; pl. -i; -eal (not ital.) Oesterreich (Ger.) Austria, use ™s- oestrogen, oestrus (US e-) oeuf (Fr. m.) egg; oeufs/ … la coque, boiled eggs; … la neige, whisked eggs; … l'indienne, curried eggs de Pѓques, Easter eggs; sur le plat, fried eggs oevre (Fr. f.) work, esp. writers or artist's work taken as a whole 15.7 OF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OF Odd Fellows, Old French, (typ.) old-face type O'Faol in (Se n) b. 1900, Irish writer off. offic/e, er, ial, inal Offaly lreland, formerly King's county Offa's Dike between England and Wales (apos.) off/-beat -centre (hyphens) offcut remnant of paper, wood, etc.; (typ.) a remnant of paper. board, or cloth cut off from a larger piece (one word) off-day (hyphen) Offenbach (Jacques), 1819 80, German-born French composer offer/, -ed, -ing, -tory offg. officiating offhand/, -ed casual, extempore (one word) offic/e, -er abbr. off. official abbr. off. or offic. officiating abbr. offg. officina (Lat.), a workshop. See also oficina officinal used in a shop, used in medicine, sold by druggists; abbr. off. off/-licence -peak (adj.) (hyphens) offprint (typ.), a separately printed copy, or small edition, of an article which originally appeared as part of a larger publication offset (typ.), unwanted transfer of ink from printed sheet to one laid on top of it (now commonly set-off, q.v.); a planographic (q.v.) printing process in which ink is transferred on to an intermediate rubber blanket cylinder and then offset on to the paper (also ---litho, ---lithography) offshoot (one word) offshore (adj. and adv., one word) offside (sport) (one word) offspring (one word) off-stage (adj. and adv., hyphen) offstreet (anj., one word) oficina (Sp.), a S. American factory. See also off- Oflag German prison camp for officers O'Flaherty (Liam) 1896-1984, Irish novelist OFM Order of Friars Minor OFS Orange Free State (South) Africa oft-times (hyphen) 15.8 O.Gael.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- O.Gael. Old Gaelic ogee (archit.), a moulding adj. ogee'd og/ham ancient alphabet, not -gam, -um, -hum ogiv/e diagonal rib of vault, pointed arch; -al OGPU or Ogpu, USSR "United state political administration for struggle against espionage and counter-revolution", 1922-34. See also NKVD O'Grady (The) (cap. T.) ogr/e man-eating giant, pl. -es; fem. -ess; adj. -ish, not -eish 15.9 OH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OH Ohio (off. postal abbr.) Oh to be used as an independent exclamation, followed by a comma or exclamation mark. Use O to form a vocative, and when it is not separated by punctuation from what follows, as O mighty Caesar!, O for the wings of a dove. See Hart's Rules, p. 30 OHBMS On Her, or His, Britannic Majesty's Service O. Henry see Henry OHG Old High German Ohio off. postal abbr. OH ohm SI unit of electrical resistance; see also mho; from Georg Simon Ohm, 1787-1854, German physicist OHMS On Her, or His, Majesty's Service oho! exclamation of surprise, not O ho, Oh ho, etc. ohone Scottish and Irish cry of lamentation. See also ochone 15.10 oidium... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- oidium a fungus, not ”i- oikist use oecist oil/cake, -can, -cloth (one word) oil-colour (hyphen) oilfield (one word) oil/-fired, -gauge, -painting (hyphens) oil/skin, -stone (one word) oil well (two words) oino/logy, -phile use oen- oi polloi (Gr.), the masses, use hoi-- O.Ir. Old Irish Oistrakh (David Fyodorovich) 1908-74, and -- (Igor Davidovich), b. 1931, his son, Russian violinists 15.11 Ojibwa... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ojibwa Wis., US Ojibway Amer. Indian tribe 15.12 OK... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OK "all correct"; not okay; Oklahoma (off. postal abbr.) okapi bright-coloured African ruminant Okehampton Devon O'Kelly (The) (cap. T) oker use ochre Oklahoma off. abbr. Okla. or (postal) OK okra pods used for thickening soup; not oc(h)-, okro 15.13 OL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OL Old Latin Ol. Olympiad Olaf (St) patron of Norway old/ abbr. o.; -- -clothes-man (hyphens) Old Bailey see Bailey Old Believer see Raskolnik Old English (typ.), name for the English style of black letter old face (typ.), a type design based on the original roman type of the fifteenth century; abbr. OF old-fashioned (hyphen) "Old Glory" US stars-and-stripes flag Old Hickory (US colloq.), Andrew Jackson, President of US 1829-37 "Old Hundredth" hymn-tune, not " -- Hundred" old maid elderly spinster, prissy man, card-game (two words), but old-maidish (hyphen) Old Man of the Sea in Arab. Nights (caps.) Oldmeldrum Grampian (one word) Old Pals Act (three words, caps., no apos.) Old Red Sandstone (geol.) (caps.) old school tie (three words) Old Style according to the Julian calendar, abbr. OS (no point). See also New Style old style/ (typ.), a type design, being a regularized old face; -- -- numerals, see numerals; abbr. OS Old Testament abbr. OT or Old Test.; for abbr. of books in, see each title old-time/ (ad., hyphen); -r old woman fussy man (two words), but old-womanish (hyphen) olefin (chem.), hydrocarbon, not -ine oleiferous oil-producing, not olif- oleograph picture printed in oil-colours O level examination (no hyphen) OLG Old Low German Olifants River S. Africa (no apos.) Oligocene (geol.) (cap., not ital.) olive/-branch, -oil (hyphens) Olivetan an order of monks, not -tan Olivier (Laurence Kerr, Baron) 1907-89, English actor. See also Ollivier olla podrida Spanish national dish, also a medley (not ital.) Ollivier (Olivier ђmile) 1825-1913, French statesman and writer. See also Olivier olog/y any science or theory, pl. -ies oloroso/ (drink of) medium-sweet sherry, pl. -s Olympiad celebration of Olympic games (anc. and mod.), period of four years between celebrations; abbr. OI. Olympian of Olympus, the abode of the Greek gods; as noun, dweller in Olympus, superhuman person Olympic of Olympia in Greece, or of the games held there in antiquity, or of the modern games 15.14 OM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OM (Member of the) Order of Merit o.m. old measurement omadhaun Irish term of contempt (not the many variants) Omagh Co. Tyrone Omaha Nebraska, US Oman/ SE Arabia, ad. -i Omar Khayy m 1048-1131, Persian poet ombuds/man official appointed to investigate complaints against government departments, introduced in Britain in 1965, pl. -men Omdurman Sudan omega the Greek long o, last letter of Greek alphabet omelette not -et omicron the Greek short o, (o, O), not omik- omissions (typ.), see dele, elision, ellipsis omit/, -ted, -ting omnibus/ pl. -es. See also bus omnium gatherum a confused medley (not ital.) 15.15 ON... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ON Old Norse ONC Ordinary National Certificate oncoming (one word) OND Ordinary National Diploma on dit (Fr. m. sing./pl.), gossip ("people say") one-and-twenty etc. (hyphens) one-eighth see fractions Oneida socialist community started at Lake Oneida, NY, US, 1847 one-idea'd (hyphen) O'Neill (Eugene Gladstone) 1888-1953, US playwright; -- (Moira), pseud. of Agnes Higginson Skrine, fl. 1900, Irish poet; -- of the Maine (Baron); family name of Baron Rathcavan oneiro/critic, -logy, -mancy interpreter of study of, divination by dreams, not oniro- oneness (a not an) (one word) one-off made as one only (hyphen) oneself is reflexive or intensive; one's self, one's personal entity one-sided (hyphen) ONF Old Norman-French ongoing continuing (one word) onirocritic etc., use oneiro- onlook/er, -ing (one word) on ne passe pas (Fr.), no thoroughfare o.n.o. or near(est) offer onomastic/ relating to names; -on, a vocabulary of proper names onomatopoe/ia, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ical, -ically word-formation by imitation of sound; abbr. onomat. onomatopo/‰sis, -etic, etically not -poie- onrush (one word) onshore (adj. and adv., one word) onside (sport) (one word) Ontario Canada; abbr. Ont. on to (two words) ontolog/y metaphysical study of the essence of things; -ize, not -ise onus/ burden, pl. -es (not ital.) onus probandi (Lat.), burden of proof (ital.) % per cent 15.16 Oodeypore... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Oodeypore India, use Udaipur oolong a tea, not ou- oomiak Eskimo boat (not the many variants) oopak a tea, not -ack Oostende Fl. for Ostend Ootacamund Madras, India, not Utakamand; colloq. abbr. Ooty oozy muddy, not -ey 15.17 OP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OP observation post, Ordinis Praedicatorum (of the Order of Preachers, or Dominicans) op. operation; optime, q.v. o.p. overproof; (theat.) opposite the prompter's side, or the actor's right; (bibliog.) out of print op. (Lat.), opus (work), opera (works) op art art in geometrical form giving the illusion of movement (no point) op. cit. opere citato (in the work quoted) (not ital.) OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries open-and-shut case (two hyphens) open-door policy opportunity for free trade (one hyphen) open-heart of surgery (hyphen) open/-hearted, -mouthed (hyphens) open-plan (ad., hyphen) Open Sesame (caps., two words) open-work/, -ed, -ing (hyphens) opera see opus operable that can be operated (on) opera buffa (It.), comic opera; in Fr. op‚ra bouffe Op‚ra-Comique Paris theatre (hyphen) op‚ra comique (Fr. m.), opera with spoken dialogue opera/-glass, -house (hyphens) opera seria (It.), 18th-c. opera on heroic theme operation abbr. op., in pl. ops. opercul/um (biol.), a cover; pl. -a (not ital.) opere/ citato (Lat.), in the work quoted, abbr. op. cit.; -- in medio, in the midst of the work operetta/ light opera, pl. -s ophicleide (mus.) serpent, bass or alto key-bugle, not -eid ophiolatry worship of serpents ophiology study of serpents, not ophid- ophthalmic of the eye Opie (Amelia) 1769-1853, English novelist, wife of -- (John), 1761-1807, English painter opinion poll (two words) o.p.n. ora pro nobis (pray for us) opodeldoc a liniment opopanax a perfume Oporto Portugal; in Port. Porto opp. opposed, opposite oppress/or not -er ops. operations opt. optative, optical, optician, optics optical centring (typ.), positioning on page of a title or passage of verse so that it appears to the reader to be centred, although by measurement it is not optime at Cambridge, one next in merit to a wrangler (q.v.) (not ital.); abbr. op. optimize to make the best of not -ise optim/um pl. -a opus/ (Lat.), a work, pl. opera (not ital. in mus.), abbr. op.; -- magnum, a great work, pl. opera magna. See also magnum opus opuscul/um (Lat.), a small work, an essay; pl. -a; in Eng. opuscule/, pl. -s opus number (mus.) (two words) opus/operantis (Lat.), the effect of a sacrament resulting from the spiritual disposition of the recipient (the Protestant view); -- operatum, ditto resulting from the grace flowing from the sacrament itself (the RC view) 15.18 OR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OR operational research, Oregon (off. postal abbr.), other ranks or two or more singular subjects joined by or take the verb in the singular number, e.g. John or William is going. Where or joins the last two words of a list, a comma, e.g. black, white, or green or (her.), gold or. oriental o.r. owner's risk ora (Lat. pl.), mouths; see os orangeade not -gade Orange Free State prov. of S. Africa (three words), abbr. OFS Orange/ism extreme Irish Protestantism, not -gism; -man (one word, cap.) Orangeman's Day 12 July orange-peel (hyphen) orang/-utan not ourang-, -outang, -utang (hyphen, not ital.) Oranmore and Browne (Baron) ora pro nobis (Lat.), pray for us; abbr. o.p.n. orat. orator, -ical, -ically oratio/ obliqua (Lat.), indirect speech; -- recta, direct speech. Manner of reporting speech, e.g. "I am glad", he said, "to see you again" (recta); He said that he was glad to see me again (obliqua) oratorio/ pl. -s; -- (titles of) (typ.), when cited, to be in ital. orc a killer whale, not ork Orcadian of Orkney orchid member of a family of mainly exotic flowering plants; orchis, (esp. wild) orchid or one of genus Orchis Orczy (Baroness Emmuska) 1865-1947, Hungarian-born English novelist ord. ordained, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary Order abbr. O.; when referring to a society, to be cap., as the Order of Jesuits order/ abbr. ord. (see also botany, zoology); -- -book, -clerk, -form (hyphens) ordin/al, -ance (a regulation), -ary, abbr. ord. ordnance artillery, mil. stores Ordnance/ Survey Department (caps.), abbr. OSD; -- datum (one cap.), the standard sea-level of the Ordnance Survey, abbr. OD ordonnance the proper disposition of parts of a building or picture (not ital.) Ordovician (geol.) ordre du jour (Fr. m.), agenda of a meeting ”re coin of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, one-hundredth of kron/a, -e Oreg. Oregon (off. abbr.) oregano dried leaves of wild marjoram used for seasoning. See also origan O'Rell (Max) 1848-1903, pseud. of Paul Blouet, French author and journalist oreo/graphy, -logy use oro- Orestieia trilogy by Aeschylus, 458 BC ore-weed use oarweed orfЉvrerie (Fr. f.), goldsmith's work orfray use orphrey org. organ,-ic ,-ism,-ization, -ized organdie dress fabric, not -di, -dy; in Fr. m. organdi organize not -ise organ/on a system of logic, not -um organza thin transparent dress fabric org/y not -ie; pl. -ies oriel small room built out from a wall; its window Oriel College Oxford Orient (the) the East orient (verb), to site building so as to face east; orientate is established usage in fig. senses oriental/ -ist; abbr. or. or orient. orientalize not -ise (not cap.) orientate see orient oriflamme banner, not -flamb orig. origin, -al, -ally, -ate, -ated origan wild marjoram of genus Origanum. See also oregano Origen 185-253, a Father of the Church original (Sp. typ.), copy Origin of Species (The) by C. Darwin, 1859 orinasal of the mouth and nose, not oro- Orinoco river, S. America. See also oro- oriole a bird ork use orc Orkney region of Scotland Orkneys island-group Orl‚ans (House of, d‚p. France) (‚); Orlean/ism, -ist (no accent in Eng.) Orme's Head (Great and Little) Gwynedd (apos.) ormolu a gold-coloured alloy (not ital.) Ormonde (Marquess of) Ormuzd Zoroastrian spirit of good, not the many variants orn/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, adorned ornith. ornitholog/y, -ical Ornithorhynchus the duck-billed platypus orogen/esis (geol.), process of formation of mountains; -etic, -ic oro/graphy -logy, mountain description and science, not oreo- oronasal use ori- oronoco a Virginian tobacco, not the many variants Oroonoko by Aphra Behn, c.1678 orotund magniloquent Orphe/us (Gr. myth.), a Thracian lyrist; -an, like his music; entrancing Orphic pertaining to Orphism, the mystic cult connected with Orpheus orphrey an ornamental border, not orfray orpine purple-flowered plant, not -pin orrery model of planetary system orris/ lace or embroidery, iris plant; -- -powder, -root, used for perfume (hyphens) Or San Michele church at Florence, not -- Saint -- Ortega y Gasset (Jos‚) 1883-1955, Spanish philosopher ortho- (chem. prefix) (ital.) orthoepy (correct) pronunciation of words orthopaedic concerned with the cure of bone deformities, esp. in the young, not -pedic ortolan small edible bird (not ital.) Orvieto Italian white wine 15.19 OS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OS Old Saxon, -- School, -- Series, -- Side, -- Style (before 1752), old style (type), ordinary seaman, Ordnance Survey, (clothing) outsize Os osmium (no point) o.s. only son o/s out of stock, outstanding os (Lat.), a bone; pl. ossa os (Lat.), a mouth; pl. ora OSA Order of St Augustine Osaka Japan, not Oz- OSB Order of St Benedict Osborn (Sherard) 1822-75, British rear-admiral and Arctic explorer Osborne IW Osborne family name of Duke of Leeds; -- (John James), b. 1929, British playwright Osbourne (Lloyd) 1868-1947, writer (stepson of R. L. Stevenson) oscill/ate to fluctuate; -ation, -ator, -atory, -ogram, -ograph, -oscope oscul/ate to kiss, adhere closely; -ant, -ation, -atory oscul/um (Lat.), a kiss, pl. -a; osculum pacis, the kiss of peace OSD Ordnance Survey Department, Order of St Dominic Oset use Ossett OSF Order of St Francis O.Sl. Old Slavonic Osler (Sir William) 1849-1919, Canadian physician Oslo formerly Christiania, capital of Norway Osmanli of the family of Osman (1259-1326, not Othman; founder of the Ottoman empire), not -lee, -lie, -ly (not ital.) osmium symbol Os o.s.p. use ob.s.p. ossa (Lat. pl.), bones; see os ossein bone cartilage, not -eine Ossett W. Yorks., not Oset, Osset ossia (It. mus.), or Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin (Bishop of) o.s.t. (naut.), ordinary spring tides Ostend Belgium; in Fr. Ostende, in Fl. Oostende ostensibl/e outwardly professed; -y ostensive/ indicating by demonstration; -ly osteomyelitis inflammation of the marrow of the bone (one word) osteria (It.), an inn ™sterreich/ (Ger.), Austria, not Oe-; -- -Ungarn, Ger. for Austria-Hungary Ostiaks use Osty- ostinato/ (mus.), repeated melodic figure, pl. -s ostrac/on a potsherd, used in anc. Greece for inscribing and voting, pl. -a (not -k-); -ize, to banish dangerously powerful citizen by votes recorded in this way, to exclude from favour, not -ise; -ism Ostrovsky (Alexander Nikolaevich) 1823-86, Russian playwright Ostyaks of W. Siberia, not Osti- O.Sw. Old Swedish Oswaldtwistle Lancs., not -sle 15.20 OT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OT occupational therapy, Old Testament Otaheite now Tahiti OTC now STC O tempora! O mores! (Lat.), what times, what manners! O.Teut. Old Teutonic other-world/ly, -liness (hyphen) Othman use Osman otium/ (Lat.), leisure; -- cum dignitate, leisure with dignity; -- sine dignitate, leisure without dignity otolith an ear-stone, not -lite (not ital.) otorhinolaryngology study of ears, nose, and larynx ottar (of roses), use attar ottava rima (It.), stanza of eight lines, as in Byron's Don Juan Ottawa Canada, not Otto- otto (of roses), use attar Ottoman/ a Turk; pl. -s (cap.) ottoman/ a sofa, a fabric; pl. -s (not cap.) Otway (Thomas) 1652-85, English playwright 15.21 OU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- OU Open University, Oxford University Ouagadougou Upper Volta oubliette a dungeon (not ital.) Oudenarde Belgium; battle of -- 1708. In mod. Fr., Audenarde, Fl. Oudenaarde Oudh India, not Oude OUDS Oxford University Dramatic Society Ouida see Ram‚e ou‹-dire (Fr. m. sing./pl.), hearsay Ouija propr. term for a board used in spiritualistic seances (cap.) oukaz use ukase Ouless (Walter William) 1848-1933 British painter oulong use oo- ounce/, -s abbr. oz. (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) organization controlled by Oxford University. See also Clarendon Press ourang-outang see orang-utan Our/ Father, -- Lady, -- Lord, -- Saviour (caps.) ours (no apos.) ousel use ouz- out (typ.), an accidental omission of copy in composition out- prefixed to a verb forms a single word unless the verb begins with t, as out-talk, out-turn out-and-out unreserved(ly) (hyphens) out/back (noun), -board, -building (one word) outcast (person) cast out, the gen. word outcaste (Ind.), (person) with no caste out/dated, -door (adj.), -doors (noun and adv.) (one word) Outeniqua Mountains S Africa outer (typ.), the side of a sheet containing the signature and first page outfield (sport) (one word) outfit/, -ted, -ter, -ting outgo/ expenditure pl. -es outgrowth (one word) out-herod (hyphen), should be followed by Herod outhouse (one word) outl/ie, -ier, -ying outmanoeuvre (one word) (US outmaneuver) outmoded (one word) out/ of date -- of doors (hyphens when attrib.), -- of sorts, unwell, (typ.) having any letter in a hand-setting fount all used out-patient (hyphen) output/ (verb), -ting; past and partic. output outrance (…) (Fr.), to the bitter end, not … l'- outr/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, eccentric out/rider, -rush, -size (one word) outspan (S. Afr.), to unyoke; unyoking place out/standing, -station (one word) outstrip/, -ped, -ping outswinger (sport) (hyphen) out/-talk, -tray, -turn (hyphens) outv/ie, -ier, -ying (one word) outward bound (hyphen when attrib.) Outward Bound Trust (no hyphen) outwit/, -ted, -ting outwork (one word) ouvert/ (Fr.), fem. -e, open ouvri/er (Fr.), a workman fem. -Љre ouzel a bird, not ous- ouzo/ Greek drink pl. -s 15.22 ovenware... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ovenware (one word) overact (one word) over-active (hyphen) overall (noun, adv., and adj., one word) over-anxious (hyphen) over/balance, -blown, -board, -book, -burden(some) (one word) over-careful (hyphen) overcast (meteor.), abbr. o. over-confiden/ce, -t (hyphen) overcrowd/, -ed (one word) Over Darwen Lancs., use Darwen overdevelop/, -ed, -ing (one word) overemphas/is, -ize not -ise (one word) Overijssel province. of Netherlands over/joyed, -land (one word) over/-large, -many (hyphens) over/look, -night, -pass (one word) over/-populate, -produce (hyphens) over/rate, -reach (one word) over-react (hyphen) over/ride, -ripe, -rule (one word) overrun (typ.), to transfer words from one line to the next (one word) oversea/, -s (one word) over/-sensitive, -sexed (hyphens) oversight (one word) over/-simplify, -subscribe, -use (hyphens) over/value, -view, -weight, -work (one word) Ovid (in Lat., Publius Ovidius Naso), 43 BC-AD 17, Roman poet ovol/o (archit.), a moulding; pl. -i ov/um an egg; pl. -a (not ital.) 15.23 Owens College... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Owens College Manchester (no apos.) owner abbr. O. 15.24 Ox.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ox. or Oxf., Oxford Oxbridge Oxford and Cambridge Universities regarded collectively Oxenstjerna (Count Axel) 1583-1654, Swedish statesman ox-eye/ (hyphen); ox-eye daisy Oxfam Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Oxford Almanack not -ac Oxford English Dictionary (The) abbr. OED, not NED Oxford hollow (bind.), a flattened paper tube attached to the back of the gatherings and to the spine of the binding; this type of binding Oxfordshire abbr. Oxon. abbr. OUP, q.v. oxhide (one word) oxide not -id, -yd, -yde oxidization, oxidation not oxy- oxidize etc., not -ise, oxy- Oxon. Oxfordshire, (Lat.) Oxonia (Oxford), Oxoniensis (of Oxford) Oxon: sig. of Bp. of Oxford (colon) oxtail (one word) oxy-acetylene (hyphen) oxychloride not oxi- oxyd/e, -ation, -ize use oxi- oxygen/ symbol O; -ize, not -ise Oxyrhynchus Egypt, source of papyri oxytone (Gr. gram.), (word) with acute accent on last syllable 15.25 oyez! =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- oyez! hear ye! not oyes 15.26 oz.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- oz. ounce, -s (not now in scientific use) Ozaka Japan, use Os- 16.0 P =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 16.1 P... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- P (car) park, (chess) pawn, (as prefix) peta-, phosphorus, (phys.) poise, the fifteenth in a series P. pastor, post, president, prince, (Fr.) PЉre (Father), (Lat.) Papa (Pope), Pater (Father), pontifex (a bishop), populus (people) p penny, pennies, pence (see decimal currency); (as prefix) pico- p. page, participle, (meteor.) passing showers, passive, past, per, (Fr.) pass‚ (past), pied (foot), pouce (inch), pour (for), (Lat.) partim (in part), per (through), pius (holy), pondere (by weight), post (after), primus (first), pro (for) p- (chem.), para- p (mech.) pressure; (mus.) piano (softly) ° (typ.) the paragraph mark 16.2 PA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PA Pennsylvania (off. postal abbr.), personal assistant, Press Association, public address, Publishers Association Pa (phys.), pascal, (chem.) protactinium (no point) Pa. Pennsylvania (off. abbr.) p.a. per annum (yearly) Paarl Cape Province, S. Africa pabulum food (not ital.) PABX private automatic branch exchange pace/ (Lat.), with due respect to (one holding a different view), -- tua, by your leave pacha use pasha pachyderm a thick-skinned mammal pachymeter instrument for measuring small thicknesses, not pacho-. See also micrometer package/, -s abbr. pkg.; -- holiday, -- tour (two words) pack-drill (hyphen) packet/, -ed, -ing pack/-horse, -saddle (hyphens) packing/-box, -case, -needle, -sheet (hyphens) packthread (one word) pad/, -ded, -ding paddle/-boat, -steamer, -wheel (hyphens) Paderewski (lgnace Jan) 1860-1941, pianist, first Premier of Polish Rep., 1919 Padishah a title applied to the Shah of Iran, the Sultan of Turkey, the Great Mogul, and the (British) Emperor of India; in Pers. padshah padlock (one word) padre (colloq.), a chaplain padre (It., Port., Sp.), father, applied also to a priest padron/e (It.), a master, employer; pl. i Padua in It. Padova paduasoy strong corded silk fabric, not the many variants p.ae. partes aequales (equal parts) paean a song of triumph. See also paeon, peon paedagogy use ped- paederast/, -y use ped- paediatric/ (med.), relating to children (esp. their diseases) -s, the science; -ian paedo/baptism, -philia not ped- (one word) paella dish of rice and meat or fish paeon (Gr. and Lat. prosody), a foot of one long and three short syllables. See also paean, peon paeony use peony Paesiello (Giovauni) 1740-1816, Italian composer of operas Paganini (Niccol•), 1782-1840, Italian violinist and composer paganize not -ise page (typ.), one side of a leaf; type, film, etc., made up for printing on this; abbr. p., pl. pp. See also pagination paginate to number pages consecutively pagination (typ.), the numbering of the pages of a book, journal, etc.; may be in headline or at foot of page; generally omitted on opening pages of chapters, main sections, etc. See also preliminary matter paging not page-; (comp.), method of presenting text for editing on VDU in static full-screen units. See also scrolling Pagliacci (I) opera by Leoncavallo, 1892 Pahang see Malaya (Federation of) Pahlanpur Rajasthan, India, use Pal- Pahlavi language of Persia under Sassanians, not Pehlevi paid abbr. pd. paillasse (Fr. f.), a straw-mattress, in Eng. palliasse pailles/ (Fr. cook. f.), straws; -- de parmesan, cheese-straws Pain (Barry Eric Odell), 1864-1928, English humorous writer. See also Paine, Payn, Payne pain (Fr. m.), bread Paine (Thomas) 1737-1809, English-born political philosopher and American patriot, author of The Rights of Man. See also Pain, Payn, Payne painim a pagan, use pay- paint. painting paintings (titles of), when cited, to be in italic paintwork (one word) pair/, -s abbr. pr. pais/a coin of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, pl. -e Paisano/ (Mex.), nickname for a Spaniard; pl. -s pajamas US form of pyjamas Pak. Pakistan, -i pakeha (Maori), a white man Pakistan/ independent rep. 1956; left Commonwealth 1972; adj. -i; abbr. Pak. See also Bangladesh Pal. Palestine Palaearctic (zool.), of northern Old World, not Palaeoarctic palaeo- prefix ( = ancient), not -eo- palaeography study of anc. writing; abbr. palaeog. palaeolithic (archaeol.) (not cap.) palaeology study of antiquities, not paleo- palaeontology study of fossils; abbr. palaeont.; (typ.) genera, species, and varieties to be italic, other divisions roman. See also botany, zoology Palaeozoic (geol.), not Paleo (cap.) palaestra a Gr. or Rom. wrestling-school, not pale- palais (Fr. m.), palace (rom. for dance-hall) Palanpur Rajasthan, India, not Pahl- palatable not -cable palate roof of the mouth, sense of taste. See also palette, pallet palazz/o (It.), palace; pl. i pal/e -ish paleo- prefix, use palaeo- Palestin/e abbr. Pal.; adj. -ian palestra use palaestra paletot an overcoat (no accent, not ital.) palette/ artist's thin portable board for colour-mixing; -knife (hyphen). See alto palate, pallet Palgrave (Francis Turner) 1824-97, English anthologist Pali language of Buddhist scriptures palindrom/e word or phrase reading the same backwards as forwards; adj. -ic Palladian characterized by wisdom or learning, after Pallas, epithet of Gr. goddess Athena; also a Renaissance modification of the classic Roman style of architecture, from Andrea Palladio, 1518-80, Italian architect palladium image of Pallas Athena; also metallic element, symbol Pd pallet mattress, projection on a machine or clock, valve in an organ, platform for carrying loads. See also palate, palette palliasse a straw-mattress; in Fr. f. paillasse palliat/e to alleviate, minimize; -ive (adj. and noun) Pall Mall London street (two words) pallor paleness, not -our Pallottine Fathers RC society of priests Palmers Green London (no apos.) palmetto/ small palm-tree, pl. -s palm/-honey, -oil (hyphens) Palm Sunday one before Easter (two words, caps.) Palomar (Mount) (observatory, telescope), Calif., US palp/us insect's feeler; pl. -i palsgrav/e count palatinate; fem. -ine pam. pamphlet Pamir tableland in Cent. Asia, not -irs pampas-grass (hyphen) Pan. Panama panacea a cure-all (not ital.) pan/-African -American (but Pan American Airways, Union), -Anglican (hyphens.) panakin use pannikin Panama/ Cent. America; abbr. Pan.; adj. -nian Pandean pipes not -aean (cap.) pandect a treatise covering the whole of a subject (pl., cap) the digest of Roman law made under the Emperor Justinian in the sixth century pandemonium utter confusion, not pandae- Pandit (Mrs Vijaya Lakshmi), b. 1900, Indian diplomat pandit use pundit, but Pandit (cap.) as Indian title P. & O. Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Company p. & p. postage and packing panegyr/ic a formal speech or essay of praise; -ical, -ist, -ize, not -ise panel/, -led, -ling panem et circenses (Lat.), bread and circus games paner (Fr. cook.), to dress with egg and breadcrumbs pan-Hellen/ic, -ism (hyphen) panic/, -ked, -ky panikin use pannikin pan-Islam/ -ic (hyphen) Panizzi (Sir Antonio) 1797-1879, Italian-born English librarian Panjab use Punjab panjandrum a mock title pannikin a little pan, not pana-, pani-, -can pan-pipe not Pan's -- (hyphen) pan-Slav/ic -ism, not pan-Scl- pantagraph use panto- Pantaloon the lean old man of Italian comedy panta rhei (Gr.), all things are in a state of flux pantheon temple to all gods, (cap.) circular one in Rome Panth‚on Paris pantihose women's tights (one word) panto/ colloq. for pantomime, pl. -s pantograph instrument for copying to scale, framework for transmitting overhead current to electric vehicle, not panta-, penta- panzer/ (Ger.), armoured; -- division (two words) Papa (Lat.), Pope; abbr. P. papal/, -ly Papal States (the) (hist.) (caps.) Papandreou (Andreas Georgios) b. 1919, Greek economist and politician; -- (Georgios), 1888-1968, his father, Greek statesman papaw a small N. American deciduous tree, or its edible fruit; a tropical Amer. evergreen tree, or its edible fruit; not pawpaw, papaya papaya use papaw paperback a type of book (one word) paper sizes see crown, demy, DIN, elephant, foolscap, imperial, medium, post, pott, royal, small royal. See also book sizes papet/ier (Fr.), fem. -iЉre, a stationer Papier (Ger. n.), paper (cap.) papier (Fr. m.), paper (not cap.) papier mѓch‚ moulded paper pulp (two words, not ital.) papill/a a small protuberance on a living surface,pl. -ae; -ary, -ate,-ose papillon (Fr. m.), butterfly papoose N. American Indian infant, not papp- Papst (Ger. m.), Pope .(cap.) Papua New Guinea/ indep. 1975, adj. -n; abbr. PNG papyr/us anc. writing-material or MS written on it, pl. -i; -ology, the study of papyri, -ologist par equality (of exchange etc.) (no point). See also parr par. paragraph, parallel, parish par (Fr.), by, out of in, through Par Brazil, now Belem para- (chem. prefix) (ital.) Para. Paraguay para(s) paragraph(s) paradisaical not -iacal paraffin not -fine paragon (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 20 pt. paragraph a distinct section of type-matter on page; (typ.) in conversation, one for each fresh speaker or interruption. First line usually indented one em. Last line should have more than five letters. Abbr. par., pl. pars., paras. Paraguay/ S. Amer.; adj. -an; abbr. Para. parakeet not paraquet, -oquet, -okeet, parr- paralipomena OT books of Chronicles, not -leip- paralips/is drawing attention to a subject by affecting not to mention it, pl. -es, not -leipsis, -lepsis, -lepsy parallel/ abbr. par.; -ed, -ing parallelepiped a solid figure bounded by six parallelograms, not -ipiped, -opiped paralogize to reason falsely, not -ise paralyse not -ise, -ize, -yze Paramatta use Parra- paramecium (zool.), not -aecium, -oecium parameter (math.), variable factor constant in a particular case; avoid in gen. use paranoi/a insanity characterized by delusions, not -noea; -ac, -d paraph the flourish at the end of a signature paraphernalia (pl.), miscellaneous personal belongings paraquat a herbicide paraquet use parakeet parasitize not -ise paratroops airborne parachute troops parbleu! (Fr. colloq.), an exclamation of surprise parcel/, -led, -ling parcel post (two words) parcen/ary (law),joint heirship; -er, joint heir parchment/ inner split sheep skin prepared for writing; -- -paper, imitation parchment (hyphen) parcimony etc., use parsi- parenthes/is pl. -es, abbr. parens., the upright curves (). See also brackets, punctuation X parenthesize to insert as a parenthesis, not -ise parerg/on a subsidiary work; pl. -a (not ital.) par/ excellence (Fr.), pre-eminently; -- exemple, for example, abbr. p. ex pargana (lnd.), a parish, not perguunah par hasard (Fr.), by chance, not -- haz- parheli/on a mock sun; pl. -a pariah (lnd.), one of low or no caste; a social outcast pari mutuel (Fr.), a totalizator pari passu (Lat.), at the same rate parish/ abbr. par.; -- priest, abbr. PP Parisian of Paris (cap.); Parisienne (Fr. f.), a woman of Paris (cap.) park abbr. P or pk. Park (Mungo), 1771-1806, Scottish traveller in Africa parka Eskimo hooded jackct Parkinson's/ disease shaking palsy, studied by James Parkinson (1755-1824); -- law, the law, facetiously expounded by C. N. Parkinson, that work expands to fill the time available for it Parliament/ (cap.), abbr. Parl; -- House, Edin., the Scottish Law Courts. See also Assemblies Parmesan a hard cheese made at Parma and elsewhere Parnass/us (Mount) Greece, sacred to the Muses; adj. -ian, poetic parochialize not -ise parokeet use parakeet parol (law), oral, not written, not -le parol/e prisoner's promise not to escape, (mil.) a word of honour; as verb, partic. -ing; -ee, one paroled paronomasia word-play paroquet use parakeet paroxysm a fit of pain, passion, laughter paroxytone (Gr. gram.), (word) with acute accent on last syllable but one parquet/ wooden flooring; as verb, past and partic. -ed; -ry; in Fr. f. parqueterie Parr (Catherine), 1512-48, last wife of Henry VIII; (Thomas, "Old"), ?1483-1635, English centenarian parr a young salmon, not par parrakeet use parakeet Parramatta NSW, not -mata, Para- parramatta light dress fabric (not cap.) Parratt (Sir Walter) 1841-1924, English organist parricid/e murder(er) of a near relative or of a revered person; adj. -al. See also patri- Parrish's chemical food parroquet use parakeet pars. paragraphs parsec (astr.), a unit of distance, 3.26 light-years, abbr. pc Parsee/ a descendant of the Zoroastrians who fled from Persia to India in the eighth century pl. -s; not -si Parsifal opera by Wagner, 1879 parsimon/y meanness, adj. -ious, not parci- parsnip (hort.), not -ep part abbr. pt. part. participle partable (law), use -ible parterre a flower-bed, or garden (not ital.); also area in theatre between orchestra and audience partes aequales (Lat.), equal parts; abbr. p. ae. part-exchange (noun and verb, hyphen) Parthenon temple of Athena on Acropolis at Athens Parthian shot etc., glance or remark made when turning away (one cap.) parti (Fr. m.), party (faction), match (marriage), resolution (good or bad) partible (law), that must be divided, not -able participator not -er participle a verbal adjective; abbr. P. or part. particoloured variegated, not party- (one word) particularize not -ise partie/ (Fr. f), part; -- carr‚e, a party of two men and two women partim (Lat.), in part; abbr. p. parti pris (Fr. m.), foregone conclusion, prejudice partisan an adherent of a party (freq. derog.), (mil.) a member of a resistance movement, not -zan partout (Fr.), everywhere part/-owner, -song (hyphens) part time (hyphen when attrib.) party (Conservative, Labour, Liberal, etc.) (not cap. p) party-coloured use partic- party line (two words) party-wall (hyphen) parvenu/ fem. -e, pl. -s, -es, an upstart (not ital.) Pasadena Calif., US pascal (phys.), SI unit of pressure; abbr. Pa Pas-de-Calais d‚p. N. France (hyphens); Pas de Calais (Fr. m.), Strait of Dover (three words) pas de/ chat (Fr. m.), special leap in ballet; -- -- deux, dance for two; -- -- quatre, ditto four; -- -- trois, ditto three pasha/ (Turk.), a title placed after the name, not -cha; in Fr. m. pacha; -lic, pasha's province Pashto language of the Pathans, not -u, Push- paso doble (Sp.), ballroom dance in march style pass. passive passable that may be passed. See also passible passacaglia (mus.), instrumental piece based on old dance passbook (one word) Passchendaele Belgium, battle (1917) pass/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, past, faded; abbr. p. passed master use past passementerie (Fr. f.), embroidery, not passi- passe-partout master-key, (picture-frame using) adhesive tape (not ital.) pas seul (Fr. m.), dance for one person Passfield see Webb passible capable of feeling. See also passable passim (Lat.), here and there throughout Passion Week follows Passion Sunday (fifth in lent) passive abbr. p. or pass. passkey (one word) pass-mark (hyphen) password (one word) past abbr. p. pastel/ artist's crayon; -list. See also pastille Pasternak (Boris Leonidovich) 1890-1960, Russian novelist and poet pasteurize to sterilize, not -ise pastiche medley pastille confection, odorizer, not -il. See also pastel past master former master in guild, expert, not passed -- pastoral/e (mus.), a pastoral composition; pl. -es pat. patent, -ed Pata. Patagonia patchouli perfume from Indian plant, not -ly patchwork (one word) pѓt‚/ paste of meat, fish, etc. (not ital.); -- de foie gras, a spiced paste of goose-liver patell/a (anat.), kneecap; pl. -ae; adj. -ar paten dish used at Eucharist, circular metal plate, not -in, -ine Patent Office abbr. Pat. Off. Pater (Lat.), Father; abbr. P. paterfamilias father of a family paternoster the Lord's Prayer (esp. in Lat.), bead in rosary, series (esp. moving compartments) pater patriae (Lat.), father of his country Paterson (William) 1658-1719, British founder of the Bank of England Paterson NJ, US path. patholog/y, -ical Path‚tique name of sonata by Beethoven and symphony by Tchaikovsky Patiala E. Punjab, India patin/, -e use paten patio/ inner court, paved area of garden, pl. -s pѓtiss/erie pastry (rom.); pѓtiss/ier, fem. -iЉre (Fr. f.) pastry-cook (ital.) Patna rice (cap.) patois a dialect of the common people, jargon, pl. same (not ital.) Patres/ (Lat.), fathers, abbr. PP; -- Conscripti, Conscript Fathers, abbr. PPC patria potestas (Roman law), father's power over his family patricide murder(er) of one's father. See also parricide patrol/, -led, -ling patronize not -ise Pattenmakers Company not Pattern- Pattison (Mark) 1813-84, Rector of Lincoln Coll., Oxford Patton (George Smith) 1885-1945, US general PAU Pan American Union pauca verba (Lat.), few words pauperize not -ise Pausanias (fl. c. AD 150), Greek traveller, author of "Description of Greece", abbr. Paus. pavan stately dance, not -ane; in Fr. f. pavane pav‚ (Fr. m.), pavement, jewellery setting with stones close together pavilion not pavill- pavior one who lays pavements, not -ver, -vier, -viour; Paviors Company Pavlova (Anna) 1885-1931, Russian ballet-dancer pawaw use powwow pawn (chess), abbr. P pawpaw use papaw PAX private automatic exchange pax vobiscum! (Lat.), peace be with you! paxwax the neck cartilages (not the many variants) pay/-bed, -claim, -day (hyphens) PAYE pay-as-you-earn, method of tax-collection payload (one word) paymaster abbr. paymr. or PM (one word) Paymaster-General (caps., hyphen); abbr. PMG payment abbr. pt. Payn (James) 1830-98, English novelist and editor. See also Pain, Paine, Payne Payne (Edward John), 1844-1904, English historian; -- (John Howard), 1791-1852, US playwright, wrote "Home, Sweet Home". See also Pain, Paine, Payn paynim a pagan, not pai- pay-off (noun, hyphen) pay-packet (hyphen) pay phone (two words) payroll (one word) paysage (Fr. m.), landscape (painting) (ital.); paysagist, landscape painter (not ital.) Pays-Bas (Fr. m. pl.), the Netherlands (caps., hyphen) 16.3 PB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PB Pharmacopoeia Britannica, Plymouth Brethren, Prayer Book Pb plumbum (lead) (no point) PBI (mil. slang), (poor bloody) infantry(man) PBX private branch exchange 16.4 PC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PC Panama Canal, Parish Council, -or, Police Constable (q.v.), Privy Council, Counsellor pc (astron.), parsec p/c petty cash, prices current p.c. per cent, police constable, postcard PCC Parochial Church Council PCS (Sc.), Principal Clerk of Session 16.5 PD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PD Pharmacopoeia Dublinensis, Postal District (London), privat-docent Pd palladium (no point) pd. paid p.d. per diem, (elec.) potential difference p.d.q. pretty damn quick PDSA People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 16.6 PE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PE Pharmacopoeia Edinburgensis, physical education, Port Elizabeth (Cape Province), potential energy, Protestant Episcopal p.e. personal estate p/e price/earnings ratio PEA Physical Education Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland peaceable not -cable peace/maker, -time (one word) peace/-offering, -pipe (hyphens) pea-chick young peafowl (hyphen) peach Melba ice-cream and peaches with liqueur, not p€che -- pea/cock, -fowl, -hen (one word) pea-green (hyphen) pea-jacket sailor's overcoat (hyphen) pearl (in knitting), use purl pearl (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 5 pt. Pearl Harbor US naval base, Hawaii, not -- Harbour Pears (Sir Peter) 1910-86, English tenor Peary (Robert Edwin) 1856-1920, US Arctic explorer, first at N. Pole, 1909 pease-pudding (hyphen) peat/bog, -moss, -reek (one word) peau-de-soie smooth silky fabric (not ital.) pebbl/e, -y p.e.c. photoelectric cell peccadillo/ a trifling offence; pl. -es peccary S. American mammal, not -i peccavi confession of guilt (not ital.) p€che (Fr. f.), fish/ery, -ing, peach; p€che Melba, use peach Melba peckoe, peco use pekoe pecorino/ It. cheese made from ewes' milk, pl. -s peculat/e, -or embezzl/e, -er Ped. (mus.), pedal pedagog/ue schoolmaster (arch. and derog.); -y, -ics, science of teaching, not pae- pedal/, -led, -ling pederast/, -y not paed- pedlar travelling vendor of small wares, not -er pedo/baptism, -philia use paedo- Peeblesshire former Sc. county, abbr. Peebles. peel (hist.), small square tower, not pele Peele (George) ?1558-?97, English playwright peep/-hole, -show (hyphens) peeping Tom voyeur (one cap.) peer group (two words) peewit the lapwing, not pewit Peggotty family in Dickens's David Copperfield Pehlevi use Pahlavi PEI Prince Edward Island, Canada peignoir a woman's loose dressing-gown peine forte et dure (Fr. f.), severe punishment, a medieval judicial torture Peirce (Charles Sanders) 1839-1914, US mathematician, founder of philosophical pragmatism Peking/ China, not Peip-, -kin; in Pinyin Beijing; -ese, (inhabitant) of Peking; Pekinese, a small dog, colloq. peke pekoe a black tea, not peckoe, peco (not cap.) pele use peel pell-mell confusedly Peloponnese the modern Morea, S. Greece pemmican dried meat for travellers, not pemi- Pen. Peninsula penalize not -ise pen-and-ink (adj., hyphens) Penang see Malaya (Federation of) penates (pl.), Roman household gods. See also lar pence see penny penchant bias (not ital.) pencil/, -led, -ling PEN Club an international association of writers (= Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, Novelists) pendant anything hanging pendent (adj.), suspended pendente lite (Lat.), during the trial pendulum/ pl. -s penetrable that may be penetrated penetralia (pl.), innermost recesses (not ital.) pen-feather quill-feather. See also pin-feather pen-friend (hyphen) penguin a bird. See also pinguin penholder (one word) penicillin (med.) Penicillium (bot.), a genus of fungi, mould (ital.) Penicuik Lothian peninsula/ (noun), pl. -s; adj. -r Peninsular/ Campaign SE Virginia, 1862, in American Civil War; -- War, Spain and Portugal, 1808-l4, in Napoleonic Wars penis/ the male organ, pl. -es penknife (one word) Penmaenmawr Gwynedd penman/, -ship (one word) pen-name (hyphen) pennant (naut.), a piece of rigging, a flag penniless not penny- pennon (mil.), a long narrow flag penn'orth (colloq.), a pennyworth Pennsylvania off. abbr. Pa. or (postal) PA, not Penn., Penna. penny pl. pennies (number of coins), pence (sum of money); abbr. s. and pl. d.; new penny, pl. new pence (not pennies), abbr. p (no point). See also decimal currency penny-a-liner (hyphens) pennyroyal (bot.), a kind of mint (one word) pennyweight 24 grains (approx. 1.55 g.); abbr. dwt. pennyworth (one word) penology science of punishment, not poe- pen-pal (hyphen) Penrhyn Gwynedd, also Baron -- Penryn Cornwall pens‚e (Fr. f), thought, maxim, also pansy pension/ a boarding-house, -school; en --, on boarding terms; pensionnat (Fr. m.), a boarding-school penstemon use pentstemon Pent. Pentecost pentagon/ figure or building with five sides; (cap.) headquarters of US defence forces; adj. -al pentagram five-pointed star pentagraph use panto- pentameter (prosody), verse of five units Pentateuch/ first five books of the OT; -al (cap.) Pentecost Whit Sunday; abbr. Pent. pentecostal (not cap.) penthouse (one word) pentstemon (bot.), not pens- penumbr/a (astr.), lighter shadow round dark shadow of an eclipse; pl. -ae peon a servant. See also paean, paeon peony a flower, not pae- PEP Political and Economic Planning pepo/ fleshy fruit of melon, etc., pl. -s pepsin an enzyme in gastric juice, not -ine Pepys (Samuel) 1633-1703, diarist and civil servant per. period per (Lat.), by, for; abbr. p. PERA Production Engineering Research Association of Great Britain perai use piranha Perak see Malaya (Federation of) per annum yearly, abbr. p.a. or per ann. per caput for each person, preferable to per capita perceiv/e, -able, -er per cent for each hundred (two words, no point), symbol % percentage (one word) perceptible not -able Perceval one of King Arthur's knights; -- (Spencer), 1762-1812, English statesman perch (rod or pole) 5.029 m., (area) 25.29 sq. m.; do not abbreviate perchance perhaps percolat/e, -ing, -or per/ contra (Lat.), on the other hand; -- curiam, by the court perdendosi (mus.), dying away per diem daily; as noun, daily allowance perdu/ fem. -e, concealed, lost PЉre (Fr. m.), RCC father; abbr. P. pЉre (Fr. m.), father, as Dumas pЉre (not ital.) PЉre Lachaise Paris cemetery (two words, caps.) perf. perfect, (stamps) perforated perfect abbr. perf. perfect binding unsewn binding, q.v. perfecter one who perfects, not -or; (typ.), a printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass perfectib/le, -ility not -ab- perfecting (typ.), printing the second side of a sheet perforated abbr. perf. perforce of necessity (one word) Pergamon Press, Ltd. publishers Pergamum city and kingdom in anc. Asia Minor Pergolesi (Giovanni Batista) 171O-36, Italian composer pergunnah (Ind.), a parish, use pargana periagua use piragua peridot gem, not -te perig/ee (astr.), abbr. perig.; adj. -ean P‚rigord (Fr. cook.), cooking based on truffles perimeter circumference per incuriam (Lat.), by oversight perine/um (anat.), pl. -ums; adj. -al per interim (Lat.), in the mean time period abbr. per.; in typ. called the full point or point; see punctuation V periodicals (titles of), when cited, to be italic; as a rule, the definite article should be in roman lower case, except in The Economist and The Times peripatetic walking about; (cap.) Aristotelian (school of philosophy) peripeteia sudden reversal of fortune, not -tia (not ital.) periphras/is circumlocution, pl. -es; adj. -tic perispomen/on (Gr. gram.), (word) with circumflex on last syllable, pl. -a peristyle (archit.), row of columns round temple periton/eum (anat.), pl. -eums; -eal, -itis perityphlitis (path.) periwig/, -ged not perri- periwinkle plant, and mollusc Perlis see Malaya (Federation of) perm colloq. for permanent wave, permutation, and corresponding verbs (no point) permeable that may be permeated per/ mensem for each month; -- mille, for each thousand permis de s‚jour (Fr. m.), residence permit permissible not -able permit/, -ted, -ting Perўn (Juan Domingo) 1895-1974, pres. of Argentina 1946-55, 1973-4 per pais (Norman Fr.), by jury (= by the county) perpetuum mobile (Lat.), something never at rest per/ procurationem (Lat.), by agency of, now often on behalf of, abbr. per pro. or p.p. perriwig use peri- Pers. Persia, -n pers. person, -al, -ally per/ saltum (Lat.), at a leap; -- se, by himself, herself, itself, or themselves Perse see Leger Persia/, -n abbr. Pers.; but use Iran/, -ian, of the modern state Persian usually printed in Arabic alphabet with slight modifications Persian/ carpet, -- cat, -- rug (caps.), but persian morocco (bind.) (no caps.) persiflage banter (not ital.) persil (Fr. m.), parsley persimmon (bot.), the date-plum, not -simon persist/ence (in Fr. f. persistance), -ency, -ent persona/ perceived characteristics of personality, pl. -e (not ital.) persona/ grata (Lat.), an acceptable person; -- gratissima, a most acceptable person; -- ingrata, -- non grata, unacceptable person; pls. -ae -ae personalize not -ise personalty (law), personal estate, not -ality personnel staff of persons employed in any service, members of armed forces; -- carrier, -- manager (two words) persp. perspective Perspex propr. term for a transparent plastic (cap.) perspicac/ity clearness of understanding; adj. -ious perspicu/ity clearness of statement; adj. -ous per stirpes (Lat.), by the number of families persuadable use with ref. to a particular instance, in gen. use next persuas/ible open to persuasion; -ive, able to persuade PERT programme evaluation and review technique pertinac/ity persistence; adj. -ious peruke a wig, not -que Peruv. Peruvian per viam (Lat.), by way of pes (Lat.), a foot; pl. pedes peseta Spanish unit of currency, abbr. pta. Peshawar W. Pakistan, not -ur peso/ unit of currency in some Latin-American countries, pl. -s Pestalozzi (Johann Heinrich) 1746-1827, Swiss educationist Pesth see Budapest Pet. (1, 2) First, Second Epistle of Peter (NT) peta- prefix meaning ten to the power of 15, abbr. P P‚tain (Henri Philippe) 1856-1951, French Marshal petal/, -led peterel use petrel Peterlee Co. Durham, "new town", 1948 Peter Schlemihl a well-meaning unlucky fellow (title of a novel by Chamisso, 1814) Peter's pence (hist.), an annual tax of one penny per household paid to the papal see, discontinued in England under Henry VIII; from 1860 a world-wide voluntary contribution to the papal treasury on St Peter's Day petit/ (Fr.), fem. -e, small; -- bourgeois, member of lower middle class; -- d‚jeuner, breakfast; -- four, a small fancy cake (pl. -s fours) petitio principii (Lat.), begging the question petit/ mal (Fr. m.), mild form of epilepsy; -- point, embroidery in small stitches petits/ pois (Fr. m. pl.), green peas; -- soins, little attentions petit verre (Fr. m.), a glass of liqueur Petrarc/h (Francesco) 1304-74, Italian scholar and poet, in It. -a; adj. -an Petre (Baron) petrel a bird, not -erel Petriburg: sig. of Bp. of Peterborough (colon) Petrograd name given to St Petersburg during the First World War; now Leningrad petrol refined petroleum used as fuel petroleum unrefined oil petrology abbr. petrol. Pettie (John) 1839-93, Scottish painter pettifog/ to cavil in legal matters; -ger, -gery, -ging petty/ bourgeois; -- cash abbr. p/c; -- officer, abbr. PO (two words) peu … peu (Fr.), little by little Peugeot Fr. make of car peut-€tre (Fr.), perhaps pewit use peewit p. ex. (Fr.), par exemple (for example) 16.7 PF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PF Patriotic Front, Procurator-fiscal pF picofarad (no point) Pf. (Ger.), Pfennig pf (mus.), pi¦ forte (a little louder) or piano forte (soft, then loud) Pfd. (Ger.), Pfund (pound) pfennig a small German coin, 1/100 of a mark; Ger. m., cap., Pfennig Pfitzner (Hans) 1869-1949, German composer Pfleiderer (Edmund) 1842-1902, and his brother -- (Otto), 1839-1908, German philosophers Pfund (Ger. n.), pound (cap.); abbr. Pfd. 16.8 PG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PG paying guest pg picogram (no point) PGA Professional Golfers' Association PGM (Freemasonry, Odd Fellows), Past Grand Master 16.9 pH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- pH measure of hydrogen ion concentration ph phot Phaedon b. c.417 BC, pupil of Socrates phaenomenon etc., use phe- Phaethon (Gr. myth.), son of Helios, not Phae-, -ton phaeton a carriage phalan/x line of battle, a compact body of men; pl. -xes; (biol.) a bone or stamen-bundle, pl. -ges phall/us pl. -uses, (bot., med., relig.) -i phanariot one of Greek official class in Constantinople under Ottoman rule phantasize use fan- phantasmagor/ia a shifting scene of real or imagined figures, pl. -ias; adj. -ic, not fa- phantasy use fan- phantom not f- Phar. Pharmacopoeia Pharao/h not -oah; adj. -nic Pharis/ee one of an anc. Jewish sect, strict observers of religious forms, hence a self-righteous person, pl. -ees; -aism, adjs. -aic, -aical pharm. pharmaceutical, pharmacy pharmacol. pharmacology Pharmacopoeia a book describing drugs, abbr. P. (see BP) or Phar.; Pharmacopoeia/ Dublinensis (of Dublin), abbr. PD; -- Edinburgensis (of Edinburgh), abbr. PE; -- Londiniensis (of London), abbr. PL pharos lighthouse, (cap.) the one at Alexandria or the island on which it stood pharyn/x the cavity behind the larynx; pl. -ges; -gal, -geal, -gitis phas/e, -ic, -ing Ph.B. Philosophiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Philosophy) Ph.D. Philosophiae Doctor (Doctor of Philosophy) Phebe see Phoebe PhЉdre by Racine, 1677 Pheidias use Phidias Phenician use Phoe- phenix use phoe- phenomen/on an appearance; pl. -a; adj. -al, not phae- Phidias 5th c. BC, Athenian sculptor, not Pheid- Phil. Philadelphia, Philharmonic, Philippine, Epistle to Philippians (NT) philabeg use filibeg Philadelphia abbr. Phil. or Phila. philatel/y stamp-collecting; -ic, -ically, -ist Philem. Philemon (NT) philemot use fi- philharmonic fond of music (cap. as part of name of orchestra or society) philhellen/e (one) friendly to the Greeks; -ic, -ism, -ist philibeg use filibeg Philip (George) & Son map publishers Philippe Kings of France Philippians Epistle to, abbr. Phil. Philippic (pl.) speeches of Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon; also those of Cicero against Antony; (not cap.) a bitter invective philippina a game of forfeits, not the many variants Philippine Islands abbr. PI Philippines (Republic of the) indep. 1946, inhabited by Filipinos Philipps family name of Viscount St Davids and Baron Milford. See also Phill- Philips (Ambrose) 1675-1749, English writer of pastoral and nursery poems, hence "namby-pamby"; -- (John), 1676-1709, parodist of Milton; -- (Katherine), 1631-64, English poet. See also Phill- Philister (Ger.), a townsman, a non-student, pl. same (cap.) Philistin/e an inhabitant of anc. Palestine; (not cap.) a person indifferent to culture; philistinism phillipina use philipp- Phillipps (James Orchard) see Halliwell Phillipps; -- (Sir Thomas), 1792-1872, English book-collector. See also Philipps Phillips (Sir Claud) 1846-1924, English art critic; -- (Edward, 1630-94, lexicographer, and John, 1631-1706), Milton's nephews; -- (John Bertram), b. 1906, English Bible translator; -- (Stephen), 1864-1915, English poet; -- (Wendell), 1811-84, US abolitionist. See also Philips Phillpotts (Eden) 1862-1960, English novelist and dramatist; -- (Henry), 1778-1869, Bp. of Exeter. See also Philpott philopoena use philippina philosophers' stone substance thought to change base metals to gold, not 's philosophize not -ise philosophy abbr. philos. Philpott (Henry) 1807-92, Bp. of Worcester. See also Phillpotts Phil. Soc. Philological Society of London, Philosophical Society of America Phil. Trans. the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London philtre aphrodisiac drink. See also filter Phiz illustrator of Dickens, see Browne (Hablot Knight) phiz (arch. and colloq.), the face, not phizz phlebit/is inflammation of the veins; adj. -ic Phnom Penh Cambodia phobia/ a morbid fear; pl. -s Phoebe (but Phebe in As You Like It) Phoebus "bright", epithet of Apollo Phoenician not Phe- phoenix myth. bird that rose rejuvenated from its own ashes, not phen- phon unit of loudness phon. phonetics phone short for telephone, not 'phone phone-in broadcast incorporating listeners' telephoned views (hyphen) phon/ey false, not phony; -ier, -ily, -iness phonol. phonology phosphor/us symbol P; adj. -ous phosphuretted not -eted, -oretted phot unit of illuminance, in SI units 10 klx; abbr. ph photo/ photograph (no point); pl. -s photo/composition, -setting (one word) (typ.), setting copy on to film etc. instead of in metal type photocop/y, -ier (one word) photoelectric (one word) photo finish (two words) photofit Identikit (q.v.) picture using photographs of facial features (one word) photog. photograph/y, -ic Photograph/ (Ger. m.), photographer; -ie (f.), photograph, -y photograph/e (Fr. m. and f.), photographer; -ie (f.), photograph, -y photogravure (typ.), intaglio printing process; shortened as gravure photolithography (typ.), the photographic processes for making a plate for printing by offset-lithography; colloq. photolitho photom. photometr/y, -ical photomicrograph a photograph of a minute object taken with a microscope. See also microphotograph photomontage a montage of photographs photosetting see photocomposition phr. phrase phren. phrenology phrenetic use fren- phrenitic affected with phrenitis, inflammation of the brain phthalic (chem.), derived from naphthalene phthisis tuberculosis Phyfe (Duncan) 1786-1854, Scottish-born US furniture-maker phyl/um a main division of the animal or vegetable kingdom; pl. -a phys. physical, physician, physics physic/, -ked, -king, -ky physico-chemical (hyphen) physiol. physiolog/y, -ical, -ist physique constitution (not ital.) physique (Fr. f.), physics (natural philosophy) 16.10 PI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PI Philippine Islands pi (typ.), use pie pi, ratio of circumference to diameter of circle, or 3.14159265 ... pianissimo (mus.), very soft; abbr. pp pianississimo (mus.), as softly as possible; abbr. ppp piano/ (mus.), softly, abbr. p; instrument formally called pianoforte, pl. -s; ---player, -stool (hyphens) Pianola propr. term for automatic piano-player (cap.) piano nobile (archit.), the main floor of a building (ital.) piassava fibre from palm-trees, not -aba piastre small coin of Middle Eastern countries, not -er piazz/a an open square, pl. -as pibroch an air on the bagpipe, not the bagpipe itself pica (typ.), size of letters on some typewriters; the standard for typographic measurement, equals 12 pt. or about one-sixth of an inch; also name for a former size of type, about 12 pt. picaninny use picca- picaresque of a style of fiction describing the life of an (amiable) rogue (not ital.) Picasso (Pablo) 1881-1973, Spanish painter picayune a small US coin pre-1857, (colloq.) any trifling coin, person, or thing; (adj.) trifling, mean piccalilli a pickle piccaninny Negro or Austral. Aboriginal infant, not pica-, picka- piccolo/ the smallest flute; pl. -s pi character (comp.), special sort: see pi plaque pick (typ.), blob of ink or dirt stuck to sort; proneness of paper surface fibres or coating to become detached on to the offset blanket pickaback use piggy-back pickaxe (one word) pickelhaube (Ger. hist. f.), infantry helmet picket/ pointed stake, person stationed at site of strike, (mil.) body of troops watching for enemy, not picq-, piq-; as verb, -ed, -ing; -- line (of industrial pickets) (two words) pick-me-up/ a tonic (hyphens); pl. -s pickpocket (one word) picnic/, -ked, -ker, -king pico- prefix meaning ten to the power of minus 12, abbr. p picquet use picket pictures (titles of) when cited, to be in italic pidgin English Chinese jargon from pidgin (corruption of business), (two words, one cap.). See also pigeon pi-dog use pye-dog pie (typ.), composed type which has been jumbled, not pi, pye piebald of two colours in irregular patches, usu. of horses, usu. black and white; not pye-. See also skewbald piЉce de r‚sistance (Fr. f.), the principal dish at a meal, the most remarkable item, pl. piЉces -- -- piecemeal one portion at a time (one word) piece/-rate, -work (hyphens) pied/ (Fr. m.), a foot, abbr. p.; ---…-terre, an occasional residence, pl. pieds-…-terre (hyphens) pie-dog use pye-dog Pierce (Franklin) 1804-69, President of US 1853-7 Pierce the Ploughman's Crede anon. about 1394. See also Piers Pierian Spring the fountain of the Muses in Thessaly Pierides the nine Muses pierr/ot seaside entertainer derived from French pantomime; fem. -ette Piers Plowman (The Vision of William concerning) by W. Langland, 14th c. See also Pierce piet… representation of dead Christ in his Mother's arms pietas (Lat.), respect due to an ancestor, etc. Pietermaritzburg S. Africa pietr/a dur/a (It.), a stone mosaic; pl. -e -e piezo-electric (hyphen) pigeon (not my) not my affair. See also pidgin pigeon-hol/e, -ed (hyphen) piggyback (one word), not pick-a-back pigheaded (one word) pig-iron (hyphen) pigm/y, -aean use pygm- pig/skin, -sty pl. -sties, -swill, -weed (one word) Pike's Peak Rocky Mountains, US (apos.) pikestaff (one word) Piketberg (off. spelling), Cape Province, not Piquet- pilaff dish of rice with meat or fish, spices, etc., not the many variants pillule use pilule pilot/, -ed, -ing pilot/-fish, -house, -light (hyphens) Piloty (Karl von) 1826-86, German painter Pilsen Czechoslovakia Pilsener a light beer (cap.) Pilsudski (Josef) 1867-1935, Polish general, first President of Poland, 1918 pilule a small pill, not pill- pimento/ allspice, sweet pepper, pl. -s, not pimi- pinakothek (Ger. from Gr.), picture-gallery pin-ball (hyphen) pince-nez spring eyeglasses, pl. same (not ital., hyphen) pincushion (one word) Pindar 518-438 BC, Greek poet; abbr. Pind. Pindar (Peter) 1738-1819, pseud. of Dr J. Wolcot pineapple (one word) pine-cone (hyphen) Pinero (Sir Arthur Wing) 1855-1934, English playwright pin-feather small feather. See also pen-feather ping-pong (hyphen) pinguin W. Indian plant or fruit. See also penguin pin/-head, -hole, -money, -point (hyphens) pinprick (one word) pinscher a breed of dog, not pinch-. See also Dobermann pinscher pin-stripe (hyphen) pint/ abbr. pt., sign O pin-table (hyphen) pintado/ petrel, mackerel-like fish, pl. -s Pinturicchio nickname of Bernardino di Betto, 1454-1513, Italian painter pinxit (Lat.), painted this; abbr. pnxt. or pinx. Pinyin see Chinese pion (phys.), subatomic particle pi plaque (comp.), set of special sorts called into use when required Pippa Passes by R. Browning, 1841 pipy like, or having, pipes, not -ey piquan/t sharp, -cy (not ital.) piqu/e resentment; a score in piquet; as verb, to irritate, -ed, -ing piqu‚ a thick cotton fabric (not ital.) piqu‚ (Fr.), (of wine) slightly sour; (mus.) short, detached; (cook.) larded piquet a card-game, not picq-. See also picket Piquetberg use Piket- PIRA Pira, Research Association for the Paper and Board, Printing and Packaging Industries Piraeus port of Athens piragua S. American dug-out canoe, not the many variants Pirandello (Luigi) 1867-1936, Italian playwright Piranesi (Giambattista) 1720-78, Italian architect and etcher piranha ferocious S. American fish, not perai, piraya pis aller (Fr. m.), a second best piscin/a a fish-pond, (eccl.) stone basin for disposing of water used in washing the chalice, etc.; pl. -ae pis‚ (Fr. m.), rammed earth (ital.) Pissarro (Camille) 1831-1903, French painter pistachio/ a nut; pl. -s; not -acho piste (Fr. f.), ski-track pitch-and-toss (hyphens) pitch/blende, -fork, -stone (one word) Pitman (Sir Isaac) 1813-97, English inventor of shorthand Pitti (Palazzo) art gallery, Florence Pittsburgh Pa., US, not -burg pi— (It. mus.), more pius (Lat.), holy; abbr. p. pivot/, -ed, -ing pix use pyx pix/ie a small fairy, not -y; -ilated, bewildered, not pixy-led pixie/ hat, -- hood (two words) Pizarro (Francisco) 1475-1541, Spanish conquistador pizz/a (It. cook.), layer of dough covered with cheese, ham, olives, etc. and baked, pl. -as; -eria, place where pizzas are made pizzicato (mus.), pinched, plucked; abbr. pizz. 16.11 PJ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PJ presiding judge, Probate Judge 16.12 PK... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PK psychokinesis pk. park, peak pkg. package, -s 16.13 PL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PL Paymaster Lieutenant, Pharmacopoeia Londiniensis, Poet Laureate, Primrose League P/L Profit and Loss Pl. Plate, -s pl. place, plate, platoon, plural PLA Port of London Authority place (Fr. f.), square in a town place aux dames! (Fr.), ladies first! placebo/ opening antiphon of vespers for the dead; (med.) a medicine given to humour the patient; pl. -s place-name (hyphen) placent/a organ nourishing foetus in womb, pl. -ae placet (Lat.), it pleases, permission granted plafond (Fr. m.), a ceiling, esp. decorated (ital.) plagiarize use another's writings as one's own, not -ise plagu/e, -esome, -ily, -y Plaid Cymru Welsh nationalist party plainchant (one word) plain sailing (fig.) easy work (two words). See also plane sailing (naut.) plain/sman, -song (one word) plaintiff abbr. plf. Plaisterers (Worshipful Company of) planchet a coin-blank planchette small board on castors and a pencil-point, used to trace letters spontaneously at spiritualistic seances Planck's/ constant -- Law of Radiation, in the quantum theory, from Max Planck, 1858-1947, German physicist plane short for aeroplane, not 'plane plane sailing (naut.), calculation of a ship's position on the assumption that it is moving on a plane surface (two words). See also plain sailing planetari/um pl. -ums planetary signs (See Figure 3 in topic FRONT_4) plankton microscopic drifting organic life found in water. See benthal and nekton planographic (typ.), of a printing process based on a flat surface, on which the image areas are made greasy so as to accept ink and the rest wet to reject it Plantagenet family name of the English sovereigns from 1154 to 1399 Plantin (Christophe) c.1520-89, French printer Plasticine propr. term for modelling substance (cap.) plasticky plastic-like plastron a bodice front plat (Fr. cook. m.), a dish; -- du jour, special dish of the day Plate/ -s, abbr. Pl. plate (typ.) planographic (q.v.) or typographic (q.v.) printing surface of complete page or sheet cast or etched in metal or polymerized resin; halftone etc. illustration; (photog.) whole --, 8.5 x 6.5 in., half --, 6.5 x 4.5 in., quarter --, 4.25 x 3.25 in. plateau/ an elevated plain; pl. -x (not ital.) plate glass (two words) plate-rack (hyphen) platinize to coat with platinum, not -ise platinum symbol Pt Platon/ic (cap. when in hist. or philos. contexts), but platonic love (not cap.); -ism, -ist, -ize, not -ise Platt-Deutsch Low German platypus/ the Australian duck-bill; pl. -es platyrrhine broad-nosed (of monkeys), not -yrhine plausible not -able Plautus (Titus Maccius) c.254-c.184 BC, Roman playwright; abbr. Plaut. play-act/or, -ing (hyphens) play/bill, -boy, -goer, -ground, -mate (one word) play/-off (noun), -pen (hyphens) plays (titles of) when cited to be in italic play/time, -wright (one word) plaza/ (Sp.), a public square; pl. -s (not ital.) PLC Public Limited Company pleasur/e, -able plebeian commoner in anc. Rome, vulgar, common, not -bian plebiscit/e a vote of the people (no accent, not ital.); adj. -ary plebiscit/um (Lat.), a law passed by the plebs; pl. -a plebs (Lat.), the populace plectr/tum pl. -a Pleiad (Gr. myth.), one of the Pleiades, the seven daughters of Atlas; any brilliant group of seven, such as the French poets of the late sixteenth century (in Fr. f. pl‚iade); Pleiades, a star-group plein air (Fr. m.), the open air pleinairist painter reproducing effects of atmosphere and light (not ital.) Pleistocene (geol.) (cap., not ital.) Plen. plenipotentiary pleno jure (Lat.), with full authority plethora (med.) excess of red corpuscles in the blood; (gen.) unhealthy repletion pleur/a a membrane lining the thorax or enveloping the lungs; pl. -ae; -isy, inflammation of this; adj. -itic pleuro-pneumonia (hyphen) Plexiglas propr. term for a transparent plastic (cap.) plexus/ a network (of nerves, etc.); pl. -es plf. plaintiff Plimsoll line (naut.) plimsolls rubber-soled canvas shoes Plinlimmon use Plynlimon Pliny/ the Elder (in Lat., Gaius Plinius Secundus), 23-79, and his nephew -- the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus), c.61- c.112, Roman writers pliss‚ gathering, kilting, or pleating PLO Palestine Liberation Organization plod/, -der, -ding PL/1 a computer programming language; caps. or even s. caps. PLP Parliamentary Labour Party PLR Public Lending Right plumb vertical plumbum lead, symbol Pb plummy abounding in plums, plumlike plum pudding (hyphen when attrib.) plumy plumelike, not -ey plung/e, -ing Plunket family name of Baron Plunket Plunkett family name of Earl of Fingall, and of Barons Dunsany and Louth pluperfect abbr. plup. plural/ abbr. pl.; -ize, not -ise plurals of abbreviations as MPs, B.Litt.s (no apos.) plurals of letters as As, as, (italic letter, roman s, no apos.); but note p's and q's plus/ with the addition of, sign +; an additional amount, an advantage, pl. -es Plutarch c.50-c.120, Greek philosopher and biographer, abbr. Plut. Pluto (Rom. myth.), the god of the underworld; (astr.), planet plutonium symbol Pu Plutus (Gr. myth.), personification of riches pluviometer rain-gauge, not pluvia- Plymouth Brethren religious sect; abbr. PB Plynlimon Welsh mountain, not Plin-, -limmon 16.14 PM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PM paymaster, postmaster, post-mortem, Prime Minister, Provost-Marshal Pm promethium (no point) pm picometre (no point) pm. premium, premolar p.m. (Lat.), post meridiem (after noon) (lower case, points) PMG Paymaster-General, (formerly) Postmaster-General p.m.h. production per man-hour PMRAFNS Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service 16.15 p.n.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- p.n. promissory note PNdB perceived noise decibels PNEU Parents' National Educational Union pneumatic relating to air or gases, abbr. pneum. pneumon/ic pertaining to the lungs; -ia PNG Papua New Guinea pnxt. pinxit (painted this) 16.16 PO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PO petty officer (RN), pilot officer (RAF), postal order, post office Po polonium (no point) po/ colloq. for chamber-pot, pl. -s pocket-book (hyphen) pocket handkerchief (two words) pocket/-knife, -money, -piece (hyphens) poco/ (It.), a little; -- a poco, little by little pococurant/e apathetic, careless (one word, not ital.); -ism, not -eism POD pay on delivery, Post Office Department POD Pocket Oxford Dictionary podest (It. m.), municipal magistrate podi/um base or pedestal, pl. -a Podsnappery British philistinism, from Mr Podsnap in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend podzol/ acid sandy soil deficient in humus, not -sol; -ization, -ize, not -isation, -ise Poe (Edgar Allan) 1809-49, US writer poems (titles of), when cited, to be roman quoted; but titles of poems long enough to form a separate publication should be in italic poenology use pen- poet. poetic, -al, poetry poeticize not -ise Poet Laureate (caps., two words); abbr. PL, see Austin, Betjeman, Bridges, Cibber, Lewis, Masefield, Southey, Tennyson poetry (typ.), to be centred on longest line, unless such line is disproportionately long, in which case use optical centring (q.v.); turnover lines to be one em more than greatest indentation of poem; a grave-accented Љ may be used to show that an otherwise mute syllable is to be separately pronounced, as rais‚d; when lines are numbered, no point after the figure Poets' Corner Westminster Abbey (caps.) po-faced solemn (hyphen) pogrom an organized massacre, esp. of Jews in Russia poignard use poniard poikilothermic cold-blooded poilu (Fr. m.), private soldier Poincar‚ (Raymond) 1860-1934, French statesman, president 1913-20 poiniard use poniard poinsettia (bot.), not point- point (typ.), all marks of punctuation, especially the full stop. See also compass, point system, punctuation V point-blank (hyphen) point/ d'appui (Fr. m.), a base of operations; -- d'attaque, base of offensive operations Point de Galle see Galle point-device extremely precise (hyphen) point-duty (hyphen) point et virgule (Fr.), the semicolon pointsettia use poinsettia point system (typ.), the Anglo-American standard by which the bodies of all types shall be multiples, or divisions, of the twelfth of a pica, which is theoretically the sixth of an inch (72 metric points = 1 inch); abbr. pt. pois (Fr. m. sing. and pl.), pea poise (phys.), unit of dynamic viscosity; abbr. P poisson (Fr. m.), fish; -- d'avril, April fool poivre (Fr. m.), pepper poky small and cramped, not -ey Pol. Poland, Polish Poland abbr. Pol. polarize to restrict vibrations of light or other electromagnetic waves to one plane; (elec., mag., chem.), to separate positive and negative charges; (fig.) to give special meaning or unity of direction to; not -ise pole see perch pole-axe (noun and verb, hyphen) polecat (one word) pol. econ. political economy pole/-jump, -vault (hyphens) Police (Ger.), police (Fr.), policy of insurance. See also Polizei police/ constable, -- sergeant (two words), abbr. p.c., p.s. (PC, PS, when used before a name) policeman (one word) police-officer (hyphen) police state a totalitarian one controlled by political police (two words) police station (two words) policewoman (one word) polichinelle (Fr. m.), puppet, buffoon poliomyelitis infantile paralysis; colloq. polio/, pl. -s Polish abbr. Pol.; (typ.) has 24 letters as in Eng. without q and v. In dividing words the letters ch, cz, dz, rz, and sz should not be separated polit. political, politics Politburo executive committee of Communist Party (USSR and elsewhere) politesse (Fr. f.), politeness Politian (in It., Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano), 1454-94, Italian humanist political economy abbr. pol. econ. politicize not -ise politico/ one devoted to politics, pl. -s polity organized society, form of civil government Polizei (Ger. f.), police (cap.). See also Police polka dot (hyphen when attrib.) pollack sea-fish, not -ock pollen/ analysis, - count (two words) poll/ex thumb, pl. -ices Pollok (Robert) 1798-1827, Scottish poet Pollok/shaws, -shields Glasgow pollster sampler of public opinion poll-tax (hyphen) Pollyanna cheerful optimist polonium symbol Po poly/ colloq. for polytechnic, pl. -s polyandr/y marriage to more than one husband; adj. -ous polyanthus/ (bot.), not -os; pl. -es Polybius c.200-c.118 BC, Greek historian; abbr. Polyb. polyethylene polymerized ethylene polygam/y marriage to more than one wife or husband; adj. -ous polygen/y derivation of man from independent pairs of ancestors; -ism, -ist polyglot/, -tal, -tic polygyn/y marriage to more than one wife; adj. -ous polyhedr/on not polye-; pl. -a Polyhymnia (Gr.), muse of rhetoric Polynesia islands in central Pacific (a bishopric, not a political unit) Polyolbion by Drayton, 1613-22 polyp/ (zool.), pl. -s polyp/us (Path.), pl. -i polytechnic/ (institution, college) concerned with many technical subjects; (cap. when part of name); colloq. poly polythene commercial name for a polyethylene poly/urethane, -vinyl chloride synthetic resins or plastics polyzoan aquatic animal forming colonies pomade preparation for the hair, not pomm- pomelo/ a fruit, the shaddock, pl. -s, not pomm-, pu- Pommard a burgundy, not Pomard pommel knob, saddle-bow. See also pummel pommelo use pomelo pommes/ (Fr. f. pl.), apples; -- (de terre), potatoes pompano/ W. Indian and N. Amer. food-fish, pl. -s Pompeian of Pompeii pom-pom automatic gun. See also next pompon ornamental tuft, not pom-pom (q.v.) poncho/ S. Amer. cloak or one of similar design, pl. -s pondere (Lat.), by weight; abbr. p. Pondicherry India; in Fr. Pondich‚ry pongo/ ape, pl. -s poniard a dagger, not poign-, poin- Poniatowski (Joseph Antony) 1762-1813, Polish soldier; -- (Stanislaw August), 1762-98, last king of Poland pons/ (Lat.), a bridge, pl. pontes; -- asinorum, bridge of asses, Euclid, i. 5 Pontacq a white wine pontif/ex (eccl.) a bishop, (Rom. hist.) member of priestly college, pl. -ices; Pontifex Maximus, head of college pont/iff a bishop, esp. the Pope; -ifical Pont-l'ђv€que d‚p. Calvados, France; a cheese Pontypridd Mid Glam. Pooh-Bah holder of many offices at once pooh-pooh to scorn, ridicule, not poo-poo Pool Cornwall, W. Yorks. Poole Dorset Poole (William Frederick) 1821-94, US librarian, compiler of Poole's Index Poona India, not -ah poor-box (hyphen) poorhouse (one word) Poor Law (caps. when hist.) poor-rate (hist.), assessment for relief of poor (hyphen, no caps.) pop colloq. for popular (music, etc.); -- art, that based on popular culture (two words) pop. popular, population Pope (the) (cap.) Pope Joan a card-game (two words) pop group (two words) Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico popularize not -ise population abbr. pop. populus (Lat.), people; abbr. P. porc (Fr. m.), pork, pig Porchester Terrace London. See also Port- Porsche Ger. make of car Porson/ a Greek typeface, supposedly derived from the Greek hand of -- (Richard), 1759-1808, English Greek scholar Port. Portug/al, -uese portament/o (mus.), a continuous glide (not break) from one note to another of different pitch, pl. -i Portarlington (Earl of) Port au Prince Haiti Port aux Basques Newfoundland Portchester Hants. See also Porch- Porte (hist.), the Turkish Court and Government; more fully the Sublime -- porte-cochЉre (Fr. f), a carriage entrance Port Elizabeth Cape Province; abbr. PE portent/, -ous not -ious Porter (William Sydney) see Henry (O.) portfolio/ pl. -s Port Glasgow Strathclyde Porthmadog Gwynedd portico/ pl. -es; -ed portiЉre (Fr. f.), door-curtain, a portress, carriage door, or window portmanteau/ pl. -s (not ital.) Porto Port. for Oporto Porto Bello Panama, use Puerto Bello Portobello/ Lothian; -- Road, London (one word) Port of Spain Trinidad Porto Rico use Puerto Rico Portpatrick Dumfries & Galloway (one word) portrait (typ.), a book, page, or illustration of which the depth is greater than the width. See also landscape Port-Royal monastery, Versailles and Paris (hyphen) Port Royal Jamaica; also SC, US (no hyphen) Port Salut a cheese (no hyphen) Portsmouth: sig. of Bp. of Portsmouth (colon) Portugal abbr. Port. Portuguese abbr. Port.; (typ.) alphabet has 25 letters as in Eng., without w. pos. positive pos/e, -ed, -ing Posen Poland, use Poznan pos/er a problem; -eur, fem. -euse, one who behaves affectedly, pl. -eurs, -euses posey use posy posit/, -ed, -ing posology (med.), study of dosages poss. possess/ion, -ive posse/ body of men, pl. -s; -- comitatus (hist.), county force of men over 15 possessive case (see Hart's Rules, pp. 31-2): 1. The apostrophe for this must be used only for proper and common nouns; not for the pronouns hers, its (it's = it is), ours, theirs, yours. 2. In nouns (singular or plural) that end in a letter other than s, the apostrophe must precede the added s, as in President's house, men's hats, fox's earth. 3. In nouns in the singular number that end in s, the possessive is usually formed by adding the 's, as in octopus's tentacles. 4. In nouns in the plural number that end in s, the apostrophe must follow the s, as in boys' clothing, octopuses' tentacles. 5. When the added s would be silent in speech, it is generally omitted, as in for goodness' sake. 6. In English names and surnames add 's, as in Burns's poems, St. James's Street; but euphony often demands omission of a further s, e.g. Bridges' poems (be guided by ease of pronunciation). 7. Ancient names ending in s usually omit a further s in the possessive, as Venus' rites, Moses' law, Jesus' love. 8. French names ending in silent -s or -x add an 's, e.g. Cr‚mieux's. 9. For place-names involving possessives, e.g. Earls Court, King's Cross, see Hart's Rules, p. 32, and individual entries. 10. Abbreviations add 's in the singular (MP's), and s' in the plural (MPs') post former size of paper with several variations: --, 19 x 15.25 in.; pinched --, 18.5 x 14.5 in.; large --, 16.5 x 21 in. post (Lat.), after; abbr. p. post abbr. P. postage stamp (two words) postal code use postcode (q.v.) postal order abbr. PO post-box (hyphen) postcard (one word); abbr. p.c. post-classical (hyphen) postcode (one word). See also capitalization post-date (verb and noun, hyphen) poste restante Post Office dept. where letters remain till called for post-exilic subsequent to exile of Jews in Babylon (hyphen) postgraduate (one word) post-haste (hyphen) post hoc (Lat.), after this. See also propter hoc post-horn (mus.), hyphen posthumous occurring after death, not postu- Posthumus in Shakespeare's Cymbeline postilion one who guides post- or carriage-horses, riding the near one, not -llion Post-Impressionism (hyphen, caps.) post litem motam (Lat.), after litigation began post/man, -mark (one word) postmaster abbr. PM; also a scholar at Merton Coll., Oxford (one word) Postmaster-General former ministerial post (hyphen, caps.); abbr. PMG post meridiem (Lat.), after noon; abbr. p.m. postmistress (one word) post mortem (Lat.), after death post-mortem (adj. and noun), abbr. PM postnatal (one word) post-obit taking effect, a bond payable, after death (hyphen, not ital.) Post Office (The) (caps., no hyphen), public corporation, replaced the govt. dept. in 1969 post office (not caps., no hyphen), a local office of the above, abbr. PO post-paid abbr. p.p. postpositi/on word or particle placed after another; -ve, designating this (one word) postprandial after dinner (one word) postscript (one word); abbr. PS, pl. PSS post terminum (Lat.), after the conclusion postumous use posth- post-war (hyphen) posy a nosegay, not -ey pot. potential potage soup potassium symbol K potato/ pl. -es pot-au-feu (Fr. cook. m.), a meat broth poteen illicit whisky, not pott-, poth- potential abbr. pot. pot-hole/, -r (hyphens) pot-pourri a medley potsherd a piece of broken earthenware, not -ard pott former size of paper, 12.5 x 15.5 in.; -- 4to, 7.75 x 6.25 in.; -- 8vo, 6.25 x 3.9 in. (untrimmed) potteen use poteen potting-shed (hyphen) potto/ W. Afr. lemur, pl. -s pouce (Fr. m.), an inch; a thumb; abbr. p. pouding (Fr. cook. m.), pudding poudr/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, powdered Poughkeepsie New York State, US Pouilly/ d‚p. Sa“ne-et-Loire, France, source of ---Fuiss‚ white wine; ---sur-Loire, d‚p. NiЉvre, France, source of ---Fum‚ white wine poularde (Fr. f.), fat pullet poule (Fr. f.), a hen poulet (Fr. m.), a young chicken poulette (Fr. f.), young hen POUNC Post Office Users' National Council pound avoirdupois, approx. 453 g.; abbr. lb., pl. same (not now in scientific use) pound mark (money), њ (sing. and pl.), q.v. at l pour/ (Fr.), for, abbr. p.; -- ainsi dire, so to speak pourboire (Fr. m.), gratuity, tip pourparler (Fr. m.), preliminary discussion (one word, ital.) pousse-caf‚ (Fr. m.), a liqueur (after coffee) poussette a dance with hands joined, to do this (not ital.) Poussin (Nicolas) 1594-1665, French painter poussin a very young chicken (not ital.) pou sto (Gr.), standing-place POW Prince of Wales, prisoner of war powder keg (two words) powder/-magazine, -puff, -room (hyphens) Powell (Anthony Dymoke) b. 1905, British author powerhouse (one word) power-station (hyphen) Powis (Earl of) family name Herbert powwow N. American Indian conference, meeting compared to this, not pawaw Powys family name of Baron Lilford; Welsh county 16.17 PP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PP parish priest, Past President, (Lat.) Patres (Fathers) pp. pages p.p. past participle, post paid, (Lat.) per procurationem (q.v.) pp (mus.), pianissimo (very soft) or pi— piano (softer) p.p.b. parts per billion PP C (Lat.), Patres Conscripti (Conscript Fathers) PPE Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (Oxford degree subject) p.p.m. parts per million PPP Psychology, Philosophy, and Physiology (Oxford degree subject) ppp (mus.), pianississimo (as softly as possible) PPS Parliamentary or principal private secretary; post- postscriptum (further postscript) 16.18 PQ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PQ Parliamentary Question, previous (or preceding) question; Province of Quebec, Canada; (Fr.) Parti Qu‚becois (Quebec Party) 16.19 PR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PR prize ring, Proportional Representation, Public Relations, Puerto Rico, (Lat.) Populus Romanus (the Roman people) Pr. priest Pr praseodymium (no point) pr. pair, -s, price PRA President of the Royal Academy praam a boat, use pram Prachtausgabe (Ger. typ. f.), de luxe edition practice (noun; US also verb) practise (verb) praemunire a writ (not ital.) praenomen Rom. first name, not pren- praepostor a school prefect, not prep-, -itor praetor/ a Roman magistrate, adj. -ian, not pre- Praga suburb of Warsaw Prague Czechoslovakia; Eng. and Fr. for Czech Praha; Ger. Prag prahu use proa pram a perambulator; a boat, not praam praseodymium symbol Pr Prayer Book (caps., no hyphen); abbr. PB Prayer of Manasses (Apocr.), abbr. Pr. of Man. PRB Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (group of artists), 1848 pre-adam/ic, -ite (hyphens, not cap.) Pr‚ault (Antoine Auguste) 1809-79, French sculptor preb. prebend, -ary prec. preceding, precentor Precambrian (geol.) (cap., one word) precede not -eed precent/or controller of cathedral music, fem. -rix; abbr. prec. precept/or teacher, fem. -ress preces (Lat.), prayers precession (astr.), earlier occurrence (of the equinoxes) (dyn.), the rotation of the axis of a spinning body about another body pre-Christian (hyphen, cap. C) Pr‚cieuses ridicules (Les) play by MoliЉre, 1659 pr‚cieu/x (Fr.), an affected man; fem. -se pr‚cis/ (to write) a summary, pl. same (not ital.); as verb, -ed, -ing precisian one who is rigidly precise, esp. (hist., in hostile sense) a Puritan precisionist one who makes a practice of precision pre-Columbian (hyphen, cap. C) preconce/ive, -ption (one word) precursor forerunner, not -er pred. predicative, -ly predecease (noun and verb, one word) predicant a preacher, esp. Dominican predictor not -er predikant (Afrik.), a preacher of the Dutch Protestant Church, esp. in S. Africa predilection partiality predispos/e, -ition (one word) pre-elect/, -ion (hyphens) pre-eminen/t, -ce (hyphens) pre-empt/, -ion, -ive (hyphens) pre-exilic prior to exile of Jews in Babylon (hyphen) pre-exist/, -ence (hyphens) pref. preface, preference, preferred, prefix, -ed prefab colloq. for prefabricated building (no point) prefabricate (one word) preface the introductory address of the author to the reader, in which he explains the purpose and scope of the book. Abbr. pref. See also preliminary matter pr‚fecture/ (Fr. f.), county hall in a French town; -- de police, office of commissioner of police prefer/, -able, -ably, -ence, -red, -ring abbr. pref. pr‚fet (Fr. m.), prefect prefix/, -ed abbr. pref. preform (one word) pre-heat (hyphen) prehistoric (one word) Preignac a white wine prejudge/, -ment (one word) prelim. preliminary preliminary matter (typ.), material giving identification and any explanations desirable for bibliographical and trade purposes, or to "prepare" the reader of a book; the order should be: series title; publisher's announcements, e.g. list of other titles in the same series; book half-title; frontispiece; title-page, naming work, author, publisher, place and date of publication; title verso, giving copyright notice, publisher's agencies, ISBN, impression lines enumerating (at least) current impression/edition, and stating any geographical limitation on sales, country of origin, printer's imprint (this is sometimes printed elsewhere, e.g. on the last page of the book); dedication; acknowledgements; foreword (introducing the author, and usually written by someone else); preface (written by the author, introducing the book and stating its purpose); contents, list of illustrations/maps/ tables/graphs/etc.; introduction. Colloq. prelims pre-makeready (typ.), careful preparation of the forme before it goes to the machine pre/marital, -menstrual (one word) premi/er (Fr.), first, fem. -Љre, abbr. 1er premiЉre/ (to give) first performance of a film or play; as verb, -d (not ital.) premiЉre danseuse (Fr. f.), principal fem. dancer in a ballet premise (verb), to say or write by way of introduction premises (noun, pl.), foregoing matters, (law) aforesaid houses or land, (gen.) building with grounds etc. See also next premiss/ (logic), a proposition; pl. -es premium/ abbr. pm.; pl. -s premolar a tooth; abbr. pm. prenomen use praenomen preoccup/y, -ation (one word) pre-ordain (hyphen) prep. preparat/ion, -ory, preposition pre/paid, -pay (one word) prepositor use praepostor pre/possess, -prandial (one word) Pre-Raphaelite/ (hyphen, caps.); -- Brotherhood, abbr. PRB (q.v.) prerequisite (one word) Pres. president pr‚sal‚ (Fr. m.), salt-marsh sheep or mutton (one word) pl. pr‚s-sal‚s (hyphen) Presb. Presbyterian presbyop/ia a failing of near sight in the elderly; adj. -ic Presbyterian (cap.); abbr. Presb. prescribable not -eable pre-select (hyphen) preselect/ive (of motor-car gears), -or, not -er (one word) Preseli district of Dyfed preses (Sc.), president, or chairman, pl. same pre-shrunk (hyphen) president abbr. P. or Pres. See also capitalization pre-Socratic (philos.), prior to Socrates (hyphen, one cap.) Press (the) newspapers etc. (cap.) press agent (two words) Press Association abbr. PA press-box shelter for reporters at outdoor functions (hyphen) press-button (hyphen) press conference (two words) Pressens‚ (Edmond Dehaut de) 1824-91, French theologian and statesman press-gallery esp. in House of Commons (hyphen) press-gang (hyphen) pressman (one word) press/mark that which shows the place of a book in a library (one word); now usu. shelf-mark; --- proof, the last one examined before going to press or platemaking (machine revise, after makeready, may follow) press-stud (hyphen) pressure (mech.), symbol p presswork (typ.), the preparation for and control of the printing-off of composed material; the work thus produced Presteigne Powys Prester John mythical medieval priest-king of Cent. Asia or Abyssinia; Prester John, novel by John Buchan, 1910 prestissimo (mus.), very quickly presto (mus.), quickly Prestonpans Lothian (one word) prestressed (hyphen) Prestwich Greater Manchester Prestwick Northumberland, Strathclyde presum/e, -able, -ably, -ing presuppos/e, -ition (one word) pret. preterite pre-tax (adj., hyphen) preten/sion, -tious preterite past tense, not -it; abbr. pret. preternatural etc. (one word) pretor use prae- pretzel (Ger.), a salted biscuit (not ital.) Preussen Ger. for Prussia preux chevalier (Fr. m.), a brave knight prevail/, -ed, -ing preventive not -tative, -titive previous abbr. prev. Pr‚vost (Marcel) 1862-1941, French novelist Pr‚vost d'Exiles (Antoine Fran‡ois) 1679-1765, French novelist, known as Abb‚ Pr‚vost pr‚v“t (Fr. m.), provost pre-war (hyphen) Prez (Josquin des) c.1440-1521, French composer PRI President of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-Colours PRIBA President of the Royal Institute of British Architects Pribilof Is. Bering Sea price abbr. pr. price/list -ring, -tag (hyphens) prices current abbr. p/c pricey not -cy prie-dieu kneeling stool (hyphen, not ital.) priest abbr. Pr. prig/, -gery, -gish, -gism prim. primary, primate, primitive prima (typ.), pron. i as in bite, the page of copy on which a new take (q.v.) of proof begins; also mark on copy where this begins or where reading is to be resumed after interruption prima/ ballerina pl. -- ballerinas; -- donna, pl. -- donnas (not ital.) primaeval use primeval prima facie (adv., hyphen as adj.) Prime Minister (two words, caps.); abbr. PM primer (typ.), see great --, long -- (sizes of type); pron. primmer primeval of the first age of the world; not -aeval primigravid/a woman in first pregnancy, pl. -ae primipar/a woman bearing first child, pl. -ae primitive abbr. prim. primo/ (mus.), upper part in a duet, pl. -s primo (Lat.), in the first place; abbr. 1o Primus propr. term for kind of portable stove (cap.) primus/ (Lat.), first, abbr. p.; -- inter pares, first among equals prin. principal prince abbr. P.; Prince/ of Glory, Life, or Peace, as Deity (caps.); -- of Wales/, abbr. POW; -- -- -- Island, off. Penang princeps (Lat.), the first, pl. principes. See also editio princeps Princes Town Trinidad Princeton University NJ, US Princetown Devon, Mid Glam. principal (adj.) chief; (noun) the chief person (cap. when the title of an office); abbr. prin. principle a fundamental truth, moral basis print. printing print (in), still on sale; -- (out of), new copies no longer obtainable, abbr. o.p. printani/er (Fr. cook.), fem. -Љre, with early spring vegetables printer abbr. pr.; King's or Oueen's Printer/ of Bibles and Prayer Books, may print Bibles (AV) and Prayer Books (1662) to the exclusion of all other English presses, except those of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; -- -- of the Acts of Parliament, has the duty of providing an authoritative printing of all Acts of Parliament etc., and controls their copyright printer's error pl. print/er's, or -ers', errors (use hyphen to avoid ambiguity: bad printers'-errors) printing abbr. ptg. or print. Prinz/ (Ger. m.), prince (usu. of the blood royal), pl. -en; fem. -essin, pl. -essinnen (cap.) prise to force open, not -ize priv. privative privat-docent German university teacher paid only by students' fees (hyphen, not cap.); abbr. PD Private (mil.), cap. as title, abbr. Pte. privative denoting the loss or absence of something; esp. in gram.; abbr. priv. privileg/e, -ed priv/y secret, -ily Privy Coun/cil, -sellor (two words, caps.), abbr. PC; Privy Seal, PS prix/ (Fr. m.), prize, price; -- fixe, fixed price prize to force open, use -ise Prize/-fight, -fighter, -money -ring, -winner (hyphens) p.r.n. pro re nata (as occasion may require) PRO Public Record Office, -- Relations Officer pro/ colloq. for professional, pl. -s (no point) pro (Lat.), for; abbr. p. proa Malay vessel, not the many variants pro-am involving professionals and amateurs (no points) pro and con for and against; pl. pros and cons (not ital., no points) prob. probab/le, -ly, problem pro bono publico (Lat.), for the public good proboscis/ long flexible trunk or snout; pl. -es Proc. proceedings, proctor proceed not -ede procЉs (Fr. m.), lawsuit process blocks (typ.), those made by photographic and etching processes, for printing illustrations by letterpress procЉs-verb/al (Fr.), official report, minutes; pl. -aux (not ital.) proconsul (one word) procrustean using force to impose conformity, like Procrustes (Gr. myth.) (not cap.) Procter (Adelaide Anne) 1825-64, English poet; -- (Bryan Waller, not Walter), 1787-1874, pseud. "Barry Cornwall", English poet proctor a university official, an attorney in spiritual courts; abbr. Proc.; King's or Queen's Proctor, an official who can intervene in divorce cases Proctor (Richard Anthony) 1837-88, British astronomer Procurator-fiscal Scottish law officer (cap. P, hyphen), abbr. PF prodrome a preliminary treatise or symptom, not -dromus producible not -able proem/ preamble, adj. -ial pro et contra (Lat.), for and against. See also pro and con Prof(s). professor(s) professoriate not -orate proffer/, -ed, -ing profit/, -ed, -ing profiterole confection of pastry and sweet filling (not ital.) Pr. of Man. Prayer of Manasses pro forma/ (adv. and adj.), (done) as a matter of form; (noun) an account showing the market prices of specified goods; pl. -s progr/amme but -am (noun and verb) in computing pro hac vice (Lat.), on this occasion, not -- hѓc -- projector not -er Prokofiev (Sergei Sergeyevich) 1891-1953, Russian composer prolegomen/a preliminary remarks; sing. (rare) -on proleps/is anticipation, esp. of adjectives in gram., pl. -es proletari/at the poorest class in a community, not -ate; adj. -an, verb -anize, not -ise prologize etc., to deliver a prologue, not -ise, -uize PROM (comp.), programmable read-only memory prom a promenade (at seaside), a promenade concert (no point); The Proms, the Henry Wood Promenade Concerts prom. promontory Promethean of or like Prometheus (Gr. myth.) promethium symbol Pm promissory note abbr. p.n. promoter one who or that which promotes, not -or pron. pronominal, pronoun, pronounced, pronunciation proneur flatterer, in Fr. pr“neur pronoun abbr. pron.; when relating to Deity, l.c. unless caps. specified pronounc/e, -eable, -ed, -ement, -ing abbr. pron. pronunciamento/ a manifesto; pl. -s (not ital.) pronunciamiento (Sp.) does not have this meaning pronunciation not -nounc- proof (typ.), a trial printing of composed matter, taken for correction; author's --, a clean proof as corrected by the compositor, supplied to the author, and later returned by him with his corrections, abbr. a.p.; clean --, one having very few printer's errors; first --, the first taken after composition, usu. for in-house correction only; foundry --, the final one taken from type prepared for plating; galley or slip --, a proof taken before the matter is made up into pages: usu. about 18 in. long; page-on-galley or slip-page --, one having type made up into pages but not yet imposed; page --, or -- in sheets, one made up into pages; slip -- (see galley --, above); -- marks (see proof-correction marks); -- paper, that used for taking proofs; plate --, one taken from a plate; press --, the final one passed by author, editor, or publisher, for the press; ---reader, one who reads and corrects printers' proofs; rough --, one taken without special care proof-correction marks. Two systems are in current use: for a comprehensive treatment see BS 1259 and 5261 part 2. One or other must be used consistently throughout a given book. The second system is recommended when dealing with a foreign author or printer, and is increasingly found in work emanating from UK printers; a list of its marks is given in Hart's Rules, pp. 34-5, and in BS 5261 part 2. The first is still in wide use in UK; its marks are listed in earlier editions of Hart and in BS 1259. Write corrections clearly in the margin by the line to which they refer, in the same left-to-right sequence as they occur there. Use red for printer's errors, black or blue for author's changes. Never correct in pencil or crayon. Mark the precise point in the proof-text where correction is required. Ring round all words added to the proof which are not to be printed Prop. Propertius prop colloq. for (stage) property, propeller (no point) prop. proposition propaganda an activity for the spread of a doctrine or practice, is singular proparoxytone (Gr. gram.), (word) with acute accent on last syllable but two pro patria (Lat.), for one's country propel/, -led, -ler, -ling propell/ant (noun); -ent (adj.) properispomen/on (Gr. gram.), (word) with circumflex on last syllable but one, pl. -a Propertius (Sextus) c.50-c.14 BC, Roman poet; abbr. Prop. prophe/cy (noun); -sy (verb) proposition abbr. prop. Proprietary (Austral., NZ, S. Afr.), after name of company, abbr. Pty. proprietary terms see capitalization proprio motu (Lat.), of his, or her, own accord propter hoc (Lat.), because of this. See also post hoc propylae/um (Lat. from Gr.), entrance to temple, pl. -a; Propylaea, entrance to Acropolis at Athens (pl., cap.) propylon/ (Gr.), entrance to temple, pl. -s pro rata in proportion (not ital.); pro re nata, as occasion may require (ital.), abbr. p.r.n. pros. prosody pros and cons see pro and con prosceni/um the front part of the stage; pl. -ums proselyt/e a religious convert; -ize, to convert, not -ise prosit! (Lat.), your good health! (used by German students and others) prosod/y the laws of poetic metre; abbr. pros.; -ic, -ist prosopograph/y hist. enquiry into social and family connections; -er, -ical prosopopoeia (rhet.), introduction of pretended speaker prospector not -er prospectus/ pl. -es pros/y commonplace, not -ey; -ily Prot. Protectorate, Protestant protactinium symbol Pa protagonist leading character in a play, novel, or cause (not the opp. of antagonist) pro tanto (Lat.), to that extent protean assuming different shapes, like Proteus (Gr. myth.), not -ian protector not -er Protectorate abbr. Prot. prot‚g/‚ one under the protection of a patron, fem. -‚e, pl. -‚s, -‚es (not ital.) pro tempore (Lat.), for the time being, colloq. pro tem (no point, not ital.); abbr. p.t. Protestant/ abbr. Prot.; -ism (cap.) protester not -or "Prothalamion" by Spenser, 1596 protocol/ first draft of a diplomatic document, diplomatic etiquette; as verb, to record in protocol, -led, -ling protonotary a chief clerk, esp. to some lawcourts, not protho- prototype an original model protozo/on single-cell form of life, pl. -a (not ital.) protractor drawing instrument, not -er Proudhon (Pierre Joseph) 1809-65, French socialist Prov. Proven/ce, -‡al, Proverbs, Province, Provost prov. proverbially, provincial, provisional prov/e, -able, -ed (lit., Sc., and US -en: see next), -ing proven (not) (Sc. law), a verdict pronouncing evidence insufficient to determine guilt or innocence provenance (place of) origin, not -venience (not ital.) proven‡ale (… la) (Fr. cook.), with garlic or onions (not cap.) Proven/ce S. France (no cedilla), -‡al; abbr. Prov. provenience use provenance Proverbs OT, abbr. Prov. provinc/e abbr. Prov.; -ial, abbr. prov. Province of Quebec Canada, abbr. PQ Provincetown Mass., US proviso/ stipulation; pl. -s (not ital.) Provo/ member of IRA, pl. -s Provost/ abbr. Prov.; ---Marshal (caps., hyphen), abbr. PM proxime/ accessit (Lat.), he, or she, came nearest (to winning a prize, etc.) abbr. prox. acc.; pl. -- accesserunt proximo in, or of, the next month; better not abbreviated PRS President of the Royal Society (London) PRSA President of the Royal Scottish Academy PRSE President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh prud'homme (Fr. m.), (formerly) good and true man; (now) expert, umpire Prudhomme see Sully Prudhomme Prufrock (J. Alfred) in T. S. Eliot's Love Song, 1917 prunella a throat affliction; a strong silk or worsted material; plant of self-heal genus (as genus-name, cap. and ital.) Pruss. Prussia, -n 16.20 PS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PS permanent secretary, Police Sergeant (see also police constable), postscriptum (postscript) (pl. PSS), private secretary, Privy Seal, (theat.) prompt side Ps. see Psalm p.s. police sergeant Psalm abbr. Ps.; Psalms (pl.), abbr. Pss.; Psalms (Book of, OT), abbr. Ps. Psalmist (the) (cap.) Psalter (the) the Book of Psalms, separately printed (cap.) psaltery an anc. and medieval plucked instrument p's and q's (apos., no points) psepholog/y study of patterns in voting; -ical, -ist pseud (colloq.), false (person) pseudepigraph/a (pl.), spurious writings; -ic, -ical pseudo/ false (person), pl. -s pseudonym an assumed name; abbr. pseud. pshaw! an exclamation, not psha, -h psi Greek letter, used to denote parapsychological factors p.s.i./ pounds per square inch; --g., ditto gauge psittacosis a contagious disease PSS postscripta (postscripts) (no point) Pss. see Psalm PSV public service vehicle psych. psychic, -al psychedelic (of drugs) inducing fantastic mental pictures, (gen.) having comparable effect (esp. of colour), not psycho- psycho/ (colloq.), psychotic (person), pl. -s psychoanaly/sis, -se, -st, -tic, -tical (one word) psychokinesis movement by psychic agency; abbr. PK psychol. psycholog/y, -ical psycho/sis pl. -ses, adj. -tic psychotherapy (one word) 16.21 PT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PT physical training, post town, pupil teacher Pt platinum (no point) Pt. (geog.), Point, Port pt. part, payment, pint, -s, (math. & typ.) point p.t. pro tempore (for the time being) PTA Parent-Teacher Association pta. peseta Ptah (Egypt. religion), creator of the world Pte. (mil.), Private pterodactyl not -le ptg. printing ptisan medicated drink, not tisane PTO please turn over, Public Trustee Office ptomaine poisoning former name for "food poisoning" Pty. (Austral., NZ, S. Afr.), Proprietary 16.22 Pu... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Pu plutonium (no point) pub/ (colloq.), public house; ---crawl (hyphen) pub./ public, -an, publish, -ed, -er, -ing; -- doc., public document public address (hyphen when attrib.), abbr. PA public house (two words) publicity agent (two words) publicize not -ise public school (two words) publish/, -ed, -er, -ing abbr. pub. Publishers Association (The) (no apos.); abbr. PA publisher's binding (bibliog.), standard binding in which edition is supplied to booksellers pucka use pukka pudend/um usu. pl. -a, genitals (usu. female) Puebla Mexico Pueblo Colorado, US pueblo/ town or village in Latin America, pl. -s Puerto/ Bello Panama; -- Rico, W. Ind. island, adj. -- Rican; not Porto- puff/-adder, -ball (hyphens) puff pastry (two words) pug/-dog, -nose(d) (hyphens); adjs. pugg/ish, -y puggaree a hat-scarf, not the many variants Pugwash/ NS, Canada, site of first -- Conference puЊn/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, younger; opposed to aЊn‚, senior puisne (law), subsequent (to) pukka not pucka, pukkah. See also sahib pul/e to whine; -ing Pulitzer (Joseph) 1847-1911, US journalist, endowed -- prizes for various genres of writing pull (typ.), a proof pull a proof (typ.), print a few copies of galley etc. for correction purposes Pullman railway carriage or motor coach (cap.) pull-out (something) that pulls out (hyphen) pullover knitted garment (one word) pulque Mexican drink pulsar (astr.), source of pulsating radio signals pulse-rate (hyphen) pulsimeter a pulse measurer Pulsometer propr. term for a pumping engine pulverize not -ise pumelo use pomelo pumice/, -stone (hyphen); adj. -ous pummel/, -led, -ling to pound with the fists. See also pommel pummelo use pomelo pumpernickel German rye bread Punchinello (cap.), principal character in Italian puppet-show; hence Punch (no point) punctatim (Lat.), point for point punctilio/ (scrupulous observance of) a point of behaviour; pl. -s punctuation I. General purpose Punctuation in the written word corresponds to pauses, inflexions, and emphases in the spoken word, the aim being to make the sense clear. Within the framework of a few basic rules, an author's choice of punctuation is as personal as his choice of words, and editors, unless asked to impose their own style upon the copy, must use great caution in emendation. The punctuation in the copy should be followed by the printer when so ordered, and always when setting legal texts, or extracts or quotations from any source. II. comma (,) This is the least emphatic of the separating marks. It may be used: 1. To separate main clauses when the second is not closely identified with the first, e.g. "Cars will turn here, and coaches will go straight on." But cf. "He turned and ran." 2. When, without the comma, the eye or tongue would run on and momentarily mistake the sense, e.g. "In the valley below, the villages looked very small." 3. When the sentence would mean something different without the comma, e.g. "He did not go to church, because he was playing golf." 4. Between adjectives which each qualify a noun in the same way, e.g. "a cautious, eloquent man" (but "a distinguished foreign author"). 5. To separate items (including the last) in a list of more than two items, e.g. "potatoes, peas, and carrots", "potatoes, peas, or carrots", "potatoes, peas, etc.". 6. After salutations and vocatives if they do not end a sentence, e.g. My Lord, Dear Sir, O God, and also before them if they do not begin the sentence. 7. To mark the beginning and end of a parenthetical word or phrase, e.g. "I am sure, however, that it will not happen", "Infidels, i.e. Christians, may not enter", "Fred, who is bald, complained of the cold" (but "Men who are bald wear hats"). 8. Before a quotation. Note the increasing weight of the break before the quotation in the following: 'You say "It cannot be done." I boldly cried out, "Woe to this city!" Then he wrote these words: "I have named none to their disadvantage."' 9. In numbers of four or more figures, to separate each three consecutive figures, starting from the right, e.g. 10,135,793. For exceptions see numerals. III. semicolon (;) This separates those parts of a sentence between which there is a more distinct break than would call for a comma, but which are too closely connected to be made into separate sentences. Ideally, it should separate clauses or phrases that are similar in importance and in grammatical construction, e.g. "To err is human; to forgive, divine." See also Greek. IV. colon (:) This is used: 1. When the preceding part of the sentence is complete in sense and construction, and the following part naturally arises from it in sense though not in construction, e.g. "The universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem part of it." 2. To lead from introduction to main theme, from cause to effect, or from premiss to conclusion, e.g. "Country life is the natural life: it is there that you will find real friendship." 3. To introduce a list of items (a dash should not be added), and after such expressions as "namely", "for example", "to resume", "to sum up", "the following". V. period, full point, full stop (.) This is used: 1. At the end of all sentences which are not questions or exclamations. The next word should generally begin with a capital letter. 2. After many abbreviations (q.v.) and initials. If such a point closes the sentence, it also serves as the sentence's full point, e.g. ". . . cats etc." but ". . . cats etc.)." 3. Do not use a further full point at the end of a sentence that concludes with a quotation itself ending with a full point, question mark, or exclamation mark, e.g. 'He cried "Be off!"' But where the quoted sentence is a short statement, and the introducing sentence has much more weight, the point is put outside the quotation marks, e.g. 'He took many years considering the implications of the simple phrase "Thou art the man".' See also decimal currency, ellipsis, time of day. VI. question mark, note of interrogation (?) 1. This should follow every question which expects a separate answer. It is not used after indirect questions, e.g. "He asked why I was there." The next word should generally begin with a capital letter. 2. It may be placed before a word etc. whose accuracy is doubted, e.g. "T. Tallis ?1505-85". See also XI. 1. 3. ? is used in chess reports to denote a bad move. See also Greek, quotation marks, Spanish. VII. exclamation mark, note of exclamation (!) This is used: 1. After an exclamatory word, phrase, or sentence expressing absurdity, command, contempt, disgust, emotion, enthusiasm, pain, sorrow, a wish, wonder. 2. In mathematics, as the factorial sign; in chess reports, to denote a good move. 3. In square brackets after a quotation, to express the editor's amusement, dissent, or surprise. See also quotation marks, Spanish. VIII. apostrophe (') This is used: 1. To show the possessive case, q.v. 2. To show an omission, e.g. e'er, tho', we'll, he's (he is, he has), it's (it is), '69 (1969, or whichever century the context demands). 3. In Irish names, such as O'Connor; but see Mac. 4. As the "closing quote"; see quotation marks. IX. turned comma (') This is used: 1. As the "opening quote"; see quotation marks. 2. In Scottish names, such as M'Gregor. X. parentheses ( ) These enclose: 1. Interpolations and remarks made by the writer of the text himself, e.g. "He is (as he always was) a rebel." 2. An authority, definition, explanation, reference, or translation. 3. In the report of a speech, interruptions by the audience. 4. Reference letters or figures, e.g. (i), (a). These do not need a point as well as the parentheses. See also XV below. XI. brackets 1. square []. These enclose comments, corrections, explanations, interpolations, notes, question marks, or translations, which were not in the original text, but have been added by subsequent authors, editors, or others, e.g. "He [Bloggs] fell down." 2. angle. (a) In text-critical editions, pairs of these (preferably narrow) enclose words conjecturally supplied at a defective or illegible point in the source. (b) In scientific, mathematical, philological, etc. work, a single bracket (preferably wide) indicates relative size of entities, direction or derivation of argument, etc. 3. Curly (or hooked) brackets { }, double square brackets [[ ]], together with square and angle brackets, have a special significance in epigraphical work: see A. G. Woodhead, The Study of Greek Inscriptions. XII. dashes (a) The en rule is used: 1. To join pairs wherever movement or tension, rather than co-operation or unity (for which use hyphen) is felt, e.g. "1914-18 war" (but "from 1914 to 1918"), "current-voltage characteristic", "the Fischer-Spassky match", "the London-Horsham-Brighton route", "the Marxist-Trotskyite split" (but "the Marxist-Leninist position" (hyphen)). Note also "Franco-Prussian War" (hyphen, because "Franco-" is a prefix which cannot stand alone). 2. For joint authors (hyphen would lead to confusion with a single double-barrelled name). (b) The em rule is used: 1. Instead of the parentheses in X. 1 above. 2. In informal contexts, to replace the colon in IV. 1, 2 above. 3. To indicate pauses in hesitant speech, or the ending and resumption of a statement interrupted by an interlocutor. If the sentence is not interrupted but abandoned, use the ellipsis (q.v.). 4. In dictionaries, indexes, etc., to represent the headword, and so save space. 5. To replace an omitted word. (c) The two-em rule is used in bibliography entries cued in by author name, to avoid the repetition of the same name(s) in successive entries. One 2-em rule serves for the complete name (in whatever form) of each person. XIII. hyphen This is used: 1. To join two or more words so as to form a single expression, e.g. ear-ring, get-at-able, and words having a syntactical relationship which form a compound, as weight-carrying (objective), punch-drunk (instrumental); and in a compound used attrib., to clarify the unification of the sense, e.g. a blood-red hand, the well-known man, but prettily furnished rooms, the man is well known (predic.). 2. To join a prefix to a proper name, e.g. anti-Darwinian. 3. To prevent misconceptions by linking words, e.g. a poor-rate collection, a poor rate-collection. 4. To prevent misconceptions by separating a prefix from the main word, e.g. recover, re-cover (an umbrella) (a footballer) resigns, re-signs. 5. To separate two similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word, as a help to understanding and pronunciation, e.g. sword-dance, Ross-shire, co-operate (the hyphen here is preferable to a diaeresis, q.v.). 6. To represent a common second element in all but the last word of a list, e.g. two-, three-, or fourfold. 7. At the end of a line of print, to indicate that the last word has been divided; see division of words. See also XII (a) above, fractions, and, in general, Hart's Rules, pp. 76-81. XIV. brace This is used (usu. vertically) to connect words, lines, staves of music, etc., and in mathematical and tabular work. When used to show that one thing comprises several others, the brace should point towards the single item, which should be centred on it. XV. duplication of points This should be avoided where possible. A comma should not precede or follow a dash, nor a full point an exclamation or question mark. If a sentence which is a statement ends with quoted matter which is itself a statement, the full point before the final "quote" will be sufficient, unless this is itself closed by a parenthesis. See also V. 2, 3 above. There are many complications (see Hart's Rules, pp. 45-8), but, as in all punctuation, clarity is the object, and logic and common sense the touchstones. See also quotation marks; and for a detailed treatment of the whole topic of this article, Hart's Rules, pp. 38-49 punctus (Lat.), a point; pl. same pundit Hindu sage, (gen.) expert. See also pandit Punica fides (Lat.), Punic faith, treachery Punjab India and Pakistan, not -aub, Panjab Punjabi (inhabitant or dialect) of Punjab, not -bee punkah (Anglo-Ind.), a large fan, not -a Punkt (Ger. typ. m.), point, dot, a full stop (cap.); punktieren, to point, dot, or punctuate; Punktierung (f.), punctuation PUO (med.), pyrexia (fever) of unknown origin pup/a (entom.), a chrysalis; pl. -ae (not ital.) pupillage (two ls) pur use purr -pur (Ind.), a city, as Nagpur, Kanpur Purana Sanskrit sacred poem Purchas (Samuel) 1577-1626, English compiler of voyages purchas/able not -eable; -er, not -or purdah (Ind.), (curtain for) seclusion of women of rank, not -a pur‚e pulped and sieved vegetables etc. purgatory place of temporary suffering and purification of souls of the dead (not cap.) Purim Jewish festival puritan/ one strict in religion or morals (cap. in hist. use); -ical, -ism, -ize, not -ise purl in knitting, not pearl Purleigh Essex Purley Berks., London purlieus surroundings purpose/, -ful, -less, -ly purr of or as a cat, not pur pur sang (Fr. m.), pure blood; adj., thoroughbred, total purslane (bot.), a salad herb, not -lain purveyor one whose business is to supply meat or meals, not -er push/-bike, -button, -chair (hyphens) push-over (colloq.), a difficulty easily overcome (hyphen) Pushtu use Pashto put in golf use putt putre/fy to go rotten, not -ify; -scent, in process of rotting; -scible, liable to rot putsch (Ger. m.), a revolutionary attempt (ital.) putt in golf, not put puttees strips of cloth worn round the lower leg for protection, not -ies putt/o (It.), figure of child in Renaissance art, pl. -i Puy-de-D“me d‚p. France (hyphens, two caps.). In phrases, puy (Fr. m.), a small volcanic cone, to have lower-case p and no hyphens, as le puy de D“me 16.23 PVC =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- PVC polyvinyl chloride 16.24 Pwllheli... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Pwllheli Gwynedd PWR pressurized water reactor pwt pennyweight, use dwt. 16.25 pyaemia... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- pyaemia (med.), a type of blood-poisoning, not pyem- pye (typ.), use pie pyebald use pie- pye-dog an oriental ownerless dog, not pi-, pie- pygm/y not pigmy; adj. -aean, not -ean pyjamas not the many variants; US pa- pyknic (person) of short, squat stature pyorrhoea discharge of pus Pyrenees Mts. France and Spain Pyr‚nees/-Atlantiques; Hautes---; ---Orientales, d‚ps. France pyro/lysis decomposition from heat, pl. -lyses; -lyse, not -lyze pyrotechnics the art of fireworks; abbr. pyrotech. pyrrhic/ dance anc. Gr. war-dance; -- foot (prosody), foot of two short syllables; Pyrrhic victory, one won at great cost, like that of Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, over Romans in 279 BC Pyrrhon/ c.300 BC, Greek sceptic philosopher; -ism Pytchley Hunt (the) Pythian of Delphi, anc. Greece pyx (trial of the) at the Royal Mint, not pix (not cap.) 17.0 Q =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 17.1 Q... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Q... quartermaster, Quarto (Shakespeare), (chess) queen (no point), the sixteenth in a series Q. pseud. of Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch, q.v. Q. Queen('s), question q. quaere, query, quintal, quire, -s, (meteor.) squalls 17.2 QAB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QAB Queen Anne's Bounty Qaisar-i-Hind use K- Qantas Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (the Australian Commonwealth airline) QARANC Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps QARNNS Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service Qatar/ Persian Gulf; adj. -i 17.3 QB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QB Queen's Bench; (chess) queen's bishop QBD Queen's Bench Division Q-boat (First World War), a merchant-vessel with concealed guns QBP (chess), queen's bishop's pawn 17.4 QC =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QC Queen's, or Queens', College, Queen's Counsel 17.5 q.e.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- q.e. quod est (which is) QED quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be demonstrated) QEF quod erat faciendum (which was to be done) QEI quod erat inveniendum (which was to be found out) 17.6 QF =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QF quick-firing 17.7 qibla =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- qibla use kiblah 17.8 QKt =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QKt (chess), queen's knight; QKtP, queen's knight's pawn 17.9 q.l.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- q.l. quantum libet (as much as you please) Qld Queensland (Australia) (no point) 17.10 QM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QM Quartermaster q.m. quomodo (by what means) QMC Queen Mary College, London Q.Mess. Queen's Messenger QMG Quartermaster-General QMS Quartermaster-Sergeant 17.11 QN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QN (chess), queen's knight; QNP queen's knight's pawn 17.12 Qom =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Qom use Qum 17.13 QP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QP (chess), queen's pawn q.pl. quantum placet (as much as seems good) QPM Queen's Police Medal QPR Queen's Park Rangers qq.v. quae vide (which see; refers to plural) 17.14 QR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QR (chess), queen's rook qr. quarter (28 lb.), quire QRP (chess), queen's rook's pawn Qrs. quarters 17.15 QS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- QS quarter sessions, Queen's Scholar q.s. quantum sufficit (as much as suffices) QSO quasi-stellar object, quasar 17.16 qt.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- qt. quantity, quart, -s q.t. (colloq.), (on the) quiet 17.17 qu.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- qu. question qua (Lat.), in the character of, not …, -ѓ quad (colloq.), quadrangle; quadraphony; a quadruplet; (typ.) in metal-setting, a piece of spacing material, usually of size en, em, 2-em, 3-em, or 4-em; in photosetting, the action of spacing out a line; (paper) a size of printing paper four times (quadruple) the basic size; (no point in any sense) quad. quadrant Quadragesima first Sunday in Lent quadraphon/y sound reproduction using four transmission channels; -ic, -ically, not quadri-, quadro-; (colloq.) quad quadrenni/um a period of four years; pl. -ums; -al; not quadrie- quadroon offspring of White and mulatto, with quarter-Negro blood quaere (Lat. imperative), inquire; (as noun) a question; abbr. q. quaestor anc. Rom. magistrate. See also que- quae vide (Lat.), which see; refers to plural; abbr. qq.v. quag/ -gy quagga (S.Afr.), extinct zebra-like animal quai (Fr. m.), quay, railway platform quaich Scots drinking vessel, not -gh Quai d'Orsay Paris, the French Foreign Office Quaker a member of the Society of Friends quand m€me (Fr.), notwithstanding, all the same quango/ "quasi non-governmental organization", pl. -s quantity abbr. qt. quantize not -ise quant/um (not ital.), a natural minimum quantity of an entity; pl. -a; hence -um theory, theory of the emission and absorption of energy in finite amounts. See also Planck quant/um (Lat.), a concrete quantity, pl. -a; quantum/ libet, as much as you please, abbr. q.l.; -- meruit, as much as he, or she, deserved; -- placet, as much as seems good, abbr. q. pl.; -- sufficit, as much as suffices, abbr. q.s. or quant. suff.; -- vis, as much as you wish, abbr. q.v. Qu'Appelle/ river; -- (Bp. of), Rupert's Land, Canada quark (phys.), one of orig. three hypothetical components of elementary particles, from "three quarks for Muster Mark" in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake Quarles (Francis) 1592-1644, English poet quarrel/, -led, -ler (not -lor), -ling, -some quart two pints, abbr. qt.; position in fencing, not carte; sequence in piquet quart. quarterly Quart (Ger. n.), quarto (cap.) quarter/, -s abbr. qr., qrs. quarter-binding the spine in a different material from the rest of the case quarter-day (hyphen) quarterdeck (one word) quarter/-final, -light (hyphens) quartermaster (one word), abbr. QM or Q; Quartermaster/-General (hyphen, caps.), abbr. QMG; --- Sergeant (hyphen, caps.), abbr. QMS quarter sessions (two words, not caps.), abbr. QS quartet not -ette quartier/ (Fr. cook. m.), quarter; -- d'agneau, -- of lamb; quartier- g‚n‚ral, mil. headquarters; Quartier Latin, the Latin Quarter of Paris quarto/ (typ.), a book based on four leaves, eight pages, to the sheet; pl. -s; abbr. 4to (no point). See also book sizes quartz form of silica quasar a quasi-stellar object; abbr. QSO quasi- prefix with sense "seeming(ly)", "almost" Quasimodo/ first Sunday after Easter (one word, cap.); character in Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris; -- (Salvatore), 1901-85, Italian poet quass (Russ.), rye-beer; use kvass quater/centenary (celebration of) four-hundredth anniversary; -nary, (set) of four parts; not quart- quater-cousin use cater- quatrain stanza of four lines usu. with alternate rhymes Quatre-Bras (battle of) 1815 quattrocento 1400-99, art and literature of the early Renaissance period quay a wharf, not key QUB Queen's University, Belfast Quebec/ Canada, abbr. PQ or Que.; adj. and n. -ois, pl. same Quechua Peruvian Indian, not Qui- Queen abbr. Q.; (chess, no point) Queen Anne's Bounty formerly for augmenting C. of E. livings (apos.); abbr. QAB Queenborough Sheppey, Kent. See also Queens- Queen Mary College London, not Mary's, abbr. QMC Queen's abbr. Q. Queens borough of New York City (no apos.) Queensberry/ (Marquess of); -- Rules, in boxing Queensborough Co. Louth. See also Queenb- Queensbury London, W. Yorks. Queen's College (The) Oxford (named after one queen) Queens' College Camb. (named after two queens) Queen's Counsel abbr. QC Queen's County Ireland, now Laois Queensland (Australia), abbr. Qld Queen's Printer see printer Quelimane Mozambique quelque chose (Fr. m.), some thing, a trifle quenelle (cook.), a forcemeat ball Quentin Durward by Sir W. Scott, 1823 query abbr. q., qy, sign ? Quesnay (Fran‡ois) 1694-1774, French economist question abbr. Q. or qu.; -- mark (?), see capitalization, punctuation VI questionnaire a formulated series of questions (not ital.) questor official of RCC or French Assembly. See also quae- Qu‚telet (Lambert Adolphe Jacques) 1796-1874 Belgian mathematician and astronomer Quetta Pakistan quetzal beautiful bird of Central America, currency unit of Guatemala Quetzalcoatl trad. culture-hero of the Aztecs queu/e persons in line, to form this, -ed, -ing, not cue queue/ (Fr. f.), tail; -- de boeuf, oxtail quiche open flan (not ital.) Quichua use Quechua quick/lime, -sand, -set, -silver, -step (one word) quicumque vult (Lat.), whosoever will (first words of the Athanasian Creed) quid (Lat.), that which a thing is quidam (Lat.), an unknown person, pl. same quidnunc a gossip (not ital.) quid pro quo something in return, an equivalent (not ital.) ЁQuien sabe? (Sp.), Who knows? (turned question mark before, unturned after) quietus a settlement, final riddance (not ital.) Quiller-Couch (Sir Arthur Thomas) 1863-1944, English novelist and essayist (hyphen); pseud. Q. quin colloq. for quintuplet (no point) quincentenary (celebration of) five-hundredth anniversary (one word) quincun/x five arranged as on dice; pl. -xes; adj. -cial quinine medicine in treating malaria and fevers, not -in Quinquagesima the Sunday before Lent quinquenni/um a period of five years; pl. -ums quinquereme anc. galley with five banks of oars quins/y tonsillitis, not -cy,-sey, -zy; -ied quint sequence of five cards in piquet. See also quinte quint/al 100 kg., 220.5 lb., 1.968 cwt., not kentle, kintle; pl. -als (in French -aux); abbr. q. quinte position in fencing. See also quint quintet (mus.), not -ette quintillion cardinal number, 1 with 30 noughts; (US) 1 with 18 noughts quiproquo (Fr. m.), mistake quipu the anc. Peruvian language of knotted cords, not -po, -ppo, -ppu quire 24 or 25 sheets of paper; abbr. q. or qr., pl. same. See alto choir Qui s'excuse s'accuse (Fr.), to excuse oneself is to accuse oneself quisling traitor, from Vidkun Quisling, 1887-1945, pro-Nazi leader in Norway quit/, -ted, -ter (not -tor), -ting Quito cap. of Ecuador Qui va l…? (Fr.), Who goes there? Qui vive? (Fr.), Who goes there? qui vive (on the) on the alert (not ital.) quixotic (not cap.), extravagantly romantic and visionary, like Don Quixote, hero of the romance (1605) by Cervantes quiz/ to interrogate, a competition by interrogation, -zed, -zer, -zes, -zing Qum river, city, and former province, central Iran, not Qom Qumran Jordan, site associated with Dead Sea Scrolls quoad/ (Lat.), as far as; - hoc, to this extent quod erat demonstrandum etc., see QED etc. quod est (Lat.), which is; abbr. q.e. quodlibet (mus.) a medley; (hist.) (exercise on) subject of philos. or theol. disputation quod vide (Lat.), which see; refers to sing.; abbr. q.v. quoins (typ.), wedges or expanding devices which secure type, blocks, and furniture in the chase; pron. coins quoits a game, not coits quo jure? (Lat.), by what right? quomodo (Lat.), by what means; abbr. q.m. quondam (adj.), former, from Lat. quondam (adv.), formerly quor/um the number of members whose presence is needed to make proceedings valid; pl. -ums (not ital.); adj. -ate quot. quot/ation, -ed quota/ a share; pl. -s quotation marks (typ.), in English, one turned comma at the beginning and one apostrophe at the end; colloq. quotes (no point). The apostrophe at the end of the quotation should come before all punctuation marks unless these form part of the quotation itself; see also punctuation V.3. Quotes and roman type are to be used when citing titles of articles in magazines, series titles, chapters of books, essays, poems (but see poems, titles of), and songs. They are not to be used for the titles of the books of the Bible; where the substance only of an extract is given; or where the tense or person has been altered. For further guidance, see Hart's Rules, pp. 44-9, and (for foreign languages) 100-2, 110, 130, 134 quotations all extracts in the exact words of the original, if set run on in the text matter, to have "quotes" at the commencement, and at the beginning of each paragraph (not each line, except in special cases), and at the end of the quotation. If the extract is set broken off from the main text, quotation marks are not required, except in conversational matter. Punctuation of the extract to be exactly as in the original. The concluding point to be outside the last quotation mark if not in the original. See also ellipsis quotations within quotations to have double quotation marks within the single. Quotations within the double quotation to be single-quoted quote (typ.), to enclose within quotation marks quotes (typ.), quotation marks, q.v. quot homines, tot sententiae (Lat.), there are as many opinions as there are persons quo vadis? (Lat.), where are you going? 17.18 q.v. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- q.v. quantum vis (as much as you wish), quod vide (which see; refers to sing.) 17.19 qwerty keyboard =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- qwerty keyboard of typewriter or computer input (no caps.; acronym from the first letters on top row of this keyboard) 17.20 qy =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- qy query (no point) 18.0 R =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 18.1 R... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- R radius, rand, retarder (on timepiece regulator), roentgen, (chess) rook, the seventeenth in a series; rupee, use Re R (elec.), symbol for resistance R. rabbi, Radical, railway, rector, regiment, registered, reply, (US) Republican, River, Royal, (Fr.) Rue (street), (Ger.) Recht (law), (Lat.) regina (queen), respublica (commonwealth), rex (king), (naut.) run (deserted), (theat.) right (from actor's point of view), (thermom.) R‚aumur r. rare, recto, residence, resides, right, rises, rouble, -s, (meteor.) rain r months, Sept. to Apr. 18.2 RA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RA Rear-Admiral, Royal/ Academy, -- Academician, -- Artillery, (astr.) right ascension Ra radium (no point); Egyptian god of the sun RAA Royal Academy of Arts RAAF Royal Auxiliary Air Force Rabat cap. of Morocco Rabb. Rabbinic Rabbet/, -ed, -ing groove in woodwork; also rebate; not rabbit rabbi/ Jewish expounder of the law; pl. -s; abbr. R. (cap.); Chief Rabbi (caps.) rabbin/ usually pl. -s, Jewish authorities on the law, mainly of 2nd-13th cc.; -ical, -ism, ist Rabbinic (cap.) (noun), late Hebrew; abbr. Rabb. rabbit/ a rodent; to hunt rabbits, -ed, -ing; ---warren (hyphen). See also rabbet, rebate rabdomancy use rhab- Rabelais/ (Fran‡ois) 1483-1553, French writer; adj. -ian (cap.) rabscallion use raps- RAC Royal Agricultural College, -- Armoured Corps, -- Automobile Club raccoon use racoon racecourse (one word) race/goer, -horse (one word) race relations (two words) race-riot (hyphen) racey use racy rach/is (bot., zool.), more usual than rhachis; pl. (incorrectly formed) -ides rachiti/s rickets; -c Rachmaninov (Sergei Vasilyevich) 1873-1943, Russian composer Rachmanism slum landlordism (from 1963) rack (and ruin). But use wrack for destruction, seaweed racket/ not racquet; -eer, -s (game), -y rackett (mus.), Renaissance woodwind instrument, not racket, rank- racont/eur fem. -euse (not ital.) racoon bushy-tailed animal, not race- racquet use racket RACS Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society rac/y not -ey; -ily RAD Royal Academy of Dancing rad former unit of absorbed radiation dose, = 0.01 Gy (now use gray); radian rad. radix (root) Rad. Radical RADA Royal Academy of Dramatic Art radar radio detection and ranging (not cap.) RADC Royal Army Dental Corps Radcliffe (Ann) 1764-1823, English writer; -- (John), 1650-1714, English physician; -- College, Mass., US; -- Camera, Infirmary, Science Library, and Observatory, Oxford. See also Rat- radian SI unit of plane angle (approx. 57.296 degrees), abbr. rad radiator not -er Radical (polit.), abbr. R. or Rad. radical (chem.), not -cle radicle (bot.) radio/ pl. -s radioactiv/e (one word); -ity radio/-carbon, -cobalt etc. (hyphens) radiograph X-ray photograph radioisotope (one word) radium symbol Ra rad/ius pl. -ii, abbr. R rad/ius vect/or pl. -ii -ores rad/ix a root; pl. -ices; abbr. rad. radon symbol Rn RAE Royal Aircraft Establishment(s) Rae (John) 1813-93, Scottish Arctic traveller. See also Ray, Reay Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh, India, not Ray Bareilly Raeburn (Sir Henry) 1756-1823, Scottish painter RAEC Royal Army Education Corps R.Aero.C. Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom R.Ae.S. Royal Aeronautical Society Raetia use Rh- RAF Royal Air Force RAFA Royal Air Forces Association raffia a palm fibre, not rafia, raphia RAFRO Royal Air Force Reserve of Officers RAFVR Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve rag/, -ged, -ging rag-and-bone man (two hyphens) rag-bag (hyphen) rag doll (two words) ragee a coarse Indian grain, not ragg-, -i ragout a rich meat stew; in Fr. m. rago–t ragtag (one word) and bobtail (one word) ragtime (mus.) (one word) Ragusa It. for Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia); also a town in Sicily RAI Royal Anthropological Institute raie (Fr. f.), skate (fish) Raikes (Robert) 1735-1811, English originator of Sunday Schools rail/car, -head, -road, -way (abbr. R. or rly.), -wayman (one word) rain/ abbr. r.; -bow, -coat, -drop, -fall (one word) rain forest (two words) rainhat (one word) rain-water (hyphen) raison/ de plus (Fr.), all the more reason; -- d'‚tat, a reason of State; -- d'€tre, purpose of existence raisonn/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, reasoned out raj (Hindi), sovereignty raja/ Indian title, Malay or Javanese chief, not -h (not cap.). See also ranee Rajagopalachari (Chakravarti) 1878-1972, last Gov.-Gen. of India, 1948-50 Rajasthan Indian state Rajput/ member of Hindu soldier caste, not -poot; -ana, Indian region Rajshahi Bangladesh, not Rajeshaye rѓle/ noise made in difficult breathing; pl. -s Ralegh (Sir Walter) 1552-1618, English courtier, colonizer, soldier, and writer; -eigh usual but erroneous Raleigh (Prof. Sir Walter Alexander) 1861-1922, English writer. See also Rayleigh Ralfs (John) 1807-90, English botanist rallentando/ (mus.), (passage performed) with decreasing pace, pl. -s; abbr. rall. RAM (comp.) random-access memory; Royal Academy of Music (London) ram/, -med, -ming Ramadan Muslim fast, also ninth Muslim month; Pers. and Turk. Ramazan Raman (Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata) 1888-1970, Indian physicist; -- effect, change of frequency in scattering of radiation Ramayana Hindu epic Rambouillet d‚p. Seine-et-Oise, France RAMC Royal Army Medical Corps ramchuddar Indian shawl Ram‚e (Marie Louise de la) 1839-1908, French writer of English novels; pseud. Ouida ramekin (a cheesecake served in) a small mould, not -quin Rameses name of kings of ancient Egypt, not Ramses Ramillies (battle of) 1706 Rampur Uttar Pradesh, India Ramsay (Allan) 1686-1758, Scottish poet; -- (Allan), 1713-84, Scottish painter; -- (Sir William), 1852-1916, Scottish chemist Ramses use Rameses Ramsey Cambs., Essex, I.o.M. Ramsey (Arthur Michael) 1904-88, Bp. of Durham 1952-6, Abp. of York 1956-61, Abp. of Canterbury 1961-74; -- (Ian Thomas), 1915-72, Bp. of Durham 1966-72 ram/us (Lat.), a branch; pl. -i rancher/o (Sp.), fem. -a, a small farmer ranc/our spite, but -orous Rand (colloq.), the Witwatersrand, S. Africa rand S. Afr. unit of currency, pl. same; abbr. R R. & A. Royal and Ancient (Golf Club) R. & B. rhythm and blues R. & D. research and development Randolph-Macon College Ashland and Lynchburg, Va. ranee Hindu queen, wife or widow of raja (q.v.), not rann-, rani Ranelagh Gardens Chelsea (1742-1804) rang/e (typ.), to align sorts vertically and/or horizontally; -ing numerals, lining numerals, q.v. Rangoon Burma, not -un rani use ranee Ranjit Singh 1780-1839, founder of Sikh kingdom Ranjitsinhji (Kumar Shri) 1872-1933, Indian cricketer; Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar 1906-33 Ranke (Leopold von) 1795-1886, German historian ranket(t) use rackett rannee use ranee Ransom (John Crowe) 1888-1974, US poet Ransome (Arthur) 1884-1967, English writer ranuncul/us a buttercup, pl. -uses; (bot.) the genus including buttercups (cap. and ital.) ranz-des-vaches Swiss alpenhorn melody RAOB Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes RAOC Royal Army Ordnance Corps rap/, -ped, -ping RAPC Royal Army Pay Corps Raphael/ (in It. Raffaello Sanzio), 1483-1520, Italian painter; adj. -esque raphia use raffia raphide (bot., zool.), a needle-like crystal, not rha- Rappahannock river, Virginia rapparee a seventeenth-century Irish freebooter rappee a coarse snuff rappel/ (make) descent of rock-face using doubled rope, -led, -ling (not ital.) rapport fruitful communication or relationship (not ital.) rapporteur one who prepares account of proceedings (not ital.) rapprochement (Fr. m.), establishment or renewal of friendly relations rapscallion rascal, not rabs- rar/a av/is (Lat.), a prodigy, literally a rare bird; pl. -ae -es rare abbr. r. rarebit see Welsh rabbit rarefaction not -efication rarefy not rari- rarity not -ety RARO Regular Army Reserve of Officers Rarotonga Cook Islands, New Zealand RAS Royal Agricultural, Asiatic, or Astronomical Society RASC Royal Army Service Corps, now RCT rase to destroy, use raze Raskolnik/ (Russ.), a dissenter from the Orthodox Church, pl. -i; now commonly called Old Believer Rasoumoffsky see Rasumovsky Rasselas by S. Johnson, 1759 Rastafarian member of Jamaican sect Rasumovsky Quartets (the) by Beethoven rat/, -ted, -ting ratable use rateable ratafia liqueur, biscuit, not -afie, -ifia ratan use rattan ratany (bot.), use rh- ratatouille vegetable stew ratchet/, -ed Ratcliff Highway not -e, now The Highway. See also Rad- Ratcliffe College Leicester rateable not ratable ratepayer (one word) Rathaus (Ger. n.), town hall ratifia use ratafia ratio/ arith. relation; pl. -s rationale logical cause, reasoned explanation rationalize not -ise Ratisbon Bavaria, use Regensburg ratline (naut.), the ladder-rope on the shrouds, not -in, -ing rat race (two words) rattan a cane, not ratan rattlesnake (one word) Raumer (Friedrich Ludwig Georg von) 1781-1873, German historian; -- (Rudolf von), 1815-76, German philologist RAVC Royal Army Veterinary Corps ravel/, -led, -ling ravioli (It. cook.), small squares of pasta filled with meat (not ital.) Rawalpindi Pakistan, not Rawul- raw sienna brownish-yellow pigment, not -- siena ray (mus.), not re Ray (John), 1627-1705, English naturalist, spelt Wray till 1670. See also Rae, Reay Ray Bareilly use Rae Bareli Rayleigh Essex Rayleigh (John William Strutt, Baron) 1842-1919, English physicist. See also Raleigh raze to destroy, to erase, not rase Razumovsky see Rasumovsky razzmatazz humbug, not the many variants 18.3 Rb... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Rb rubidium (no point) RBA Royal Society of British Artists RBS Royal Society of British Sculptors 18.4 RC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RC Red Cross, reinforced concrete, (theat.) right centre, Roman Catholic; -- paper (typ.), resin-coated paper (for photosetting) RCA Royal College of Art RCC Roman Catholic Church RCDS Royal College of Defence Studies RCM Royal College of Music (London) RCN Royal College of Nursing RCO Royal College of Organists RCOG Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists RCP Royal College of Physicians RCS Royal College of Science, ditto Surgeons, Royal Commonwealth Society, Royal Corps of Signals RCT Royal Corps of Transport RCVS Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 18.5 RD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RD Royal Dragoons, Royal Naval Reserve Decoration, Rural Dean R/D refer to drawer (of a cheque) Rd. road RDC Royal Defence Corps, Rural District Council RDF Radio Direction-Finding RDI Royal Designer for Industry (Royal Society of Arts) RDS Royal Drawing Society 18.6 RE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RE Reformed Episcopal, Right Excellent, Royal Engineers, -- Exchange, -- Society of Painter-Etchers and Engravers Re Reynolds number, rhenium, rupee (no point) re (mus.), use ray Re (il) (It.), the King (no accent) re (Lat.), with regard to re- (prefix), when followed by e and separately sounded, to have hyphen, as re-echo, re-entry. It also has a hyphen when forming a compound to be distinguished from a more familiar one-word form, as re-form (to form again), re-sign (to sign again) react produce response (one word) re-act to act again (hyphen) Read (Sir Herbert Edward) 1893-1968, English critic readdress (one word) Reade (Charles) 1814-84, English novelist. See also Read, Rede, Reed, Reid reader (typ.), a corrector of the press; one who reports on MSS to a publisher (not cap.) Reader a university teacher, in some universities intermediate between Lecturer and Professor (cap. as title) Reader's Digest Association Ltd. publishers readers' marks see proof-correction marks reading/-desk, -lamp, -light, -room (hyphens) readjourn, readjust, readmission, readmit, -ted, -ting (one word) read-out (noun, in computing, hyphen) ready/-made, -to-wear (adjs., hyphens) reafforest/ not reforest (one word); -ation reagent (one word) real former Portuguese and Brazilian coin, pl. reis; --, Spanish and Mexican coin, current in US (a "bit", value 12.5 cents), pl. -es realiz/e, -able not -is- realpolitik (Ger. f.), practical politics (ital., not cap.) real tennis see tennis realty (law), landed property ream of paper 500 (formerly also 480, 504, or 516) sheets; abbr. rm. reanimate, reappear, reappoint, reapprais/e, -al (one word) Rear-Admiral abbr. RA or Rear-Adm. (hyphen, caps.) rearguard (one word) rearm/, -ament (one word) rearrange, reascend, reassemble, reassert/, -ed, -ing, reassur/e, -ance (one word) R‚aumur (Ren‚ Antoine Ferchault de) 1683-1757, inventor of thermom. scale; the scale itself, abbr. R. or R‚aum. See also Raumer reawake etc. (one word) Reay (Donald James Mackay, Baron) 1839-1921, Scottish (Dutch-born) Governor of Bombay and first president of the Brit. Academy. See also Rae, Ray rebaptize not -ise (one word) rebate to reduce, a reduction. See also rabbet rebec (mus.), medieval stringed instrument, not -eck rebel/, -led, -ling rebind to bind (a book) again, partic. rebound rebound to bound, act of bounding, back (one word) rebus/ a puzzle; pl. -es rebut/, -tal, -ted, -ting rec. receipt, recipe, record, -ed, -er R‚camier (Jeanne Fran‡oise Julie Ad‚la‹de, Madame) 1777-1849, a leader of French society recap/ colloq. for recapitulate, -ped, -ping recast (one word) recce/ slang for reconnaissance, to reconnoitre, pl. -s recd. received recede to withdraw (one word) recede to cede back (hyphen) receipt abbr. rec. receivable not -eable Rechabite a total abstainer (cap.) r‚chauff‚ (Fr. m.), a warmed-up dish, (fig.) a rehash recherch‚ chosen with care, far-fetched (not ital.) recidiv/ist one who relapses into crime; -ism recipe/ pl. -s, abbr. rec. r‚clame (Fr. f.), notoriety by advertisement; (journ.) editorial announcement recogniz/ance a bond given to a court, not -sance; -ant, not -sant recognize not -ise recollect to remember (one word) re-colleet to collect again (hyphen) recommit/, -ted, -ting recompense (noun and verb) reconcilable not -eable reconciler not -or reconnaissance preliminary survey, not reconnoi- (not ital.) reconnoitre to make a preliminary survey, not -er record/, -ed, -er abbr rec. record-player (hyphen) recount to narrate (one word) re-count to count again, a further count (hyphen) recoup to recompense, recover, make up for recover to regain possession of, to revive (one word) re-cover to cover again (hyphen) recreat/e to refresh; -ion, amusement, pastime (one word) re-creat/e to create again; -ion, -or, not -er (hyphen) rect. rectified rectif/y, -iable, -ied, -ier, -ying recto/ (typ.), the right-hand page, usu. having an odd page number, 1, 3, 5, etc.; abbr. r. (not ital.); pl. -s rector/ in Ch. of England, incumbent of a parish, originally one whose tithes were held by the parson; in RCC head priest of church etc.; head of academic or relig. institution; (cap.) elected representative of students on governing body of Scottish university; abbr. R.; adj. -ial rectri/x strong tail-feather, pl. -ces rect/um (anat.), straight part of intestine, pl. -ums rect/us (anat.), straight muscle, pl. -i re‡u (Fr. m.), a receipt recueil (Fr. m.), a literary compilation reculer pour mieux sauter (Fr.), to withdraw to await a better opportunity recur/, -red, -ring r‚dact/eur (Fr.), editor, fem. -rice r‚daction (Fr. f.), editing, editorial department Redakteur (Ger. m.), editor (cap.) Redbourn Herts. Redbourne Humberside redbreast a robin (one word) redbrick new (university) (one word) Redbridge Gr. London redd/en, -ish, -y Reddish Gr. Manchester Redditch Hereford & Worc.; "new town", 1964 Redeless (Ethelred the) King of England 978-1016 Rede Lecture Camb. Univ. See also Read, Reade, Reed, Reid Redemptionists an order of Trinitarian friars devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from slavery Redemptorists an order of missionaries founded in 1732 by Alfonso Liguori Redgauntlet by Sir W. Scott, 1824 (one word) red-handed (hyphen) redhead (one word) red-hot (hyphen) redivivus restored to life red lead (two words) red-letter day (one hyphen) redoubt mil. outwork, not -out redress to remedy (one word) re-dress to dress again (hyphen) redskin (one word) red tape excessive (use of) formalities (two words) reducible not -eable reductio ad/ absurdum (Lat.), disproof by reaching an obviously absurd conclusion; -- -- impossible, ditto an impossible conclusion red-water cattle disease (hyphen) reebok (Afrik.), an antelope, not rhe- re-echo (hyphen) Reed (Alfred German) 1847-95, English actor; -- (Edward Tennyson), 1860-1933, English caricaturist; -- (Talbot Baines), 1852-93, English writer of boys' books; -- (Walter), 1851-1902, US army surgeon (mosquitoes and yellow fever). See also Read, Reade, Rede, Reid re/-edit, -educate (hyphens) reef-knot (hyphen) Reekie (Auld) Old Smoky, that is, Edinburgh re/-elect, -election, -eligible -embark (not reim-), -emerge, -emergence, -enact, -enactment, -enforce (to enforce again), -enslave, -enter, -enthrone, -entrant, -entry, -establish (hyphens) reeve (naut.), to thread or fasten rope, past rove. See also ruff re/-examine, -exchange, -exhibit, -export (hyphens) Ref. the Reformation ref. referee, reference, referred, reform/ed, -er Ref. Ch. Reformed Church refer/, -able, ence, -red, -rer, -ring refer/ee, -eed abbr. ref. reference marks (typ.), the asterisk, dagger, double dagger, etc.; may be used (esp. in math. setting) as an alternative to superior figures for footnote references. (See Figure 5 in topic FRONT_4) See also footnotes references see authorities referend/um referring to the electorate on a particular issue; pl. -ums referrible use -erable refit/, -ted, -ting refl. reflect/ion, -ive, reflexive reflectible use reflexible reflection not -exion; abbr. refl.; in Fr. f. r‚flexion reflective (of surfaces) giving back a reflection, abbr. refl.; (of people) meditative reflector not -er reflet (Fr. m.), lustre on pottery reflexible able to be reflected, not reflect- reflexion use reflection reflexive (gram.), implying that the action is reflected upon the doer, abbr. refl. reforest/, -ation use reafforest/, -ation reform/ to improve, correct; -ation (one word) re-form/ to form again; -ation (hyphen) Reformation (the) (cap.); abbr. Ref. Reform Bills 1832, 1867, 1884-5 reform/ed, -er abbr. ref. refractor a type of lens or telescope refrangible that can be refracted refuse to say no (one word) re-fuse to fuse again (hyphen) Reg. Regent, regina (queen) reg. regis/ter, -trar, -try, regular, -ly regalia insignia, is plural regd. registered regenerator not -er Regensburg Bavaria, not Ratisbon, -berg Regent abbr. Reg. Regent's Park/ London (apos.); -- -- College, Oxford reggae W. Indian style of music with strong subsidiary beat Reg.-Gen. Registrar-General r‚gie governmental control of articles paying duty in Austria, France, Italy, Spain, and Turkey regime (not ital., no accent). See also ancien regime regimen/ pl. -s (not ital.) regiment abbr. regt. or R. Regina (Lat.), queen; abbr. R. or Reg. regisseur ballet or theatre director (not ital.) register abbr. reg. register (binding), a bookmarker; (typ.) when pages back one another exactly, or when the separate colour printings of an illustration superimpose exactly, they are said to be "in register" registered abbr. regd. register marks (typ.), crosses used to help achieve good register Register Office off. name, not Registry -- registrable not -erable registr/ar, -y abbr. reg. Registrar-General (hyphen, caps.) abbr. Reg.-Gen. Registrary official of Cambridge University (not Registrar) Registry Office see Register Office regium donum (Lat.), a royal grant Regius Professor abbr. Reg. Prof. rЉgle (Fr. f.), a rule Reg. Prof. Regius Professor regret/, -ful, -fully, -table, -tably, -ted, -ting regt. regiment regul/a (Lat.), a book of rules; pl. -ae regular/, -ly abbr. reg. regulator not -er rehash (noun and verb, one word) re-heat (noun and verb, hyphen) Reich the German State and Commonwealth (cap.); Reichs/anstalt, German off. institution (1871-1945); Reichsanzeiger, German Gazette; -kanzler, German Chancellor; -mark, abbr. RM; -tag, German legislative body (1871-1933) Reid (Sir George) 1841-1913, Scottish painter; -- (Capt. Thomas Mayne), 1818-83, British novelist; -- (Thomas), 1710-96, Scottish metaphysician; -- (Whitelaw), 1837-1912, US journalist and diplomat. See also Read, Reade, Rede, Reed Reikiavik use Reykj- Reilly (the life of) use Riley reimbark etc., use re-embark etc. reimburse to pay for loss or expense (one word) r‚impression (Fr. f.), a reprint Reims d‚p. Marne, France, not Rh- Reine Claude (Fr. f.), greengage; pl. Reines -- re infecta (Lat.), with the object not attained reinforce/ to strengthen; -ment. See also re-enforce Reinhardt (Max) 1873-1943, German theatrical producer reinstate (one word) reis pl. of real, a former Portuguese and Brazilian coin Reis Effendi (Turk.), title of former Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs rejectamenta (mod. Lat. pl.), wasted matter (not ital.) rel. relative, -ly, religion, religious, (Fr.) reli‚ (bound), (Lat.) reliquiae (relics) relat/er one who relates; -or (law), one who lays information before the Attorney-General relation a relative; a narrative; the way in which one person or thing relates to another relationship the state or fact of being related; kinship relative/, -ly abbr. rel. relativity the state of being relative, Einstein's theory of space-time relativize not -ise relator see relater relay to arrange in relay(s), to pass on (one word) re-lay to lay again (hyphen) releas/er one who releases; -or (law), one who grants a release re-let/ to let again; -ting (hyphen) relev/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, exalted, noble; (cook.) highly seasoned, not r‚- reliable not -y- reli‚ (Fr. bibliog.), bound relief-printing (typ.), printing from surfaces raised to contact ink and paper relievo use rilievo religieuse/ (Fr. f), a nun; pl. -s religieux (Fr. m.), a monk; pl. same relig/ion, -ious abbr. rel. religionize not -ise religious/ denominations as Baptist, Protestant, to have caps. reliquiae (Lat. pl.), relics; abbr. rel. rel/y, -ied, -ying REM rapid eye-movement rem roentgen equivalent man rem. remarks remainder (typ.), that part of an edition which is unsaleable at its original price Remarque (Erich Maria) real name Kr„mer, 1898-1970, German-born US novelist remblai/ earth used to form rampart, pl. -s Rembrandt/ (in full, -- Harmenszoon van Rijn), 1606-69, Dutch painter; adj. -esque REME Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Remembrance Sunday nearest to 11 Nov. remercЊment (Fr. m.), thanks, not -iement rem/ex wing quill-feather; pl. -iges Reminiscere Sunday the second in Lent remise (law), to make over, not -ize remissible capable of being forgiven remit/, -tal, -tance, -tee, -tent, -ter remonstrator not -er r‚moulade or r‚molade (Fr. f.), salad-dressing, kind of sauce removable not -eable R‚musat (Charles Fran‡ois Marie, comte de) 1797-1875, French politician and writer; -- (Jean Pierre), 1788-1832, French Chinese scholar Renaissance (the) not -ascence (cap.) Renard the fox, use Rey- Renault French make of car rendezvous/ sing. and pl. (one word, not ital.); as verb -es, -ed, -ing; Fr. rendez-vous (hyphen) renege renounce, abandon, not -gue Renoir (Auguste) 1841-1919, French painter; -- (Jean), 1894-1979, his son, French film-director renounceable not -cable renouncement use renunciation renovator not -er rent-a/-car, -crowd etc. (hyphens) rentes/ (Fr. f.), independent income, also government stocks; -- sur l'ђtat, interest on government loans rent/ier (Fr.), fem. -iЉre, one whose income is derived from investments renunciation preferable to renouncement reoccup/y, -ation (one word) reometer etc., use rhe- re/open, -order, -organize not -ise (one word) reorient/, -ate (one word); see orient Rep. Representative rep a fabric, not repp; colloq. for representative, (theat.) repertory (no point) rep. report, -er, republic, -an rep/air, -airable (of material things), -aration (amends) reparable (of loss, etc.), that can be made good repartee (the making of) witty retorts (not ital.) in Fr. f. repartie rep€chage (Fr. m.), contest between runners-up repel/, -led, -lent, -ling, -ler repertoire (not ital.) repertorium (Lat.), a catalogue repetatur (Lat.), let it be repeated; abbr. repet. repetiteur (Fr. m.), one who rehearses opera singers (ital.) repetitorium (Lat.), a summary replaceable not -cable replica/ a copy (esp. one made by the artist); pl. -s (not ital.) r‚plique (Fr. f.), a reply repl/y, -ies, -ier, -ying report/, -er abbr. rep., rept. repouss‚ (ornamental metal work) hammered from the reverse side (not ital.) repp a fabric, use rep repr. representing, reprint reprehensible open to rebuke, not -able representable not -ible Representative abbr. Rep. Representatives (House of) lower division of US Congress (caps.) repress/, -ible, -or not -er reprint (typ.), a second or new impression of any printed work (only minor corrections); a reimpression (no corrections at all); printed matter taken from some other publication for reproduction; also printed "copy" (one word); abbr. RP or repr. See also edition reprisal act of retaliation, not -izal reprise (law) a yearly charge or deduction, (mus.) repeated passage, not -ize reprize to prize anew repro. reproduction; -- pull (typ., no point), a good proof made for camera use reproducible not -eable reproof (noun), a rebuke reproof (verb), to make waterproof again reprove to rebuke rept. report republic/, -an abbr. rep. Republican abbr. (US) R R‚publique fran‡aise (l.c. f) French Republic; abbr. RF repudiator not -er reputable respectable requiem/ the Mass for the dead, its mus. setting; pl. -s requies/cat in pace (Lat.), may he, or she, rest in peace, abbr. RIP, pl. -cant -- --; -cit -- --, he, or she, rests in peace reredos/ ornamental screen or panelling behind altar, not the many variants; pl. -es re-route/ (hyphen); -ing rerun (noun and verb, one word) res. research, reserve, resid/ence, -es, resigned res/ (Lat.), a thing or things; -- adjudicata, a matter already decided; -- angusta domi, scanty means at home re/sale, -sell (one word) rescuable not -ueable research abbr. res. reserve that which is kept back, restraint, to keep back (one word); abbr. res. re-serve to serve again (hyphen) Reserve (Army) (caps.) reservist not -eist res gestae (Lat. pl.), things done, matters of fact resid/ence, -es abbr. r. or res. residence permit (two words) residu/um pl. -a resigned abbr. res. resin gum from trees or synthetically produced. See also rosin resist/ance, -ant not -ence, -ent resist/er person; -or, thing res/ judicata (Lat.), a thing already decided; -- nihili, a nonentity resoluble that can be resolved (one word) re-soluble that can be dissolved again (hyphen) resolv/able, -er resonator an instrument responding to a certain frequency of vibrations resort have recourse to, expedient, holiday-spot (one word) re-sort to sort again (hyphen) resource in Fr. f. ressource resp. respondent respecter not -or Respighi (Ottorino) 1879-1936, Italian composer respirator not -er respondent abbr. resp. responsible in Fr. responsable restaurateur restaurant-keeper, not -rant- rest/-cure, -day, -home (hyphens) restor/able, -er Restoration (the) (cap.) restrain to check (one word) re-strain to strain again (hyphen) rest-room (hyphen) resum/e, -able r‚sum‚ a summary (not ital.) resurgam (Lat.), I shall rise again resuscitat/e, -or Reszke (ђdouard de) 1856-1917, Polish bass; -- (Jean de), 1850-1925, his brother, Polish tenor ret. retired, returned retable shelf or framed panels above back of altar retd. retired, returned R. et I. (Lat.), Rex et Imperator, king and emperor, Regina et Imperatrix, queen and empress retin/a inner membrane of the eyeball; pl. (anat.) -ae, (gen.) -as retired abbr. ret. or retd. retraceable not -cable retractable not -ible retractor not -er retree slightly defective paper retrial (one word) retriever a dog retrochoir (archit.) (one word) retroflex (adj.), turned backwards (one word) retro-rocket (hyphen) retrouss/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, turned up retry (one word) returned abbr. ret. or retd. Reuben (Bib.), son of Jacob Reubens (Peter Paul) use Ru- reunion a social gathering; in Fr. f. r‚union R‚union (Њle de) Indian Ocean re/unite, -urge, -usable, -use (one word) Reuters Ltd. reporting agency Rev. Book of Revelation (NT), Review. See also Reverend rev. revenue, reverse, revis/e, -ed, -ion, revolution, -s Reval (Estonian SSR), use Tallinn revalorize to establish a new value, not -ise Revd see Reverend r‚veil (Fr. m.), an awaking, a morning call reveille morning call to troops (no accents, not ital.) revel/, -led, -ler, -ling Revelation (Book of) (NT), not -ions; abbr. Rev. revenons … nos moutons (Fr.), let us return to our subject revenue/ abbr. rev.; -- office, -- tax (two words) reverberator not -er Reverend abbr. (The) Revd; pl. Revds; Very Revd (dean, provost, or former moderator), Right Revd or Rt. Revd (bishop or moderator), Most Revd (archbishop or Irish RC bishop); not Rev. rever/end deserving reverence; -ent, showing it reverie day-dream, not -y revers the front of a garment turned back showing the inner surface, pl. same reverse side of a coin other than obverse (q.v.), abbr. rev. reversed block (typ.), a design in which the illustration or wording appears in white against a background; block whose contents are transposed left-to-right for offset printing reversible not -able r€veu/r (Fr.), fem. -se, (day) dreamer Review abbr. Rev. Reviews (titles of) (typ.), when cited, to be italic revise (typ.), second or subsequent proof; abbr. rev. revis/e not -ize; -able, -ing revis/ed, -ion abbr. rev. Revised Standard Version (of Bible) (caps.); abbr. RSV Revised Statutes, abbr. RS or Rev. Stat. Revised Version (of Bible) (caps.); abbr. RV reviv/er one who revives; (law) -or, a proceeding to revive a suit revoir (…) (Fr.), to be revised. See also au revoir revo/ke, -cable, -cation Revolution (the) Amer. 1775-83, Chin. 1911-12, Eng. 1688-9, Fr. 1789-95, 1830, 1848, 1870, Russ. 1905, 1917 (cap.) revolution/, -s abbr. rev., but cf. r.p.m., r.p.s. revolutionize not -ise Rev. Stat. Revised Statutes revue a theatrical entertainment (not ital.) Rex (Lat.), king; abbr. R. Rexine propr. term for a kind of imitation leather (cap.) Reykjavik Iceland, not Reiki- Reynard the fox, not Ren- (cap.) Reynolds News (no apos.) Reynolds number (two words, no apos.), abbr. Re rez-de-chauss‚e (Fr. m.), ground floor (hyphens) 18.7 RF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RF R‚publique fran‡aise (French Republic) Rf rutherfordium (no point) r.f. radio frequency rf. see rinforzando RFA Royal Field Artillery, Royal Fleet Auxiliary RFC Rugby Football Club 18.8 RGS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RGS Royal Geographical Society 18.9 RH... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RH Royal Highness Rh rhesus, rhodium (no point) r.h. right hand RHA Regional Health Authority, Road Haulage Association Ltd., Royal Hibernian Academy, -- Horse Artillery rhabdomancy divination by rod, not ra- Rhadamanth/ine stern, like -us (Gr. myth.), judge of the dead Rhaet/ia, -ian, -ic (of) Austrian Tyrol, not Rae-, Rhe- rhaphis use ra- rhapsodize to be enthusiastic, not -ise rhatany (bot.), S. American shrub with astringent root, not rat- rheebok use ree- Rheims use Reims Rhein (Ger. m.), the Rhine Rheingold (Das) first opera in Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen, 1869 Rhemish of Rheims Rhenish (wine) of the Rhine rhenium symbol Re rheology (phys.), science of flow rheo/meter, -stat, -trope instruments for (respectively) measuring, regulating, reversing electric current, not reo- rhesus Indian monkey; rhesus factor (in the blood), abbr. Rh-factor (hyphen, no point); Rh-positive, reacting to blood tests like rhesus monkeys; Rh-negative, not ditto rhet. rhetoric Rhetia use Rhae- RHF Royal Highland Fusiliers RHG Royal Horse Guards (the Blues) Rhine/ European river, in Fr. Rhin, in Ger. Rhein; -land (one word) rhinestone imitation diamond rhinoceros/ pl. -es; colloq. rhino/, pl. -s (no point) R.Hist.S. Royal Historical Society Rhode Island off. abbr. RI Rhod/es island in Aegean Sea, and its capital; adj. -ian Rhodes Scholar (at Oxford) Rhodesia Africa, UDI Nov. 1965, republic by unilateral declaration, Mar. 1970, renamed Zimbabwe-Rhodesia 1979, Zimbabwe 1980 rhodium symbol Rh rhododendron/ pl. -s rhodomontade use rodo- rhomb/us (geom.), pl. -uses Rhondda river and town, Mid Glam. Rh“ne Fr. d‚p. and river, not Rhone RHS Royal Historical, Horticultural, or Humane Society rhumba use rumba rhumb-line (naut.), line cutting all meridians at same angle (hyphen) rhym/e (noun and verb), not rime; -er (-ester is usu. derog.) rhythm/, -ic 18.10 RI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RI Rhode Island (off. abbr.), Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Royal Institution RI = R. et I. (q.v.) RIA Royal Irish Academy Rialto Venice (cap.) riant laughing, cheerful, pleasant (not ital.) rib/, -bed, -bing RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects riband see ribbon ribband a light spar used in shipbuilding ribbon not riband, except in sport and heraldry RIC Royal Institute of Chemistry, now part of Royal Society of Chemistry Ricard/o (David) 1772-1823, English economist; adj. -ian Riccio use Rizzio ricercar (mus.), type of instrumental composition Richelieu (Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de, Cardinal) 1585-1642, French statesman Richepin (Jean) 1849-1926, French writer Richter (Hans) 1843-1916, German conductor of Wagnerian opera and the Hall‚ Orchestra; -- (Johann Paul Friedrich), 1763-1825, German writer, pseud. Jean Paul; -- (Karl), 1926-81, German conductor; -- (Sviatoslav), b. 1915, Russian pianist Richthofen (Baron Manfred von) 1892-1918, German flying ace rick sprain or strain, not wrick rickets a bone disease rickettsi/a a micro-organism such as typhus, pl. -ae; from Howard Taylor Ricketts, 1871-1910, US pathologist rickety shaky, not -tty rickrack use ricrac rickshaw light two-wheeled vehicle, orig. a shortening of the now disused word jinricksha, not -sha ricochet/ to skip or rebound (of projectile), -ed, -ing (not ital.) ricrac zigzag braid trimming, not rickrack RICS Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors rid/, -dance, -ded, -ding rid/e, -able, -den, -ing ridge/-piece, -pole, -tile, -tree (hyphens) ridgeway (one word) ridgy not -ey Riemann/ (Georg Friedrich Bernhard) 1826-66, German mathematician; adj. -ian Riesling a white wine Rievaulx Abbey M. Yorks., not Riv- rifaciment/o (It.), a remaking; pl. -i Riff (The), mountainous rcgion in Morocco, not Rif riff-raff (hyphen) rifl/e, -ing rigadoon lively dance, not rigaudon right/ (theat., from actor's point of view), abbr. R.; -- centre, abbr. RC right ascension (astr.), abbr. RA righteous right/-hand, -handed adjs. (hyphens) right-hand pages (typ.), the recto pages, usu. with odd page numbers Right Reverend (for bishops and moderators in Presbyterian churches and Church of Scotland), abbr. (The) Right Revd, Rt. Revd right wing (hyphen as adj.), right-winger Rigi Switzerland, not -hi rigor (med.), a shivering-fit (not ital.) rigor mortis (Lat.), stiffening after death (not ital.) rigour severity, but rigorous Rigsdag the former Danish Parliament Rig-Veda Sanskrit religious book (caps., hyphen) RIIA Royal Institute of International Affairs Riksdag the Swedish Parliament Riksm†l the literary language of Norway, now called Bokm†l Riley (the life of) slang for carefree existence, not Reilly; -- (Bridget Louise), b. 1931, British painter; -- (James Whitcomb), 1849-1916, US poet riliev/o (It.), raised or embossed work, not re-; pl. -i Rilke (Rainer Maria) 1875-1926, German poet rill small stream rille narrow valley on moon rim/, -med, -ming rim/a (It.), verse, pl. -e rim/e hoar-frost; -y. See also rhyme Rimsky-Korsakov (Nicholas Andreievich) 1844-1908, Russian composer RINA Royal Institution of Naval Architects rinderpest pleuro-pneumonia in cattle (one word) rinforz/ando, -ato (It. mus.), with more emphasis; abbr. rf. or rinf. Ring des Nibelungen (Der) cycle of operas by Wagner, 1869-76 ring/leader, -master (one word) Rio de Janeiro Brazil, not Rio Janeiro Rio Grande river, Brazil and Mexico RIP requiescat (or -ant) in pace (may he, she (or they) rest in peace) RIPA Royal Institute of Public Administration R.I.P.H. & H. Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene ripien/o (mus.), player or instrument additional to leader or soloist, pl. -os or -i Ripman (Prof. Walter) 1869-1947, English educationist rippl/e, -y Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, 1820 (three caps.) ris de veau (Fr. cook. m.), sweetbread rises abbr. r. risible provoking laughter; not -able Risorgimento Italian unification movement in l9th c. risott/o rice with meat and onions, etc., pl. -os risqu/‚ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, risky, indelicate rissole fried cake of minced meat (not ital.) rissol‚ (Fr. cook.), well-browned ritardand/o (mus.), holding back, pl. -os; abbr. rit or ritard. Ritchie-Calder (Baron) (hyphen) ritenuto (mus.), held back; abbr. riten. ritornell/o (mus.), a short instrumental passage in a vocal work; return of full orchestra after a solo passage in a concerto; pl. -os ritualist/ one devoted to ritual (adj. -ic); (cap. with hist. reference) ritualize not -ise Riv. River rival/, -led, -ling Rivaulx use Rie- River when with name to have cap., as Yellow River, River Dart; abbr. R. or Riv. river (typ.), apparent tracks of white twisting down printed page, caused by bad word-spacing Rivera y Orbaneja (Miguel Primo de) 1870-1930, Spanish general, dictator 1923-30 river/-god, -mouth (hyphens) riverside (one word) Rivesaltes a French wine rivet/, -ed, -er, -ing Riviera the coast of France and Italy from Nice to La Spezia; riviera, similar region elsewhere RiviЉre (Briton) 1840-1920, English painter riviЉre (Fr. f.), river, (of diamonds) collar Rivingtons, Ltd. publishers Riyadh cap. of Nejd, and one of the federal capitals of Saudi Arabia. See also Mecca riz (Fr. m.), rice Rizzio (David) 1540-66, Italian musician, favourite of Mary Q. of Scots, assassinated, not Ricc- 18.11 RL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RL Rugby League RLO Returned Letter Office (formerly Dead -- --) R.L.S. Robert Louis Stevenson RLSS Royal Life Saving Society rly. railway 18.12 RM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RM Reichsmark, Resident Magistrate, Royal Mail, -- Marines rm. ream, room RMA Royal Military Academy (Sandhurst, formerly Woolwich) RMCS Royal Military College of Science R.Met.S. Royal Meteorological Society RMP Royal Military Police RMS Royal/ Mail Service, -- Mail Steamer, -- Microscopical Society, -- Society of Miniature Painters r.m.s. root-mean-square RMSM Royal Military School of Music 18.13 RN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RN Royal Navy Rn radon (no point) RNA ribonucleic acid RNC Royal Naval College RNCM Royal Northern College of Music RNIB Royal National Institute for the Blind; RNID, ditto Deaf RNLI Royal National Life-boat Institution RNR Royal Naval Reserve 18.14 RO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RO Receiving Office, -r, Relieving Officer, Returning --, Royal Observatory ro. rood Road afer name to be cap., as Fulham Road; abbr. Rd. road-block (hyphen) road fund licence (three words) road/-hog, -map (hyphens) road/side, -stead, -way (one word) road-works (hyphen) roadworthy (one word) roan (bind.), a soft and flexible sheepskin, often imitating morocco Roanoke Virginia, US roast (to rule the) use roost Robarts (Mr) in Trollope's Framley Parsonage Robbe-Grillet (Alain) b. 1922, French writer Robben Island S. Africa Robbia (Luca della) 1399-1482, Italian sculptor. See also Della-Robbia Robbins Report 1963, on Higher Education (no apos.) Robens (Alfred, Lord) b. 1910, Chairman of the National Coal Board 1961-71 Robespierre (Maximilien Fran‡ois Marie Isidore de) 1758-94, French revolutionary Robin Goodfellow a sprite (caps.) Robin Hood/ hero of medieval legend; -- --'s Bay, a town, N. Yorks. (apos., three words) robin redbreast (two words) Robinson Crusoe by Defoe, 1719 Rob Roy Robert ("the Red") Macgregor, 1671-1734, Scottish outlaw (caps., two words) ROC Royal Observer Corps roc a fabulous bird, not the many variants roccoco use rococo Roch (St) Rochefoucauld see La -- roches moutonn‚es (geol.), pl., a glaciated type of rock-surface (no ital.) rochet a surplice-like linen garment, not rotch-, -ette Rocinante Don Quixote's steed, usu. Anglicized as Rosinante Rock (the) Gibraltar Rockefeller/ (John Davison) 1840-1937, head of family of US capitalists; -- (Nelson Aldrich), 1908-79, US statesman; -- Center, nexus of office skyscrapers, NY; -- Foundation, 1913, philanthropic; -- Institute, 1901, for medical research, a university since 1965 rock-garden (hyphen) Rockies (the) (N. Amer.), the Rocky Mountains "Rock of Ages" (caps.) rock-plant (hyphen) rock salmon (two words) rococo/ ornamental style of decoration in 18th-c. Europe, also in mus.; pl. -s, not rocc- rod see perch Rod (ђdouard) 1857-1910, French writer Rodd (James Rennell, first Baron Rennell) 1858-1941, English diplomat and scholar rodeo/ pl. -s Roderic d. 711, last king of the Visigoths, not -ick Rodin (Auguste) 1840-1917, French sculptor rodomontade bragging talk, not rh- roebuck (one word) roe-deer (hyphen) roentgen/ former unit of ionizing radiation dose, now expressed in coulomb per kilogram; abbr. R; -ography, photography with x-rays; -ology, study of X-rays. See also R”ntgen ROF Royal Ordnance Factory Roffen: sig. of Bp. of Rochester (colon) Rogation Sunday that before Ascension Day Rogers (Bruce) 1870-1951, US typographer, designer of Centaur type Roget (Peter Mark) 1779 1869, compiled Thesaurus rognons (Fr. m.), kidneys rogues' gallery not rogue's Rohilkhand Uttar Pradesh, India, not Rohilc-, -und Rohmer (Eric) b. 1920, French film-director; -- (Sax), pseud. of Arthur Sarsfield Ward, 1883-1959, British mystery-writer ROI Royal Institute of Oil Painters roi fain‚ant (Fr.), do-nothing king roinek use rooinek roisterer noisy reveller, not roy- rok a fabulous bird, use roc Rokitansky (Karl, Baron von) 1804-78, Czech-born Austrian anatomist role actor's part, in Fr. m. r“le roll-call (hyphen) roller-coaster switchback (hyphen) roller-skate (noun and verb, hyphen) rolling-pin (hyphen) rollmop (one word) rollock use rowlock roll-on (noun and adj., hyphen) Rolls-Royce (hyphen) Rўlvaag (Ole Edvart) 1876-1931, Norw.-US novelist roly-poly a pudding, not the many variants ROM (comp.), read-only memory Rom/ a male gypsy, pl. -a (cap.) Rom. Roman, Romance, Romans (Epistle to the) rom. roman type Romaic modern Greek romaika a national dance of mod. Greece Romain (Jules) c.1499-1546, Italian architect, but use Giulio Romano Romains (Jules) 1885-1972, French writer romaji Roman alphabet used to transliterate Japanese roman (typ.), ordinary upright letters as distinct from bold or italic; abbr. rom. Roman Catholic/ (caps.), abbr. RC; -- Church (caps.), abbr. RCC roman-…-clef (Fr. m.), novel about real people under disguised identities, pl. romans-…-clef Roman de la Rose thirteenth-cent. French allegorical verse romance, source of Romaunt of the Rose, attributed to Chaucer Roman‚e-ContЎ a red burgundy wine Romanes gypsy language Romanes lectures at Oxford Univ. Romanesque style of architecture between classical and Gothic roman-fleuve (Fr. m.), long novel about same characters over a period, pl. romans-fleuves Romania/, -n the official Romanian spelling, now preferred to the traditional English Roum- or Rum- romanize not -ise roman numerals see numerals Romanov Russian dynasty, 1613-1917, not -of, -off Romans (the Epistle to the); abbr. Rom. (NT) Romansh Rhaeto-Romanic, dial. of E. Switzerland, not Rou-, Ru-, -ansch, -onsch Romany a gypsy, not -ncy, -mmany (cap.) Romaunt of the Rose see Roman de la Rose Romeo/ a young lover, pl. -s (cap.) Romney (George) 1734-1802, English painter Romney Marsh Kent romneya poppy-like shrub Romsey Hants Ronaldsay Orkney; Ronaldshay (Earl of), Marquess of Zetland's heir Ronaldsway Airport I.o.M. Ronda Spain rondeau/ a form of poem; pl. -x rondel a special form of the rondeau rondo/ (mus.), a movement with recurring main theme; pl. -s rone a water-pipe Roneo/ propr. term for machine used to duplicate documents; as noun pl. -s; as verb roneo/, -es, -ed, -ing R”ntgen (Julius) 1855-1934, Dutch composer; -- (Wilhelm Konrad von), 1845-1923, German physicist, discoverer of R”ntgen (or X-) rays. See also roentgen rood abbr. ro. roof/-garden, -rack, -top (hyphens) rooinek (Afrik.), an Englishman, not roi- rook (chess), abbr. R, also a bird Rooke (Sir George) 1650-1709, English admiral room abbr. rm. rooming-house (hyphen) room-mate (hyphen) room service (two words) Roosevelt (Franklin Delano) 1882-1945, US President 1933-45; -- (Theodore), 1858-1919, US President 1901-9 roost (to rule the) to dominate, not now roast root to rummage, to give support, to search out. See also rout rop/e, -ing, -y rope/-dancer, -ladder, -walk (hyphens) Roquefort a Fr. cheese rorqual a whale Rorschach test (psych.) (with ink-blots) rosaceous of the rose family Rosalind in Shakespeare's As You Like It, and Spenser's Shepheardes Calendar Rosaline in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, Romeo and Juliet rosary (RCC) (beads for) set of devotions. See also rosery Roscommon Ireland rose (Fr. m.), pink colour; (f.) a rose; couleur de --, roseate, attractive ros‚ (Fr. m.), pink wine Rosebery (Earl of) not -berry, -bury rose/-bowl, -bud, -bush (hyphens) rosella Austral. parakeet Rosencrantz and Guildenstern in Shakespeare's Hamlet Rosenkranz (Johann Karl Friedrich) 1805-79, German metaphysical philosopher Rosenkreuz see Rosicrucian roseola (med.), rosy rash, German measles rose-red (hyphen) rosery a rose-garden. See also rosary rose-water (hyphen) rosewood (one word) rosey use rosy Rosh Hashanah the Jewish New Year's Day Rosicrucian (a member) of an order devoted to occult lore, founded by Christian Rosenkreuz, 1484 rosin a solid residue from turpentine distillation, used esp. on strings of musical instruments. See also resin Rosinante see Rocinante Roskilde/ Denmark; -- (Treaty of), 1658, between Denmark and Sweden ROSLA raising of school-leaving age Roslin Lothian Rosny (Joseph Henry) joint pseud. of French novelist brothers Joseph Henri Bo‰x, 1856-1940, and S‚raphin Justin Fran‡ois Bo‰x, 1859-1948 rosoli/o a sweet cordial of S. Europe, pl. -os, not -oglio, -oli (not cap.) RoSPA Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents Ross (Sir James Clark) 1800-62, English Arctic explorer; -- (Sir John), 1777-1856, his uncle, Scottish explorer; -- (Sir Ronald), 1857-1932, English physician (malaria-mosquito) Rosse (Earl of) Rossetti (Christina Georgina) 1830-94, English poet; -- (Dante Gabriel), 1828-82, her brother, English painter and poet; -- (Gabriele), 1783-1854, Italian poet and liberal, father of the other three; -- (William Michael), 1829-1919, his son, English author and critic Rosslyn (Earl of). See also Roslin Ross-shire (hyphen); now the district of Ross and Cromarty Rostand (Edmond) 1868-1918, French playwright roster a list of persons, showing rotation of duties Rostropovich (Mstislav) b. 1927, Russian cellist and conductor rostr/um speaker's platform, pl. -a (not ital.) ros/y not -ey; -ily rot/, -ted, -ting rota/ a roster; pl. -s Rotarian a member of a Rotary Club (cap.) rotary revolving, not rotatory; (typ.) printing machine in which the plate(s) are mounted on a cylinder Rotary Club a branch of the world-wide Rotary Movement, aiming at service to humanity (caps.) rotator a revolving part, (anat.) a muscle that rotates a limb rotatory use rotary Rotavator propr. term for a rotary cultivator (cap.) rotchet garment, use rochet rote mechanical memory or performance Rothamsted Herts., agric. station for soil research Rothe (Richard) 1799-1867, German theologian Rothes Grampian; -- (Earl of) Rothschild European family of bankers r“ti (Fr. m.), roast meat rotifer/ minute aquatic animal, pl. -s; Rotifera, phylum containing them rotogravure (typ.), printing from photogravure cylinders on a web-fed rotary press rotor (mech.), a revolving part rotten-stone decomposed siliceous limestone (hyphen) Rottingdean E. Sussex (one word) Rottweiler breed of tall black dog rotund/a a domed circular building or hall, pl. -as roturi/er (Fr.), fem. -Љre, of low birth Rouault (Georges) 1871-1958, French painter Roubiliac (Louis Fran‡ois) 1695-1762, French sculptor, not -lliac rouble Russian coin and monetary unit, not ru-; abbr. r. rouche use ruche rou‚ a debauchee (not ital.) Rouge/Croix, -- Dragon pursuivants rouge-et-noir a game of chance (hyphens, not ital.) Rouget de l'Isle (Claude Joseph) 1760-1836, composer of La Marseillaise rough trump, use ruff rough-and/-ready, -tumble (hyphens) roughcast (one word) rough/dry, -hew (hyphens) rough house (hyphen as verb) roughneck (one word) rough pull (typ.), proof pulled by hand on inferior paper for correction purposes rough-rider (hyphen) roughshod (one word) roulade (mus.), a florid passage (not ital.) rouleau/ a roll of money; pl. -x (not ital.) Roumania/, -n use Romania/, -n, q.v. Roumansh use Rom- Roumelia/, -n use Rum- round about (adv. and prep., two words), but roundabout (noun and adj., one word) round-house (hyphen) rounding (bind.), shaping back of book into a convex curve round robin a petition (two words) roundworm (one word) Rousseau (Henri) 1844-1910, French painter, called Le Douanier; -- (Jean Baptiste), 1670-1741, French poet; -- (Jean Jacques), 1712-72, Geneva-born Frepch philosopher; -- (Pierre ђtienne Th‚odore), 1812-67, French painter Roussillon Fr. province, a red wine rout (verb), to put to flight; (noun) a rabble, a disorderly retreat. See also root route/ to send by a particular route, -ing Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd. publishers roux (cook.), mixture of fat and flour rowlock (naut.), not roll-, rull- Roxburgh Borders Roxburghe Club exclusive club for bibliophiles Roxburghe (Duke of) Royal/ (cap.), abbr. R.; -- Academ/y, -- -ician, -- Artillery, abbr. RA; -- Highness, RH royal former size of paper, 20 x 25 in.; -- 4to, 12.5 x 10 in., -- 8vo, 10 x 6.25 in. (untrimmed). See also book sizes Royal Society abbr. RS Royal/ Welch Fusiliers, -- Welch Regiment (but Welsh Guards) roysterer use roi- 18.15 RP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RP read for press, received pronunciation, Reformed Presbyterian, reply paid, reprint, (Fr.) R‚v‚rend PЉre (Reverend Father), Royal Society of Portrait Painters RPC Royal Pioneer Corps RPE Reformed Protestant Episcopal RPI retail price index RPM resale price maintenance r.p.m. revolutions per minute. In scientific and technical work rev/min (no points) is preferred RPO Royal Philharmonic Orchestra r.p.s. revolutions per second. See also r.p.m. RPS Royal Philharmonic Society, Royal Photographic Society 18.16 RQMS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RQMS Regimental Quartermaster-Sergeant 18.17 RRC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RRC (Lady of the) Royal Red Cross RRE Royal Radar Establishment, now RSRE 18.18 RS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RS Revised Statutes, Royal Scots, Royal Society Rs rupees r.s. right side RSA Royal Scottish Academ/y, -ician, Royal Society of Arts RSAA Royal Society for Asian Affairs RSC Royal Shakespeare Company, Royal Society of Chemistry RSD Royal Society of Dublin RSE Royal Society of Edinburgh RSFSR Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, one (and by far the largest) of the republics forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, q.v.) RSH Royal Society of Health R. Signals Royal Corps of Signals RSL Royal Society of Literature RSM Regimental Sergeant-Major, Royal School of Mines, Royal Society of Medicine, Royal Society of Musicians of Great Britain RSMA Royal Society of Marine Artists RSO railway sub-office, -- sorting office RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals RSRE Royal Signals and Radar Establishment RSV Revised Standard Version (of Bible) RSVP r‚pondez, s'il vous plaЊt (please reply) (not to be used in writings in the third person) 18.19 RT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RT radio-telegraphy, radio-telephony, received text rt. right Rt. Hon. Right Honourable RTO Railway Transport Officer RTR Royal Tank Regiment Rt. Revd Right Reverend (of a bishop or moderator) RTS Royal Toxophilite Society RTYC Royal Thames Yacht Club 18.20 RU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RU Rugby Union Ru ruthenium (no point) Ruanda use Rwanda rub-a-dub/ make sound of drum, -bed, -bing (hyphens) Rub iy t of Omar Khayyam; in Persian poetry Rub 'iy t pl., are four-lined stanzas rubat/o (mus.), (performed at) tempo varied for expressive effect, pl. -os rubber stamp (hyphen as verb) rubef/y to make red, not -ify; -acient, -action rubella (med.), German measles Rubens (Peter Paul) 1577-1640, Flemish painter, not Reu- rubeola (med.), measles Rubicon (to cross the) to take an irretraceable step (cap.); rubicon (noun and verb, in piquet, not cap.) rubidium symbol Rb Rubinstein (Anton Gregor) 1829-94, Russian composer and pianist; -- (Artur), 1886-1982, Polish pianist ruble use rouble rubric instruction in liturgical book, orig. printed in red; special passage or heading ruby (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 5.5 pt. ruc, -ck, -kh, a fabulous bird, use roc RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary ruch/e a quilling or frilling, -ing, not rou- rudd a fish, not rod Rudesheimer a Rhine wine rue to regret; rueful, ruing RUE (theat.), right upper entrance ruff a bird, fem. reeve; a fish (not ruffe); a frill worn round the neck; (cards) to trump, a trumping ruga/ (Lat.), a wrinkle; pl. -ae Rugbeian member of Rugby School Rugby football (one cap.), colloq. rugger (not cap.) Ruhmkorff/ (Heinrich Daniel) 1803-77, German electrician; -- coil RUKBA Royal United Kingdom Beneficent Association "Rule, Britannia!" (comma) rullock use rowlock Rumania/, -n use Romania/, -a, q.v. Rumansh use Rom- rumba not rhumba rumb-line use rh- Rumelia/ an area of the Balkans, mainly in Bulgaria; -n; not Rou- rumen/ ruminant's first stomach, pl. -s rumin/ant an animal that chews the cud; -ator, one who ponders, not -er Rumpelstiltskin a dwarf in German folklore run (naut.), deserted; abbr. R. runabout small light vehicle (one word) runaway (noun and adj., one word) Runeberg (John Ludwig) 1804-77, Finnish poet running/ headline or -- title (typ.), see headlines Runnymede meadow on R. Thames where King John signed Magna Charta, 1215 runoff (noun, one word) run/ on (typ.), continued operation of press subsequent to first (or stated amount of) copy; (matter) to be set without break or paragraph; -- round, set text etc. round three or more sides of block etc. runway (one word) rupee abbr. Re, pl. Rs Rupert's Land (Bp. of) Canada ruralize not -ise RUSI Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies rus in urbe (Lat.), the country within a town Russ. Russia, -n Russel (Alexander) 1814-76, editor of the Scotsman Russell cord a ribbed fabric (two words) Russell (Bertrand Arthur William, Earl) 1872-1970, English philosopher and mathematician; -- (Baron, of Liverpool); also family name of Duke of Bedford and Barons Ampthill and De Clifford; -- (George), see A.E.; -- (Jack), breed of dog Russia/, -n abbr. Russ.; (typ.) 36 letters, of which 4 were abolished in the New Orthography of 1918; for details see Hart's Rules, p. 120 rut/, -ted, -ting, -ty Ruth not to be abbr. ruthenium symbol Ru Rutherford (Ernest, Baron) 1871-1937, New Zealand scientist; -- (Mark), 1831-1913, pseud. of William Hale White, English writer rutherfordium symbol Rf Ruthven (Baron) Ruwenzori mountain, Uganda and Za‹re Ruy Lopez chess opening Ruysbroeck (Jan van) 1293-1387, Flemish mystic Ruysdael (Jakob van) 1628-82, and -- (Salomon van), 1600-70, Dutch painters 18.21 RV =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RV Revised Version (of Bible) 18.22 RW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- RW right Worshipful, -- Worthy Rwanda/ Cent. Africa, indep. 1962, not Ruanda; adj. -n RWF Royal Welch Fusiliers RWS Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours 18.23 Rx. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Rx. tens of rupees 18.24 Ry.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ry. railway RYA Royal Yachting Association Rye House Plot 1682-3 (no hyphens, three caps.) RYS Royal Yacht Squadron (a club) Ryukyu Islands Japan, not the many variants Ryun (Jim) b. 1948, US runner 19.0 S =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 19.1 S... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- S siemens, sulphur, (on timepiece regulator) slow, the eighteenth in a series S. Sabbath, Saint, school, series, Signor, Socialist, Society, soprano, south, -ern, sun, Sunday, surplus, (Fr.) saint (saint), (Ger.) Seite (page), (Lat.) sepultus (buried), socius or sodalis (Fellow) s. second, -s (of time or angle) (no point in scientific and technical work), section, see, sets, shilling, -s, sign, -ed, singular, (meteor.) snow, solo, son, spherical, stem, (meteor.) stratus cloud, substantive, succeeded, (Fr.) siЉcle (century), sud (south), (Ger.) siehe (see), (Lat.) semi (half), (It.) sinistra (left) s/ (Fr.), sur (on), e.g. Boulogne s/M = Boulogne-sur-mer 's abbr. for Du. des (of the), as 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) $ or the dollar mark; to be before, and close up to, the numerals 19.2 SA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SA the Salvation Army, sex appeal, South Africa, South America, South Australia, (Fr.) Soci‚t‚ Anonyme (Co.), (Ger.) Sturm-Abteilung (Nazi storm-troops) sa. sable s.a. sine anno (without date) Saar/ river and region, -land, province, W. Germany (one word) Sabaean of ancient Yemen Sabah part of Malaysia Sabaism star-worship in anc. Arabia and Mesopotamia (cap.) Sabaoth (Lord (God) of) (Scrip.), Lord of Hosts (cap.). See also sabbath Sabatini (Rafael) 1875-1950, Anglo-Italian author Sabbatarian/, -ism (caps.) sabbath/ (day) (not cap.); -- day's journey (Heb.), about two thirds of a mile. See also Sabaoth Sabian member of a sect mentioned in the Koran Sabine of an anc. Italian tribe sable (her.), black sabra native-born Israeli (not cap.) sabretache bag for cavalry, not -tash, -tasche sabre-toothed lion, sabre-toothed tiger (one hyphen) SAC Senior Aircraftman sac (med. and biol.), a baglike cavity saccharimeter instrument for measuring sugar content by means of polarized light, not -ometer saccharin sugar-substitute saccharine (adj.), sugary saccharometer instrument for measuring sugar content by hydrometry, not -imeter Sacheverell (Henry) ?1674-1724, English ecclesiastic and politician Sachs (Hans), 1494-1576, German poet; -- (Julius), 1832-97, German botanist. See also Sax, Saxe Sachsen Ger. for Saxony sackbut medieval trombone sackcloth (one word) sack-race (hyphen) Sackville-West (Victoria Mary) 1892-1962, English author sacr/‚ (Fr.) fem. -‚e, sacred sacrileg/e, -ious not sacre-, -ligious SACW Senior Aircraftwoman saddle/-bag, -cloth, -horse (hyphens) saddle-stitch (bind.), stitching through the back of all pages of a pamphlet etc. placed open on a saddle-shaped support sadhu Indian holy man sadism a sexual perversion marked by love of cruelty, from Donatien Alphonse Fran‡ois, "marquis" de Sade, 1740-1814, French soldier and writer Sadleir (Michael) 1888-1957, English author and publisher, son of following Sadler (Sir Michael Ernest) 1861-1943, English educationist sado-masochism (hyphen) s.a.e. stamped addressed envelope safari/ hunting expedition, pl. -s safe/ conduct, deposit (hyphen when attrib.) safety/-belt, -catch (hyphens) safety/ curtain, -- film, -- lamp, -- match, -- net, -- razor (two words) safety/-pin, -valve (hyphens) Saffron Walden Essex (no hyphen) S. Afr. South Africa, -n saga/ Norse (spec. Icelandic) prose narrative; hence any long or heroic story; pl. -s sagesse (Fr. f.), wisdom Saghalien Island use sakhalin sago/ palm or starch produced from it, pl. -s sahib (Ind.), European master, gentleman; (cap.) an honorific affix, as Smith Sahib; fem. memsahib; pukka sahib, perfect gentleman Saidpur India, not Sayyid- saignant/ fem. -e (Fr. cook.), underdone Saigon Vietnam, now Ho Chi Minh City sailcloth (one word) sailed abbr. sld. sail/er ship of specified power; -or, seaman sailing/-boat, -ship (hyphens) Sailors' Home not -'s sailplane (one word) sainfoin (bot.), a leguminous fodder-plant, not saint- Saint abbr. S. or St, pl. SS or Sts; in alphabetic arrangement always place under Saint, not under St-. In Fr. small s and space after if relating to the person of a saint, as saint Jean, but cap. S and hyphen if relating to the name of a place or person or saint's day: as Saint-ђtienne, Sainte-Beuve, la Saint-Barth‚lemy. In Fr. abbr. S., fem. Ste, for the persons of Saints; St-, fem. Ste-, in names of places, of persons other than saints, or of saints' days. In Ger. Sankt, abbr. St. In It. & Sp. San, Santo, Santa, according to gender and form of name; similarly in Port. Santa St Abbs but St Abb's Head, Borders; St Albans, Herts. (no apos.); St Albans (Bp. and Duke of); St Albans:, sig. of the Bp. (colon); St Alban's Head, Dorset (apos.); St Aldwyn (Earl); St Andrew's Day, 30 Nov.; St Andrews, Dunkeld, and Dunblane (Bp. of); St Andrews (University), Fife (no apos.); St Anne's College, Oxford; St Anne's Day, 26 July; St Anne's on Sea, Lancs. (no hyphens, apos.); St Anthony's fire, erysipelas; St Antony's College, Oxford; St Arvans, Gwent (no apos.); St Aubin, Jersey, not n's; St Barnabas's Day, 11 June; St Bartholomew's Day, see Bartholomew Day, 24 Aug.; St Bees (Head, School) (St Begha's), Cumbria (no apos.); St Benet's Hall, Oxford; St Bernard (dog or Pass); St Boswells, Borders (no apos.); St Catharine's College, Cambridge; St Catherine's College, formerly Society, Oxford; St Clears, Dyfed (no apos.); St Clement's Day, 23 Nov.; St Crispin's Day, 25 Oct.; St Cross Church and College, Oxford; St Davids (Head), Dyfed, and Viscount St Davids (no apos.); St David's Day, 1 Mar.; St Denis's Day, 9 Oct.; St Dunstan's Day, 19 May; St Edm. and Ipswich, sig. of present Bp. of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich; St Edmund Hall, Oxford; St Edmund's House, Cambridge; St Elmo's fire, an electric discharge; Saint ђmilion, a claret; Saint ђstЉphe, a claret; Saint ђtienne, d‚p. Loire, France; Saint-Exup‚ry (Antoine Jean Baptiste Marie Roger de), 1900-44, French aviator and writer; St Fillans, Tayside (no apos.); Saint- Gall or St Gallen, Switz.; St George's Channel (apos.); St George's Day, 23 Apr.; St Germans (Bishop and Earl of); St Giles', Oxford street; St Gotthard, Switz., not Goth-; St Gregory's Day, 12 Mar.; St Helens, Cumbria, IW, Merseyside, and Baron St Helens (no apos.); St Ive, Corn.; St Ives, Cambs., Corn., Dorset (no apos.); St James's, the British court; St James's Day, 25 July; St James's Palace, Park, Square, Street, London; St John, as proper name pron. sinjun (with stress on first syllable); Saint John, New Brunswick; St John Ambulance Association, Brigade, not John's; St John's, Antigua, Newfoundland, Quebec; St John's College, Oxford, Cambridge, Durham; St John the Baptist's Day, 24 June; St John the Evangelist's Day, 27 Dec.; St John's Wood, London; St John's wort, hypericum; Saint-Julien, a claret; St Just, Cornwall, and Baron St Just; St-Just-in-Roseland, Cornwall (hyphens); Saint-Just (Louis Antoine L‚on de), 1767-94, French revolutionary; St Kitts (no apos.), St Christopher Island, WI; St Lambert's Day, 17 Sept.; St Lawrence River, Canada; St Lawrence's Day, 10 Aug.; St Leger, a race; as surname pron. sillinger or sentlejer (with stress on first syllable); St Leonards, Bucks., Dorset, Lothian, Strathclyde, and Baron St Leonards (no apos.); St Leonards-on-Sea, E. Sussex (hyphens, no apos.); St Lucia, WI, indep. 1979; St Luke's Day, 18 Oct.; St Luke's summer, mid-Oct.; St Margaret's at Cliffe, Kent; St Margaret's Day, 20 July; St Mark's Day, 25 Apr.; St Martin-in-the- Fields, London church, not Martin's (hyphens); St Martin's Day, 11 Nov.; St Martin's summer, mid-Nov.; St Mary Abbots, Kensington (no apos.); St Mary Church, S. Glam. (three words); St Marychurch, Devon (two words); St Mary Cray, London (no 's); St Matthew's Day, 21 Sept.; St Matthias's Day, 24 Feb. (s's); St Mawes, Corn.; St Michael and All Angels' Day, 29 Sept.; St Michael's Mount, Corn.; Mont-Saint- Michel, Fr. (hyphens); St Neot, Corn.; St Neots, Cambs. (no apos.); St Nicholas, patron of Russia, town in Belgium; St Nicholas's clerks, thieves; St Olaf, patron of Norway; St Patrick's Day, 17 Mar.; St Paul, Minn.; St Paul de Loanda, W. Africa, use Luanda; St Paul's, London; St Paul's Cray, London; St Paul's Day, 25 Jan.; St Peter Port, Guernsey, not Peter's; St Peter's, Rome; St Peter's Day, 29 June; St Petersburg (Petrograd), now Leningrad; St Philip and St James's Day, 1 May; Saint-Pierre, a claret; Saint-Pierre (Jacques Henri Bernardin de), 1737-1814, French author; Saint-Sa‰ns (Charles Camille), 1835-1921, French composer; St Sepulchre (Church of); Saint-Simon (Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de), 1760-1825, founder of French socialism, whence Saint-Simonism, a form of socialism; Saint-Simon (Louis de Rouvroy, duc de), 1675-1755, French diplomat and writer; St Simon and St Jude's Day, 28 Oct.; St Stephen, Corn.; St Stephen's, the Houses of Parliament; St Stephen's Day, 26 Dec.; St Swithun, see Swithun; St Thomas's Day, 21 Dec.; St Valentine's Day, 14 Feb.; St Vitus's dance, chorea (s's) Sainte-Beuve (Charles Augustin) 1804-69, French literary critic Sainte-Claire Deville (Henri ђtienne) 1818-81, French chemist (one hyphen) saintfoin use sainfoin saintpaulia Alfrican violet Saintsbury (George Edward Bateman) 1845-1933, English literary critic Sakandarabad Hyderahad, India, use Secunder-; Uttar Pradesh, India, use Sikandarabad sake a Japanese fermented liquor, not -k‚, -ki Sakhalin island, E. Asia, not now Saghalien, Karafuto Sakharov (Andrei Dimitrievich) b. 1921, Russian physicist and dissident saki/ a S. American monkey, pl. -s Saki pseud. of Hector Hugh Munro, 1870-1916, English writer salaam oriental salutation, not -lam (not ital.) salable use sale- salad days (two words) salad/-dressing, -oil (hyphens) salade (Fr. f.), salad salami/ pl. -s, Anglicized form of It. salam/e, pl. -i, a highly seasoned sausage Salammb“ by Flaubert, 1862 salariat the salaried class, not -ate saleable not salable Salem Madras; Mass. (US); a Nonconformist chapel Salempur Uttar Pradesh, India Salesian (member) of an order founded by Don Bosco in honour of St Francis de Sales Salic law allegedly limiting succession to certain lands among the Salian Franks to males, not -ique salicylic acid Salinger (Jerome David) b. 1919, US novelist salle/ (Fr. f.), hall; -- … manger, dining-room; -- d'attente, waiting-room sallenders dry eruption on horse's hind leg, not sellanders Sallust (in Lat. Gaius Sallustius Crispus), 86-?34 BC, Roman historian; abbr. Sall. Sally Lunn a teacake (caps., two words) salmagundi a medley; also a seasoned dish salmi a ragout, esp. of game; in Fr. m. salmis salmon trout (two words) salon (Fr.), reception-room, room where hairdresser etc. receives clients, (cap.) annual exhibition of living artists' pictures (not ital.) Salonika Greece Salop now Shropshire Salp€triЉre (La) hospital for the aged or insane, Paris salpicon (Sp. m.), cold minced meat, not -‡on salsify (bot.), purple goat's-beard, not -afy SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks saltarello/ It. and Sp. dance, pl. -s salt-cellar (hyphen) salt lake (two words) Salt Lake City Utah, US (caps., three words) salt-mine (hyphen) Saltoun (Baron) saltpetre not -peter (one word) saltus (Lat.), a jump; pl. same salt water (hyphen when attrib.) saluki Arabian gazelle-hound salutary beneficial, not -ory salutatory welcoming, not -ary Salvador/ properly El Salvador, rep. of Cent. America; adj. -ean salvage rescue of, to rescue, ship or contents from shipwreck, goods from fire, etc.; the property salvaged or the payment made salver a tray. See also salvor salvo/ simultaneous discharge of guns, bombs, cheers, pl. -es; reservation, excuse, pl. -s salvo jure (Lat.), reserving the right sal volatile ammonium carbonate, smelling-salts salvor one who salvages. See also salver Salzkammergut Austria SAM surface-to-air missile Sam. Samaritan Sam. (1, 2) Samuel, First, Second Book of (OT) samarium symbol Sm Samarkand Uzbekistan, USSR, not -cand, -quand sambo/ half-breed esp. of Negro and Indian or European blood, (cap., derog.) a Negro, pl. -s sambok (Afrik.), use sjambok Sam Browne (belt) officer's, with shoulder strap S. Amer. South America, -n samizdat secret publication of banned matter Samoyed a Mongolian of NW Siberia, a breed of dog, not -oied, -oide, -oyede sampan Chinese boat, not san- Sampson (Dominie) in Scott's Guy Mannering Samuel, First, Second Book of (OT) abbr. 1 Sam., 2 Sam. samurai Japanese mil. class (sing. and pl.) Sana'a N. Yemen sanatorium/ not sanitarium; pl. -s sanatory healing. See also sanitary sanbenito/ penitential garment, pl. -s Sancho Panza Don Quixote's squire Sancho-Pedro card-game (caps., hyphen) sanctum/ a retreat, pl. -s; -- sanctorum (Lat.), holy of holies in Jewish temple, a special retreat, pl. sancta sanctorum (not ital.) Sand (George, not Georges) pseud. of Madame Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, baronne Dudevant, 1804-76, French novelist sandal/, -led sandarac realgar, resin, not -ach Sandars Reader Camb. sand/bag, -bank (one word) sand-blast (noun and verb, hyphen) Sandburg (Carl) 1878-1967, US poet sand-castle (hyphen) sandhi (gram.), change in form of word due to its position sand/paper, -piper (bird) (one word) sand-pit (hyphen) sand/stone, -storm (one word) sandwich-board (hyphen) sandwich course (two words) sang-de-boeuf (Fr. m.), a deep-red colour sang-froid composure (hyphen, not ital.) sangria Spanish drink (ital.) Sanhedrin supreme council in anc. Jerusalem, not -im sanitarium use sanatorium sanitary healthy, not -ory. See also sanatory sanitize not -ise Sankt (Ger.), saint; abbr. St. sannup (Amer.-Ind.), husband of a squaw, not -op sannyasi Hindu religious mendicant sanpan use sam- sans (Fr.), without San Salvador cap. of El Salvador sans/ appel (Fr.), without appeal; -- c‚r‚monie, informally; -- changer, without changing Sanscrit use Sansk- sansculott/e in Fr. Rev., a man of the lower classes; a strong republican or revolutionary, pl. -es; -erie, -ism, -ist (one word); in Fr. m. sans-culott/e (hyphen), -isme sans doute (Fr.), no doubt sanserif (typ.), any typeface without serifs, not sans serif Sansevieria (bot.), a genus of lily sans/ fa‡on (Fr.), informally; -- faute, without fail; -- g€ne, free and easy (hyphen if used as a noun) Sanskrit not -crit, abbr. Skt.; (typ.) printed in Devanagari alphabet with some 50 letters and various added vowel-marks; many ligatures exist sans/ pareil (Fr.), unequalled; -- peine, without difficulty; -- peur et sans reproche, fearless and blameless; -- phrase, without circumlocution sans serif (typ.), use sanserif Sanssouci palace of Frederick II at Potsdam (one word) sans/ souci (Fr.), without cares; -- tache, stainless Santa (It., Sp., Port.), female saint; abbr. Sta Santa Claus not Kl- Santa Fe NM, US, and Argentina (no accent) Santander N. Spain (one word) Santayana (George) 1863-1952, Spanish-born US philosopher Santenot a burgundy wine Santo Domingo former name of the Dominican Republic, WI; name of its capital, formerly Ciudad Trujillo Santos-Dumont (Alberto) 1873-1932, Brazilian aeronaut Sa“ne/ French river; Haute---, d‚p. (hyphen); ---et-Loire, d‚p., abbr. S.-et-L. (hyphens) Sapho novel by Daudet, opera by Gounod, 1851 Sapper abbr. Spr. Sapph/o c. 600 BC, Greek poetess of Lesbos; adj. -ic, but sapphic/ metre, -- verse (not cap.); sapphics, verse in sapphic stanzas; Sapphism, homosexual relations between women Sar. Sardinia, -n saraband stately Sp. dance, music for this, not -bande Saragossa Spain; in Sp. Zaragoza sarai use serai Sarajevo Yugoslavia, not Se- sarape use serape Sarawak part of Malaysia sarcenet use sars- sarcom/a (path.), a tumour; pl. -ata sarcophag/us stone coffin; pl. -i Sardinia in It. Sardegna; abbr. Sar. Sardou (Victorien) 1831-1908, French playwright saree use sari sargasso/ seaweed, pl. -s Sargent (John Singer) 1856-1925, US painter; -- (Sir Harold Malcolm Watts), 1895-1967, English conductor sari Indian female garment, not -ee SARL (Fr.), soci‚t‚ … responsabilit‚ limit‚e (Co. Ltd.) sarong a Malay or Javanese long garment for man or woman sarsaparilla (med.) dried root of a tropical American smilax sarsenet a fabric, not sarc- Sartor Resartus "the tailor re-tailored", by Carlyle, 1833-4 Sartre (Jean Paul) 1905-80, French philosopher Sarum: sig. of Bp. of Salisbury (colon) SAS Special Air Service SASC Small Arms School Corps sash/-cord, -window (hyphens) Saskatchewan Canada; abbr. Sask. sassafras (bot. and med.), N. American tree; an infusion from its bark, not sasse- Sassan/ian, -id (member) of Persian dynasty ruling AD 211-651, not Sasa- Sat. Saturday Satan (cap.) satanic devilish (not cap. unless directly referring to Satan) SATB (mus.), soprano, alto, tenor, bass sateen a shiny fabric, not satt- sati use suttee satinet a thin satin, not -ette satire literary work holding up folly or vice to ridicule. See also satyr satirize not -ise satrap/ anc. Persian viceroy; -y, his province or office sat sapienti (Lat.), sufficient for a wise man satsuma kind of orange, (cap.) Japanese pottery satteen use sateen Saturday abbr. Sat. Saturnalia (Lat. pl.), anc. Rom. orgiastic festival of Saturn; (gen., not cap.) time or occasion of wild revelry (in this sense commonly sing.); adj. saturnalian (not cap.) Saturnian of the god or planet Saturn satyr/ (Gr. and Rom. myth.) a woodland deity with human appearance but horse's ears and tail (goat's in Rom. myth.); a lascivious man; adj. -ic, type of Greek drama with chorus of satyrs. See also satire Sauchiehall Street Glasgow (two words) saucisse (Fr. f.), fresh pork sausage saucisson (Fr. m.), large highly seasoned sausage Saudi Arabia formerly Hejaz, Nejd, and Asir sauerkraut (Ger.), chopped pickled cabbage Saumur a champagne sauna bath (two words) sausage/-dog (colloq.), -meat, -roll (hyphens) saut/‚ (food) lightly fried; to cook in this way; -‚d, not -eed Sauterne a white Bordeaux wine from Sauternes, d‚p. Gironde, France sauve qui peut (Fr.), let him save himself who can savannah a treeless plain of subtropical regions Savannah river and town, Ga., US; town, Tenn., US savant/ man of learning, pl. -s; fem. -e, pl. -es (not ital.) Savigny a red hurgundy Savile/ family name of Earl of Mexborough; -- (Baron); -- Club, -- Row, London; -- (Sir Henry), 1549-1622, founder of Savilian chairs at Oxford, not -ille savin kind of juniper; its dried tips used as a drug, not -ine savings/ bank, -- certificate (two words) savoir/-faire (Fr.), skill, tact; ---vivre, good breeding (hyphens) Savonarola (Girolamo) 1452-98, Italian religious reformer savory the herb savoury appetiz/er, -ing Savoyard of Savoy (region or theatre) saw/fish, -mill, -tooth (one word) sax colloq. for saxophone; slater's chopper, not zax Sax. Saxon, Saxony Sax (Adolphe) 1814-94, Belgian inventor of saxhorn and saxophone. See also Sachs, Saxe Saxe (Saxony), in Ger. Sachsen Saxe (Hermann Maurice, comte de) 1696-1750, French marshal; -- (John Godfrey), 1816-87, US poet and humorous writer. See also Sachs, Sax Saxe/-Altenburg, ---Coburg-Gotha, ---Meiningen, ---Weimar (hyphens), former duchies in E. Germany, incorporated in Thuringia (Coburg in Bavaria), 1919; in Ger. Sachsen- saxhorn brass wind instrument with long winding tube and bell opening Saxon/, -y abbr. Sax. saxophone brass wind instrument with keys and reed like that of clarinet, colloq. sax SAYE save-as-you-earn Saye and Sele (Baron) Sayyidpur India, use Saidpur 19.3 Sb... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Sb stibium (antimony) (no point) sb stilb sb. substantive s.b. single-breasted SBN Standard Book Number, now ISBN, International ditto 19.4 SC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SC South Carolina, Special Constable, Staff College, -- Corps, Supreme Court, (Lat.) senatus consultum (a decree of the Senate), (law) same case, (paper) super-calendered Sc scandium (no point) Sc. Scotch, Scots, Scottish sc. scene, scruple, (Lat.) scilicet (namely) s.c. (typ.), small capitals (without points as a proof-correction mark) sc. sculpsit (carved or engraved this) Sca Fell English mountain, Cumbria, not Scaw -- (two words) Scafell Pike highest English mountain (two words) scagliola imitation marble, not scal- scal/a (anat.), a canal in the cochlea; pl. -ae Scala (La), theatre, Milan scalable not -eable scalar (math.), a non-vector number scald anc. Scand. composer and reciter, use skald scaler one who, or that which, scales Scaliger (Joseph Justus) 1540-1609, French philologist; -- (Julius Caesar), 1484-1558, his father, Italian-born scholar scaliola use scagl- scallop/ a shellfish, also used in cook. and dressmaking; -ed, -ing, not sco-, escallop scallywag ill-fed animal, scamp, not scalla- scampi (pl.) large prawns, (sing.) a dish of these scan/ to analyse metre (of verse), to be metrically sound, to survey intently or quickly, -ned, -ning, -sion Scand. Scandinavia, -n scandalize not -ise scandal/um magnatum (Lat.), defamation of high personages, pl. -a magnatum; abbr. scan. mag. Scandinavia/, -n abbr. Scand. scandium symbol Sc SCAPA Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising s. caps. (typ.), small capitals; in proof-reading use sc scar craggy part of cliff etc., not scaur Scarborough N. Yorks. Scarbrough (Earl of) scar/f pl. -ves scarlatina scarlet fever, not scarlet- Scarlatti (Alessandro) 1660-1725, and -- (Domenico), 1685-1757, his son, Italian composers Scarlett family name of Baron Abinger scaur use scar Scaw Fell use Sca Fell Sc.B. Scientiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Science) SCC Sea Cadet Corps Sc.D. Scientiae Doctor (Doctor of Science) SCE Scottish Certificate of Education scen/a (It., Lat.), scene in a play or opera; It. pl. -e, Lat. pl. -ae scenario/ outline of a ballet, play, or film; pl. -s scЉne (Fr. f.), scene, stage; en --, on the stage Scenes of Clerical Life by George Eliot, 1858, not from scent-bottle (hyphen) scep/sis philosophic doubt; -tic, one inclined to disbelieve; adj. -tical, not sk- SCGB Ski Club of Great Britain sch. scholar, school, schooner schadenfreude (Ger. f.), malicious delight in others' misfortune Schadow (Friedrich) 1789-1862, German painter; -- (Johann Gottfried), 1764-1850, German sculptor, father of Rudolph and Friedrich; -- (Rudolph), 1786-1822, German sculptor Sch„fer (E. A.) see Sharpey-Schafer schako use shako schallot, schalom use sh- Schaumburg-Lippe W. Germany (hyphen) Scheele/ (Karl Wilhelm) 1742-86, German chemist; --'s green (apos.) Scheherazade the relater in The Arabian Nights Schelde river, Belgium-Holland; in Fr. Escaut; (not -dt) Schelling (Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von) 1775-1854, German philosopher schem/a (Gr.), an outline; pl. -ata schematize not -ise schemozzle use sh- Schenectady NY, US scherzando/ (mus.), in a playful or lively manner; as noun, pl. -s scherzo/ (mus.), a playful or vigorous piece or movement; pl. -s Schiedam (cap.), Hollands gin, schnapps Schiehallion Mt., Tayside Schiller (Johann Christoph Friedrich von) 1759-1805, German poet schilling Austrian coin Schimmelpenninck (Mary Anne, Mrs) 1778-1856, English writer schipperke a breed of dog schizanthus (bot.), the butterfly-flower schizo/ colloq. for schizophrenic, pl. -s Schleswig-Holstein W. Germany (hyphen) Schliemann (Heinrich) 1822-90, German archaeologist schlieren forming patterns of light to show variation of density etc. schmaltz sentimentalism, not sh-, -alz (not ital.) schnapps (Ger.), strong spirit, not -aps schnauzer German breed of dog schnitzel (Ger.), veal cutlet; Wiener --, this fried in breadcrumbs (one cap.) Schnitzler (Arthur) 1862-1931, Austrian playwright schnorkel use snorkel Schobert (Johann) c. 1720-67, German composer Schoenberg (Arnold) 1874-1951, Austrian-born composer scholi/um (Lat.), marginal note in a manuscript; pl. -a; -ast Schomberg (Friedrich Hermann, Duke of) 1615-90, German-born French marshal and English mercenary officer Schomburgk (Sir Robert Hermann) 1804-65, German traveller Sch”nbrunn Vienna school abbr. S. school/-bag, -board, -book (hyphens) school/boy, -child, -girl (one word) school bus (two words) school-days (hyphen) schoolhouse building for school (one word); school house, headmaster's or housemaster's house at boarding-school (two words) school-leaver (hyphen) school/master, -mistress, -room, -teacher (one word) schooner abbr. sch. Schopenhauer (Arthur) 1788-1860, German philosopher Schreiner (Olive Emilie Albertina) 1855-1920, S. African writer Schr”dinger (Erwin) 1887-1961, Austrian physicist Schubart (Christian Friedrich Daniel) 1739-91, German poet Schubert (Franz Peter) 1797-1828, Austrian composer Schuman (Robert) 1886-1963, French statesman; -- (William Howard), b. 1910, US composer Schumann (Robert Alexander) 1810-56, German composer SchЃtz (Heinrich) 1585-1672, German composer Schutzstaffel (Ger. f.), Nazi ‚lite corps, abbr. SS Schuyler (Eugene) 1840-90, US writer; -- (Philip John), 1733-1804, US statesman and soldier Schuylkill town and river, Pa., US schwa (phonetics), indistinct vowel sound, not sheva, shwa schw„rmerei (Ger. f.), a sentimental enthusiasm Schwarzerd see Melanchthon Schwarzkopf (Elisabeth) b. 1915, Polish-born soprano Schwarzwald (Ger.), the Black Forest Schweinfurt/ Bavaria; -- blue, -- green, etc. Schweinfurth (Georg August) 1836-1925, German traveller in Africa Schweitzer (Albert) 1875-1965, German philosopher, theologian, organist, med. missionary at Lambar‚n‚, Fr. Equatorial Africa (now Gabon) Schweiz (die) Ger. for Switzerland Schwyz canton and its capital in Switz. sci. scien/ce, -tific scia/graphy art of the perspective of shadows, X-ray radiography; -gram, -graph, -graphic; -machy, fighting with shadows; not scio-, skia- science abbr. sci. science fiction (two words); colloq. sci-fi, abbr. SF scienter knowingly scientific abbr. sci. scientology religious system based on study of knowledge (not cap.) scilicet (Lat.), namely; abbr. sc. Scill/y (Isles of) off Cornwall; adj. -onian scimitar oriental sword, not the many variants Scind Pakistan, use Sind scintilla/ a spark, trace; pl. -s sciography etc., use scia- scion not cion scirocco use si- Sclavic etc., use Sl- sclerom/a pl. -ata, scleros/is, pl. -es (med.), hardening SCM State Certified Midwife, Student Christian Movement Sc.M. Scientiae Magister (Master of Science) Scofield (Paul) b. 1922, British actor scollop use sca- Scone Tayside SCONUL Standing Conference of National and University Libraries score (bind.), to break the surface of board to help folding score three-, four-, five-, etc. (one word) score/-board, -card, -sheet (hyphens) scori/a slag; pl. -ae Scot native of Scotland Scot. Scotch, Scotland, Scottish Scotch in Scotland preferred only for phrases -- (whisky), -- broth, -- mist, etc.; otherwise, Scots or Scottish is preferred, hence also often outside Scotland; abbr. Sc. or Scot. Scotchman see Scotsman scot-free (hyphen) scotice use scottice Scotic/ism, -ize use Scott- Scotism the doctrine of Duns Scotus Scots/ see Scotch; abbr. Sc.; -- Guards (no apos.) Scotsman in Scotland and increasingly elsewhere preferred to Scotchman scottice in Scots dialect (no accent), not scotice Scotticism a Scottish expression, not Scoti- Scotticize make or become like the Scots, not -ise, Scoti- Scottie (colloq.), Scottish person or terrier Scottish in Scotland and increasingly elsewhere preferred to Scotch, q.v.; not Scotish; abbr. Sc. or Scot. scouse (colloq.), native or dialect of Liverpool (not cap.) Scout not now Boy Scout (cap.) scow a flat-bottomed boat, not skow SCR Senior Common Room; (Camb.) -- Combination Room scr. scruple, -s screen (typ.), a fine grating on film or glass which breaks an illustration with various tones into dots of the appropriate size screenplay script of a film (one word) screen printing see silk screen Scriabin(e) use Skriabin scribes and Pharisees (cap. P only) scrips/it (Lat.), wrote this; pl. -erunt or -ere script (typ.), type resembling handwriting script. Scriptur/e, -al scriptori/um a writing-room; pl. -a Scriptures (the) (cap.) scrolling (comp.), VDU presentation in which text appears to move vertically up-screen until arrested by operator for editing. See also paging Scrooge a miser, from character in Dickens's Christmas Carol (cap.) scrot/um (anat.), pl. -a scruple 20 grains; abbr. sc. (See Figure 2 in topic FRONT_4) scrutator a scrutineer scrutinize not -ise scuba/ acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, pl. -s sculduggery use skul- sculp. sculpt/or, -ural, -ure sculps/it (Lat.), engraved, or carved, this; pl. -erunt or -ere; abbr. sc. or sculps. sculptures (titles of) (typ.), when cited, to be in italic scurry (noun and verb), not sk- Scutari Albania, not Sk- scutcheon use escut- Scylla and Charybdis (class. myth.), personified rock and whirlpool in Str. of Messina scymitar use scim- 19.5 SD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SD South Dakota (off. postal abbr.) sd. (books), sewed s.d. shillings & pence, (Ger.) siehe dies (= q.v.), (Lat.) sine die (indefinitely) S. Dak. South Dakota (off. abbr.) SDLP Social Democratic and Labour Party SDR Special Drawing Right 19.6 SE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SE south-east(ern), (Fr.) Son Excellence (His or Her Excellency) S/E Stock Exchange Se selenium (no point) Sea when with name, to be cap., as North Sea, Sea of Marmara sea-bed (hyphen) seaboard (one word) sea/-borne, -breeze (hyphens) SEAC South-East Asia Command sea change (two words) sea/farer, -faring, -food (one word) Seaford E. Sussex Seaforde Co. Down sea/going, -gull (one word) sea-horse (hyphen) Seal Kent Seale Surrey sea/-legs, -level (hyphens) sealing-wax (hyphen) sealskin (one word) seamstress sewing-woman, not semp Seanad ђireann Upper House of Irish Parliament seance a sitting (not ital., no accent); in Fr. f. s‚ance sea/plane, -port, -scape (one word) sear to scorch, wither(ed). See also sere searchlight (one word) search/-party, -warrant (hyphens) sea/ serpent, -- shell (two words) sea-shore (law), the land between high and low water (hyphen) sea/sick, -sickness, -side (one word) season-ticket (hyphen) SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organization sea-urchin (hyphen) sea-way (hyphen) sea/weed, -worthy (one word) sebaceous fatty, not -ious Sebastopol the spelling generally used in contemporary accounts of the Crimean War. But see Sevastopol sec (math.) secant (no point); colloq. for second sec (Fr.), fem. sЉche, dry (ital.) sec. second, -s (of time or angle, no point in scientific and technical work), secondary, secretary sec. see secundum secateurs (pl.), pair of pruning clippers (no accent, not ital.) secco/ painting on dry plaster, pl. -s Sec.-Gen. Secretary-General Sechuana language of the Bechuanas, use Tswana Secker & Warburg, Ltd. publishers second (adj.), abbr. 2nd second/, -s abbr. s. or sec. (but no point in scientific and technical work); sign "; -- mark ("), symbol for inches or seconds. See also secund seconde a fencing parry second-hand (adj. and adv., hyphen) secondo (It. mus.), lower part in a duet Second World War 1939-45 (caps.); also World War II secrecy not -sy sec. reg. secundum regulam (according to rule) secretaire a writing-table (not ital.) secretariat a secretary's office, members of an administration, not -ate Secretary head of State department (cap.) secretary person who deals with correspondence, typing, etc.; a literary assistant; abbr. sec. secret/e to hide, to form and separate (blood, sap, etc.); -ion, -or, -ory section (typ.), a chapter subdivision, abbr. s., sect. sign ° secularize not -ise secund (biol.), on one side only. See also second Secunderabad Hyderabad, India, not Sak-, Sek-; but Sikandarabad, Uttar Pradesh, India secundo (Lat.), in the second place; abbr. 2o secundum/ (Lat.), according to, abbr. sec.; -- artem, ditto art, abbr. sec. art.; -- naturam, naturally, abbr. sec. nat.; -- quid, in some respects only; -- regulam, according to rule, abbr. sec. reg. SED Scottish Education Department Sedbergh Cumbria se defendendo (Lat.), in defending himself, or herself Seder Jewish Passover ritual sederunt (Lat.), a meeting, or sitting (not tat.) sede vacante (Lat.), when the see is vacant Sedgemoor Somerset; -- (battle of), 1685 (one word) sedil/e stone seat for priest in chancel of church, usu. one of three, pl. -ia (not ital.) seduc/er not -or; -ible, not -eable s‚duisant/ (Fr.), fem. -e, bewitching See (the Holy) the Papacy see (verb), often italicized in indexes and reference books to distinguish from words being treated, abbr. s. Seefried (Irmgard) 1919-88, German soprano Seeley (Sir John Robert) 1834-95, English hist. writer Seely family name of Baron Mottistone see-saw (hyphen) seethe to boil, not -th sego/ N. American lily, pl. -s segue follows seguidilla/ Sp. dance, music for this, pl. -s seicento 1600-99, and art-style of that century seiche a fluctuation in the level of a lake seigneur/ a feudal lord, not -ior; adj. -ial (not ital.) seigniorage superior's prerogative, right of Crown to revenue from bullion, not seignor- seigniory lordship Seine/-et-Marne abbr. S.-et-M., ---Maritime, ---St.-Denis, French d‚ps. (hyphens) seise (law), to put in possession of. See also seize seisin (law), (taking) possession by freehold, not -zin seismo/graph instrument to record force of earthquakes; -logy, study of earthquakes Seit/e (Ger. f.), a page, abbr. S., sing. and pl. seize to grasp. See also seise seizin use seisin Sejm Polish Parliament s‚jour (Fr. m.), sojourn Sekunderabad see Sec- sel. selected Selangor see Malaysia (Federation of) Selassie (Haile) see Haile Selassie Selborne (Earl of) Selborne (Natural History of) by Gilbert White, pub. 1789 selector one who, or that which, selects, not -er selenium symbol Se self- is freely added (with hyphen) as a reflexive prefix to nouns, adjectives, and participles, as self-abuse, self-evident, self-made, etc. But note selfsame self-conscious (hyphen), but unselfconscious (one word) Seljuk (member) of Turkish dynasties ruling from 11th to 13th cc., not -ouk sellanders use sallenders selle de mouton (Fr. f.), saddle of mutton seller's option abbr. s.o. Sellindge Hythe, Kent Selling Sittingbourne, Kent Sellotape propr. term for transparent adhesive tape (cap.) Selsey Glos., E. Sussex, not -sea seltzer a German mineral water selvage an edging of cloth, not -edge Sem. Semitic semant/ic (adj.), concerning the meaning of words; -ics, the branch of philology concerned with this semeio- use semio- semester a college or university course of half a year (esp. in Germany and US) semi/ colloq. for semi-detached house, pl. -s semi (Lat.), half; abbr. s semi-barbar/ian, -ic, -ism -ous (hyphens) semi-bold (typ.), a weight between light roman and bold semi/circle, -circular (one word) semicolon (one word); see punctuation III semi/conductor, -final (one word) semi-monthly twice a month (hyphen) Seminole sing. and pl., Amer. Indian semi-official (hyphen) semi/ology, -otics branch of linguistics concerned with signs and symbols; (path.) science of symptoms, not semeio- semiprecious (one word) Semite not Sh- Semitic abbr. Sem. Semitize not -ise (cap.) semi/transparent, -tropical (one word) semi-weekly twice a week (hyphen) semp. (It. mus.), sempre semper/ eadem (Lat. f. sing., and n. pl.), always the same; -- fidelis, always faithful, pl. -- fideles; -- idem (m. and n. sing.), always the same semplice (mus.), in simple style sempre (mus.), always; abbr. semp. sempstress use seams- SEN State Enrolled Nurse Sen. Senat/e, -or, Seneca, senior sen. senior Senat/e, -or abbr. Sen. Senatus (Lat.), the Senate Senatus Academicus the governing body in Scottish universities (not ital.) senatus consultum a decree of the Senate; abbr. SC Seneca (Lucius Annaeus) c.3 BC-AD 65, Roman Stoic philosopher and statesman; abbr. Sen. Senegal/ W. Africa, rep. 1959, indep. 1960; adj. -ese; in Fr. S‚n‚gal Senhor/ (Port.), Mr; -a, Mrs; -ita, Miss senior abbr. sen. or Senr. seniores priores (Lat.), elders first Sennacherib d. 681 BC, King of Assyria se non Љ vero Љ ben trovato (It.), if it is not true, it is well invented Se¤or/ (Sp.), Mr, abbr. Sr.; -es, Messrs; -a, Mrs, abbr. Sra.; -ita, Miss, abbr. Srta. Senr. Senior, use sen. sensitize make sensitive, not -ise sensori/um (Lat.), grey matter of brain and spinal cord; pl. -a sensory pertaining to the senses or sensation sensual concerned with gratification of the senses, carnal sensualize not -ise sensu/ lato (Lat.), in the wide sense; -- stricto, in the narrow sense sens/um (philos.), sense-datum, pl. -a sensuous pertaining to or affected by the senses in aesthetic terms sentimentalize not -ise Senussi member of fanatic Muslim sect; pl. same senza (It. mus.), without Seoul cap. of S. Korea, not Seul, Soul separate abbr. sep.; (typ.) a reprint of one of a series of items separator not -er Sephardi/ Jew of Spanish or Portuguese descent, pl. -m (cap.) sepoy (hist.), Indian soldier in European service (not cap.) seppuku (Jap.), hara-kiri Sept. September, Septuagint, not Sep. September abbr. Sept.; in Fr. m. septembre, abbr. sept. (not cap.) septemvir/ (Lat.), one of a committee of seven; pl. -i septet (mus.), not -ett, -ette septfoil seven-lobed ornamental figure septicaemia blood-poisoning, not -cemia septime a fencing parry septuagenarian person in seventies Septuagesima Sunday the third before Lent Septuagint Greek version of OT, c.270 BC, abbr. Sept. or LXX sept/um (biol.), a partition; pl. -a Sepulchre (Church of St) not -'s sepultus (Lat.), buried; abbr. S. seq. (sing.), sequens (the following), sequente (and in what follows), sequitur (it follows) seqq. (pl.), sequentes, sequentia (the following), sequentibus (in the following places) sequel/a (path.), a symptom following a disease; pl. -ae sequen/s, -te see seq. sequent/es (m. f.), -ia (n.), -ibus, see seqq. sequitur (Lat.), it follows; abbr. seq. ser. series serac/ a castellated mass of ice in a glacier; pl. -s (not ital.) seraglio/ a harem, a Turkish palace, pl. -s serai a caravanserai, not sar-, -ay Serajevo use Sa- serape Sp.-Amer. shawl, not sar-, zar- seraph/ a celestial being; pl. -s; Heb. pl. -im, not -ims Serb. Serbian sere catch of gun-lock; (ecol.) sequence of animal or plant communities. See also sear sere/cloths, -ments use cere- serein (Fr. m.), rain from cloudless sky serge large candle, use cierge sergeant (mil.; but -j- in some official contexts), abbr. Sgt. (cap. as title). See also serjeant seriatim serially, point by point series sing. and pl.; abbr. S. or ser. serifs (typ.), short lines across the ends of arms and stems of letters, not ceriphs Serinagar use Sr- Seringapatam Mysore, India serio-comic (hyphen) serjeant (law). See also sergeant sermonize not -ise serra (Port.), sierra, mountain range ser/um the fluid that separates from clotted blood, antitoxin, pl. -a serviceable not -able serviceman (one word) serviette table-napkin (not ital.) servitor an attendant, not -er servo/ mechanism for powered automatic control of larger system, pl. -s; as comb. form (with hyphen) denoting machine with this function, e.g. servo-motor Sesotho Bantu language, not Sesuto sesquicentenary (celebration of) one-hundred-and-fiftieth anniversary sesquipedalian (of word) one and a half (metrical) feet long; many-syllabled sess. session Session (Court of) supreme Scottish Court, not -- -- Sessions; -- (Parliamentary) (caps.) sesterce Roman coin, in Lat. sesterti/us, pl. -i, symbol HS (no point) sesterti/um 1,000 sesterces, pl. -a sestet last six lines of a sonnet. See also sextet Sesuto use Sesotho set badger's burrow, shoot for planting, alignment in weaving, paving-block, (typ.) width of sort, not sett set-back (noun, hyphen) S.-et-L. d‚p. France, Saone-et-Loire; S.-et-M., d‚p. France, Seine-et-Marne set-off (typ.), unwanted transfer of ink from one sheet to another set/ piece, -- point (two words) sets abbr. s. sett use set Settlement (Stock Ex.) (cap.) settler one who settles; settlor (law), one who makes a settlement set-up (adj. and noun, hyphen) Seul Korea, use Seoul Sevastopol Crimea, USSR, but see Sebastopol Sevenoaks Kent (one word) Seventh-day Adventist (two caps., one hyphen) Seven Years War 1756-63 (caps., no apos.) S‚vign‚ (Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Madame de) 1626-96, French writer SЉvres porcelain sewage/ the refuse that passes through sewers; -- farm, -- works (two words) sewerage a system of sewers sewin salmon trout, not -en sewing (bind.), the individual sewing of each book-section to its neighhours. See also stitching sexagenarian person in sixties Sexagesima Sunday the second before Lent sex/ -- appeal, -- change, -- maniac (two words) sextet (mus.), (a work for) a group of six performers, not -ett, -ette. See also sestet sexto (typ.), a book based on 6 leaves, 12 pages, to the sheet; abbr. 6to; sextodecimo or sixteenmo, a book based on 16 leaves, 32 pages, to the sheet; abbr. 16mo sexualize to attribute sex to, not -ise Seychelles (Republic of) Indian Ocean, indep. 1976 Seymour (Jane) 1509-37, 3rd wife of Henry VIII of England 19.7 SF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SF San Francisco, science fiction s.f. sub finem (towards the end) SFA Scottish Football Association Sforza/ Milanese ducal family, notably -- (Ludovico), 1451-1508; -- (Carlo, Count), 1873-1952, leader of anti-Fascist opposition in Italy sforz/ando, -ato (mus.), with sudden emphasis on a chord or note; abbr. sfz sfumato (It. paint.), with indistinct outlines 19.8 S.-G.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- S.-G. Solicitor-General SGA Society of Graphic Artists Sganarelle name of characters in MoliЉre's comedies sgd. signed s.g.d.g. (Fr.) sans garantie du gouvernement (without government guarantee) sgraffit/o decorative work in which different colours are got by removing outer layers; pl. -i. See also graffito 's-Gravenhage formal Dutch for The Hague Sgt. Sergeant 19.9 sh.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- sh. shilling, -s shadoof Egyptian water-raising apparatus shagreen untanned leather from skin of fish, sharks, etc. Shahabad Bengal, Hyderahad, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh (India) shaikh use sheikh Shakespear/e (William) 1564-1616, English playwright, abbr. Shak.; -ian, -iana, not the many variants Shakespeare Society (the) but the New Shakespere Society shako/ mil. head-dress, not sch-; pl. -s shaky unsteady, not -key shallop a small boat or dinghy, not shalop, -oop shallot a kind of onion, not esch-, sch-, shalott shalom Jewish salutation, not sch- Shalott (The Lady of) by Tennyson, 1833 shamefaced (one word) shammy-leather use chamois- shandrydan a rickety vehicle, not -dery- Shanghai China; shanghai/ (not cap.), to make drunk and ship as a sailor; -ed Shangri-La earthly paradise (hyphen, two caps.) shan't to be printed close up, one apos. only shanty hut, rough dwelling, sailor's song, not ch-; -- town (two words) shapable not shape- SHAPE Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe shareholder (one word) share-list (hyphen) share-out (noun, hyphen) sharif use sherif Sharp (Becky) in Thackeray's Vanity Fair; -- (Cecil James), 1859-1924, English collector of folk-songs; -- (Granville), 1735-1813, English abolitionist; -- (James), 1613-79, Scottish prelate; -- (William), 1855-1905, Scottish poet and novelist, pseud. Fiona Macleod Sharpe (Charles Kirkpatrick) 1781-1851, Scottish antiquary and artist; -- (Samuel), 1799-1881, English Egyptologist and biblical scholar Sharpeville S. Africa Sharpey-Schafer (Sir Edward Albert) n‚ Sch„fer, 1850-1935, English physiologist sharpshoot/er, -ing (one word) shaving/-brush, -cream, -soap, -stick (hyphens) Shaw (George Bernard) 1856-1950, Irish-born English playwright; adj. Shavian; -- (Aircraftman), see Lawrence (T. E.) shaykh use sheikh shchi Russian cabbage soup, not the many variants sheaf pl. sheaves shealing Highland hut, use shiel- shear/ to cut, past -ed, partic. shorn, but -ed with reference to mechanical shears (see also sheer); ---hulk, ---legs, use sheer- shearwater a bird (one word) sheath (noun) sheathe (verb) shebeen (Ir.), unlicensed house selling spirits Shechinah use Shekinah sheep/-dip, -dog, -fold, -run (hyphens) sheepshank a type of knot (one word) sheepskin a rug, a bookbinding leather, a parchment (one word) sheer (adj.) mere, vertical, (adv.) quite, vertically, (verb) to deviate, swerve. See also shear sheer/-hulk a dismasted ship; ---legs, hoisting apparatus for masts (hyphens) Sheer Thursday (Maundy Thursday), not Shere sheet (typ.), a piece of paper of a definite size; a signature of a book sheet/ metal, -- music (two words) sheets (in) (typ.), not folded, or, if folded, not bound sheet work (typ.), printing the two sides of a sheet from two formes Sheffield: sig. of Bp. of Sheffield (colon) sheikh (Arab.), a chief, not sha-, -ik, -yk sheiling use shieling Shekinah visible glory of God, not Shech- sheldrake a water-bird, not shell-; fem. and pl. shelduck, not sheld duck shelf-ful/ the quantity that fills a shelf, pl. -s (hyphen) shelf-mark (hyphen) shellac/ a gum, not -ack, shelac, shelack; as verb, -ked, -king Shelley (Percy Bysshe) 1792-1822, English poet shellfish (one word) shell-shock (hyphen) Shelta a cryptic jargon used by tinkers sheltie a Shetland pony, not -y shelv/e, -ing, -y Shemite use Semite shemozzle rumpus, not sch- Shepheardes Calendar (The) by Spenser, 1579 Shepheard's Hotel Cairo Shepherd Market London Shepherd's Bush London shepherd's/ needle, -- pie, -- purse (apos.) Sheppard (Jack) 1702-24, highwayman Sheppey (Isle of) Kent Shepton Mallet Somerset Sheraton (Thomas) 1751-1806, English furniture designer Sherborne Dorset, Glos.; -- (Baron) Sherbourne Warwick Sherburn Dur., N. Yorks. Sherburn in Elmet N. Yorks. Shere Surrey Shere Thursday use Sheer sherif Muslim leader, not -eef, sharif sheriff county officer Sheringham Norfolk Sherpa one of a Himalayan people from borders of Nepal and Tibet, not -ah Sherpur Bangladesh Sherrington (Sir Charles Scott) 1857-1952, English physiologist 's Hertogenbosch Netherlands Shetland/ region of Scotland; -- Islands, or -s, the main group of islands in it sheva use schwa shew use show except in Sc. law, and biblical and Prayer Book citations shewbread (Scrip.), loaves displayed in Jewish temple, not Show- sheyk use sheikh Shiah sect of the Shiite Muslims shibboleth test word, not shibo- shieling Highland hut or sheep-shelter, not sheal-, she- Shifnal Shropshire shih-tzu breed of dog Shiite (member) of Muslim sect shikaree (Ind.), a hunter, not the many variants Shikarpur Pakistan shillelagh Irish cudgel, not the many variants shilling/, -s abbr. s. or sh.; symbol /-; -- mark (typ.), / shilly-shally/, -ing Shinto/, -ism Japanese religion shiny not -ey 'ship (typ.), see companionship ship/builder, -building, -mate, -owner, -shape (one word) shipping/-agent, -office (hyphens) ships' names to be italic Shipston on Stour War. (three words) Shipton Glos., N. Yorks., Shropshire Shiptonthorpe Humberside Shipton under Wychwood Oxon. (three words) ship/wreck, -wright, -yard (one word) Shire/brook Derby; -hampton, Avon; -newton, Gwent (one word) shirt-sleeve (hyphen) shirtwaister dress with bodice like shirt (one word) shish kebab (two words) Shiva use Siva shmaltz use schmaltz shock/ therapy, -- treatment (two words) shock troops (two words) shoe/, -ing shoe/black, -horn, -maker (one word) shoe/-string, -tree (hyphens) Sholokhov (Mikhail Aleksandrovich) 1905-84, Russian novelist Shooters Hill London shop assistant (two words) shop/-boy, -front, -girl (hyphens) shopkeeper (one word) shop/lifter, -walker (one word) shop steward (two words) short-change (verb, hyphen) short circuit (noun); short-circuit (verb) short/ mark that placed over short vowel, breve; -- ton, 2,000 lb.; abbr. s.t. (See Figure 1 in topic FRONT_4) shorty (colloq;), short person or garment, not -ie Shostakovich (Dmitri Dmitrievich) 1906-75, Russian composer shotgun (one word) shoulder (typ.), platform on the shank of a sort from which the face rises shoulder-notes (typ.), marginal notes at the top outer corner of the page shouldst to be printed close up, no apos. shovel/, -led, -ler, -ling, -ful pl. -fuls shovelboard (one word) show see shew Showbread use Shew- show business (two words), colloq. showbiz (one word) show/girl, -man (one word) show house (two words) show-piece (hyphen) showroom (one word) show-through (typ.), the degree to which printing is visible on the other side of the paper s.h.p. shaft horsepower shrievalty the office of sheriff shrill/y, -ness shrivel/, -led, -ling Shropshire formerly Salop Shrovetide from the Saturday evening before to Ash Wednesday morning Shrove Tuesday day before Ash Wednesday shumac use sumac 'shun! colloq. for attention! Shute (Nevil) pseud. of N. S. Norway, 1899-1960, English novelist s.h.v. sub hoc voce or hoc verbo (under this word) shwa use schwa shy/er, -est, -ly, -ness not shi- 19.10 SI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SI SystЉme International d'Unit‚s, a coherent system of scientific units based on the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela; adopted by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) and endorsed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); Sandwich Islands, Star of India, Staten Island (NY) Si silicon (no point) si (mus.), use te SIAD Society of Industrial Artists and Designers sialagogue an agent inducing a flow of saliva, not sialo- Siam use Thailand Siamese/ use Thai, except in set phrases such as -- cat, -- twins Sib. Siberia, -n sibilant (adj.) hissing; (noun) letter(s) sounded with a hiss (e.g. s, sh) sibyl/ a prophetess; adj. -line; the Sibylline books (one cap.), anc. Rom. collection of oracles. See also Sybil Sic. Sicil/y, -ian sic (Lat.), thus, so (print usu. in brackets, as parenthetical comment on quoted words) sice the six on dice. See also syce Sicilian Vespers massacre of the French in Sicily, 1282; subject of opera by Verdi, Les V€pres siciliennes, 1855 sick/-bed, -leave, -pay, -room (hyphens) sicut ante (Lat.), as before sic vos non vobis (Lat.), thus you labour, but not for yourselves side/-arms, -bet (hyphens) side/board, -burns (one word) side/-car, -chapel, -dish, -door, -drum, -effect (hyphens) side/light, -line, -long (one word) side-notes (typ.), those in margin, generally outer (hyphen) side/-road, -saddle, -show, -slip, -step, -street, -table, -track (hyphens) side valve of engine (hyphen when attrib.) sideways (one word) Sidgwick & Jackson, Ltd. publishers Sidney (Sir Philip) 1554-86, English soldier, courtier, writer. See also Syd- siЉcle (Fr. m.), century; abbr. s. Siegfried/ a Nibelungenlied hero, eponym of third opera in Wagner's Ring, 1876, not Sig-; -- Line, German fortified line on Franco-German border before 1939 siehe (Ger.), see; abbr. s. siehe/ dies (Ger.), see this (= q.v.), abbr. s.d.; -- oben, = see above, abbr. s.o.; -- unten, = see below, abbr. s.u. Siemens (Werner von) 1816-92, German founder of the electrical firm; -- (Sir William, Karl Wilhelm), 1823-83, his brother, German-born British engineer siemens (elec.), unit of conductance, abbr. S Sienkiewicz (Henryk) 1846-1916, Polish novelist Sienna Italy sienna pigment sierra/ (Sp.), a mountain-chain, pl. -s Sierra/ Leone W. Africa, indep. 1961, adj. -- Leonean; -- Madre, Mexican mountain-chains; -- Nevada, mountain-chain in E. California, US, and in Spain siesta/ (Sp.), afternoon rest; pl. -s SieyЉs (Emmanuel-Joseph) 1748-1836. French statesman Sig. Signor, -i sig. signature Sigfried use Sieg- sight-read/, -er, -ing of music (hyphens) sightsee/r, -ing (one word) sigill/um (Lat.), a seal; pl.. -a sigl/um sign denoting source of text, pl. -a sign abbr. s. signal/, -ize not -ise, -led, -ler, -ling, -ly signatory one who has signed, not -ary signature (mus.), the key or time sign at beginning of the stave; (typ.) complete part of a book, usu. 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 pp.; these are given letters of the alphabet at foot of first page; text usu. begins with B, omits J, V, W; when the alphabet is exhausted, the letters are duplicated as AA, AAA etc.; a, b, c, etc. are used for prelims.; abbr. sig. signed abbr. s. or sgd. Signor/ (It.), Mr, pl. -i, abbr. Sig.; -a, Mrs, pl. -e, -ina, Miss, pl. -ine Sikandarabad Uttar Pradesh, India; but Secunderabad, Hyderabad, India Sikes (Bill) in Dickens's Oliver Twist, not Sy- Sikkim E. Himalayas Sikorski (Gen. Wladyslaw) 1881-1943, Polish Prime Minister silhouette shadow-outline siliceous of silica, not -ious silicon chem. element, symbol Si silicone organic polymer containing silicon siliqu/a long narrow seed-vessel; pl. -ae silk screen (typ.), process based on a stencil supported on a fine mesh silkworm (one word) sill (of door, window), not cill sillabub use syllabub Sillanp„„ (Frans Eemil) 1888-1964, Finnish novelist Sillery a champagne silo/ airtight chamber for storing grain; pl. -s silvan of woods, not sy- silver symbol Ag (argentum) (no point) silvicultur/e, -ist not sylvi- s'il vous plaЊt (Fr.), if you please; abbr. s.v.p. simile/ a (literary) likening of one thing to another; pl. -s, not -ies; adv. (mus.), in the same manner similia similibus curantur (Lat.), like cures like similiter (Lat.), in like manner simitar use scimitar Simla cap. of Himachal Pradesh, India Simonstown Cape Province, S. Africa (one word) simoom a hot desert wind, not -oon simpatico (It.), congenial simpliciter (Lat.), absolutely, without qualification simulacr/um an image, a deceptive substitute; pl. -a simultaneous not -ions simurg monstrous bird of Persian myth, not -org, -urgh sin (math.), sine (no point) Sinaitic of Mount Sinai or the Sinai peninsula (cap.) Sind Pakistan, not -e, -h, Scinde Sindbad the sailor, not Sinb- Sindi/ Sind native; pl. -s sine (math.), abbr. sin sine/ (Lat.), without; -- anno, without the date, abbr. s.o.; -- cura, without office; -- die, without a day (being named), abbr. s.d.; -- dubio, -- doubt; -- invidia, -- envy; -- legi- tima prole, -- lawful issue, abbr. s.l.p.; -- loco, anno, vel nomine, -- place, year, or name, abbr. s.l.a.n. -- loco et anno, -- place and date (of books without imprints, abbr. s.l.e.a.); -- mascula prole -- male issue, abbr. s.m.p. -- mora, -- delay; -- nomine, -- (printer's) name, abbr. s.n.; -- odio, -- hatred; -- prole (superstite), -- (surviving) issue, abbr. s.p.(s.); -- qua non, an indispensable condition, not -- quѓ -- sinfon/ia (It. mus.), an overture or symphony, pl. -s; ietta, a small-scaled symphony or orchestra, pl. -iettas sing. singular Singapore/ island off south end of Malay Peninsula, indep. 1965; adj. -an sing/e to scorch, -ed, -eing Singh Indian title, as Ranjit Singh, not -ng singsong (adj. and noun, one word) singular abbr. s. or sing. sinh hyperbolic sine (no point) Sinha (Baron) Sinhalese (member of major population group or language) of Sri Lanka, not Sing-, Cing- sinister (her.), the shield-bearer's left, the observer's right, opp. dexter sinistra (It.), left-hand side, abbr. s.; -- mano (mus.), the left hand, abbr. SM Sinn Fein/ the movement for Irish independence; -er, -ism sinus/ (anat.), cavity in bone or tissue; pl. -es Sion use Zion Siou/x N. American Indian; pl. ssme, adj. -an siphon not sy- si quis (Lat.), if anyone, first words of notice of ordination Sirach use Ecclesiasticus sircar (Ind.), head, the Government, not -kar sirdar (Ind. etc.), leader. one in command siren a sea-nymph, a temptress; (device which emits) warning sound, not sy- Sirenia order of aquatic mammals siringe use sy- sirocco/ wind from Sahara reaching Italy and S. Europe; pl. -s; not sci- sirup use sy- sirvente (Fr. m.), medieval Provencal narrative poem SIS Secret Intelligence Service US sister/-german having same parents; -- -in-law, pl. sisters-in-law; -- -uterine, having same mother only (hyphens) Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, not Six- Sisyphean condemned to eternal punishment, like Sisyphus (Gr. myth.) (cap.) Sitapur Uttar Pradesh, India sitting-room (hyphen) situs (Lat. sing. and pl.), a site Sitwell (Dame Edith) 1887-1964, English poet; -- (Sir Osbert), 1892-1969, English poet, novelist, essayist; -- (Sir Sacheverell), 1897-1988, English poet and art critic sitz-bath a hip-bath (hyphen) Siva Hindu god, not Shiva Siwalik Hills India, not Siv- Six Day War 1967 Six Mile Bottom Cambs. (three words) Sixmilebridge Co. Clare, Co. Limerick (one word) Sixmilecross Tyrone (one word) Six Road Ends Co. Down (three words) sixte fencing parry sixteenmo (typ.), see sexto- decimo Sixtine use Sistine sixty-fourmo (typ.), a book based on 64 leaves, 128 pages, to the sheet (hyphen); abbr. 64mo sizable use sizea- sizar an assisted student sizeable not -zable sizes of type for the names of former sizes see bourgeois, brevier, brilliant, canon, diamond, double pica, emerald, English gem, great primer, long primer, minion, nonpareil, paragon, pearl, pica, ruby, small pica; the point system (q.v.) is now used 19.11 SJ... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SJ Society of Jesus (Jesuits) SJAA St John Ambulance Association SJAB St John Ambulance Brigade sjambok (Afrik.), a hide whip, not sambok SJC (US), Supreme Judicial Court 19.12 Skagerrak... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Skagerrak arm of the North Sea between Denmark and Norway (one word), not Skager Rack skald anc. Scand. poet and reciter, not scald Skara Brae Orkney skateboard (one word) skean-dhu (Sc.), dirk worn in the stocking, not skene- skein of silk etc., not -ain Skelmersdale Lancs., 'new town', 1962; -- (Baron) skep basket, not skip skepsis etc., use sc- skewbald of two colours in irregular patches, usu. of horses, usu. white and a colour other than black. See also piebald ski/ pl. -s; as verb, -'d, -ing (no hyphens) skiagraphy etc., use scia- skier person using skis. See also skyer skiey use skyey skiing see ski ski-joring sport in which skier is towed (hyphen) skilful not skill- skilless without skill (two ls) skinflint a miser (one word) skinhead youth with close-cropped hair (one word) Skinner (Burrhus Frederic) b. 1904, US psychologist skip basket, use skep skiver (bind.), binding-leather split from the grain side of sheepskin Skopje Yugoslavia skow use scow Skriabin (Aleksandr Nikolayevich) 1872-1915, Russian composer, not Scr-, Skry- Skt. Sanskrit skulduggery trickery, not scul-, skull- skull-cap (hyphen) skull-less (hyphen, three ls) skurry use scurry Skutari use Sc- skyer high ball at cricket. See also skier Skye terrier (cap. S) skyey not skiey sky/jack, -lark, -light, -line, -scraper (one word) 19.13 SL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SL serjeant-at-law, solicitor-at-law SLADE Society of Lithographic Artists, Designers, Engravers, and Process Workers slaked lime not slack- slalom ski-race down zigzag course, not slallom Slamannan Central s.l.a.n. sine loco, anno, vel nomine (without place, year, or name) slapdash (one word) slap-happy (hyphen) slapstick (one word) S.lat. south latitude slaty like, or made of slate, not -ey Slav/ic, -onian, -onic of the Slavs, not Sc-; abbr. Slav. SLBM submarine-launched ballistic missile sld. sailed s.l.e.a. sine loco et anno (without place or date) sledgehammer (hyphen) sleeping/ -bag, -pill, -suit (hyphens) sleight of hand, not sli- slenderize not -ise Slesvig W. Germany, use Schleswig sleuth-hound (hyphen) S level examination (no hyphen) slew to turn, not slue slily use slyly slip proofs see proof (galley or slip) slipshod (one word) slivovitz Balkan plum brandy Sloane (Sir Hans) 1660-1753, English naturalist sloe/ (fruit of) blackthorn; -gin, liqueur of sloes (hyphen); -worm, use slow- sloid system of manual training, esp. by wood-carving, not -jd, -yd sloot use sluit sloping fractions (typ.), those with an oblique stroke as 1/2. See also fractions sloth laziness; also (zool.) an animal Slough Berks. slough to shed slowcoach (one word) slow-worm not sloe- (hyphen) sloyd use sloid s.l.p. sine legitima prole (without lawful issue) slue use slew slug (typ.), a line of type cast as a single piece slug-abed lazy person (hyphen) sluit (Afrik.), a narrow channel, not sloot slyly not sli- slype a passage between walls, esp. between south transept of cathedral and chapter house 19.14 SM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SM Sergeant- or Staff-Major, (mus.) short metre, (Fr.) Sa Majest‚ (It.) Sua Maesta, (Sp.) Su Magestad (His, or Her, Majesty), (Ger.) Seine Majestat (His Majesty, (It. mus.) sinistra mano (the left hand) Sm samarium (no point) sm. small small capitals see capitals (small) and proof-correction marks; abbr. sc or s. caps. small pica (typ.), name for a former size of type, about 11 pt. smallpox (one word) small royal former size of paper, 25 X 19 in.; 4to, 12 x 9 1/2 in.; 8vo, 9 1/2 x 6 1/4 in. (untrimmed); basis for size of metric royal, 1272 x 960 mm. See also book sizes Smalls Oxford 'Responsions' Examination smart alec not -eck, -ick (two words) SMD (mus.), short metre double SME Sancta Mater Ecclesia (Holy Mother Church) Smelfungus Sterne's name for Smollett (one l) smelling/ -bottle, -salts (hyphens) smell-less (hyphen, three ls) smelt past of smell, not smelled smelt a small sea-fish. See also smolt SMI (Fr.), Sa Majast‚ Imperiale (His, or Her, Imperial Majesty) Smith (Sydney) 1771-1845, English clergyman and wit; (Sir William Sidney), 1764-1840, English admiral, defender of St Jean d'Acre Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC, US; abbr. Smith. Inst.; founded 1846 from funds left by James Smithson, 1765-1829, English chemist SMM Sancta Mater Maria (Holy Mother Mary) smok/e, -able, -y smolder use smoulder Smollett (Tobias George) 1721-71, Scottish physician and novelist smolt a young salmon. See also smelt smooth/ (verb). -s, not -e, -es smorgasbord Scandinavian hors-d'oeuvres (not ital.), in Sw. sm”rg†sbord smorzando (It. mus.) gradually dying away smoulder not smol- s.m.p. sine mascula prole (without male issue) Smyrna in Turk. Izmir Smyrniot (native) of Smyrna Smyth (Dame Ethel) 1858-1944 English composer; (John), 1586-1612, founder of the English Baptists Smythe (Francis Sydney) 1900-49, English mountaineer 19.15 Sn... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Sn stannum (tin) (no point) s.n. sub nomine (under a specified name) s.n. sine nomine (without name) snapdragon a Christmas game; (bot.) antirrhinum (one word) snipe/ a gamebird, pl. -s and (collect.) same snivel/, -led, -ler, -ling snoek (Afrik.), a barracouta snorkel/ device for underwater swimming etc., -ling, not schn- Snorri Sturluson 1178-1241, Icelandic historian and poet. See also Heimskringla snow (meteor.), abbr. s. snowball (one word) snow-drift (hyphen) snow/drop, -fall, -flake, -man (one word) snow-shoe (hyphen) snowstorm (one word) SNP Scottish National Party Snr. use sen. 19.16 SO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SO Staff Officer, Stationery Office, sub-office so (mus.), use soh s.o. seller's option, substance of s.o. (Ger.), siehe oben (= see above) so-and-so/ particular person not specified, pl. -'s; Mr So-and-so (one cap.) Soane's (Sir John) Museum London SOAS School of Oriental and African Studies sobriquet nickname, not sou- (not ital.) Soc. Socialist, Society, Socrates socage feudal tenure of land, not socc- so-called (adj., hyphen) Socialist (cap. when name of polit. party); abbr. S. or Soc. socialize not -ise soci‚t‚/ (Fr. f.), society; -- anonyme, public company; Soci‚t‚ des Bibliophiles fran‡ois, founded 1820, not fran‡ais (l.c. f.) Society abbr. S. or Soc. socio/-cultural, -economic, -linguistic (hyphens) sociol. sociology socius (Lat.), Fellow, Associate, abbr. S.; -- criminis, associate in crime socle (archit.), base or plinth supporting column, statue, etc. Socotra Indian Ocean, not -ora, Sok- Socrat/es 469-399 BC, Greek philosopher, not Sok-; adj. -ic; abbr. Soc. sodium symbol Na (natrium) sodomize not -ise Sodor and Man (Bp. of); Sodor & Man: his sig. (one colon) SOE Special Operations Executive SOED Shorter Oxford English Dictionary soeur/ (Fr. f.), sister, nun; -- de charit‚, a Sister of Mercy Sofar sound firing and ranging (under water). See also Sonar soffit (archit.), under-surface of arch Sofi use Sufi Sofia Bulgaria S. of S. Song of Solomon softa Muslim student of sacred law (not ital.) soft copy (comp.), transient reproduction of keyboard input on VDU (two words). See also hard copy S. of III Ch. Song of the Three Children (Apocr.) softie silly weak person, not -y SOGAT or Sogat, Society of Graphical and Allied Trades sogenannt (Ger.), so-called, abbr. sog. soh (mus.), not so soi-disant (Fr.), self-styled (hyphen) soign‚/ (Fr.), fem. -‚e, well-groomed soir‚e/ an evening party; -- dansante, ditto with dancing; -- musicale, ditto with music (not ital.) Sokotra, Sokrates use Soc- Sol (Lat.), the sun (cap.) Sol. Solomon sol. solicitor, solution sola see solus solan goose the gannet. See also solen solarize not -ise solati/um (Lat.), compensation; pl. -a sola topi (Ind.), a sun-helmet, not solar solecis/m a blunder in speaking, writing, or behaviour; adj. -tic solecize not -ise solemnize not -ise solen a mollusc. See also solan solenoid cylindrical wire coil as magnet sol-fa (mus.) (hyphen); sol-faed solfegg/io (mus.), a sol-fa exercise for the voice; pl. -i solicitor abbr. sol. or solr. Solicitor-General (caps., hyphen); abbr. S.C. or Sol.-Gen. solicitude anxiety, concern; in Fr. f. sollicitude solid (typ.), text matter set without extra spacing between lines or letters solid/us (Lat.), shilling; pl. -i, abbr. s.; (typ.) the shilling stroke, used to denote alternatives (and/or) and ratios (miles/day). See also fractions soliloqu/y speech made regardless of hearers, pl. -ies; -ize, not -ise solmization (mus.), sol-fa system, not -sation sol/o abbr. s.; pl. -os, It. mus. pl. -i Solon ?638-?558 BC, Athenian lawgiver solr. solicitor soluble that can be dissolved or solved sol/us (theat.), fem. -a, alone solution abbr. sol. Solutrean a palaeolithic culture, not -ian solvable that can be solved, not -eable, -ible solvent, not -ant solvitur ambulando (Lat.), the question settles itself naturally Solzhenitsyn (Alexander Isayevich) b. 1918, Russian writer Som. Somerset Somalia NE Africa, indep. 1960; adj. Somali Somaliland (one word) sombrero/ (Sp.), broad-brimmed hat; pl. -s somebody some person some body unspecified group of persons some/how, -one (one word) some one (person, thing), when each word to retain its meaning (see Hart's Rules, p. 77) Somerby Leics., Lincs. somersault not -set, summer- Somersby Lincs., birthplace of Tennyson Somerset English county, abbr. Som. Somers Town London (two words) Somerstown W. Sussex (one word) some/thing, -time, -what, -when, -where (one word) Son (the), as Deity (cap.) son abbr. s. sonar sound navigation and ranging. See also Asdic, Sofar sonata/ (It. mus.),pl. -s Sondes (Earl not of) son et lumiЉre (Fr.), night entertainment with sound and light effects song/bird, -book (one word) song-cycle (hyphen) Song of Solomon abbr. S. of S.; -- of Songs, same as preceding; -- of the Three Children (Apocr.), abbr. S. of III Ch. songs (titles of) (typ.), to be roman quoted when cited son-in-law (hyphens) pl. sons-in-law Son of/ God, Son of Man (caps.) soochong use sou- Soofee use Sufi Sop. soprano, -s Sophocles 495-406 BC, Greek playwright; abbr. Soph. sophomore (US), second-year student, not sophi- Sophy a Persian ruler in the 16th and 17th cc. See also Sufi sopra (It.), above sopranino/ (It. mus.), instrument higher than a soprano, pl. -s sopran/o (It. mus.), pl. -os; It. pl. -i; abbr. S. or Sop. Sorbonne medieval theological college of Paris, now comprising three of the Paris universities with faculties of science and arts also sordin/o (It. mus.), a mute, pl. -i sorghum tropical cereal grass, not sorgum sortes/ (Lat.), (divination by) lots; -- Biblicae or Sacrae, Homericae, Vergilianae, (divination from) random passages of Scripture, Homer, Virgil sorts (typ.), pieces of type; special --, see accents. See also height to paper SOS signal for help, pl. SOSs so-so passable (hyphen) sostenuto/ (It. mus.), (passage played) in sustained manner, pl. -s Sotheby, Wilkinson, & Hodge (Messrs.) auctioneers, now Sotheby Parke Bernet & Co. sotto/ (It.), under; -- voce, in an undertone sou former French coin of small value Soubirous (St Bernadette) 1844-79, of Lourdes, French nun soubrette maid or other pert fem. part in (musical) comedy soubriquet use sob- souchong a black tea, not soo- Soudan/ -ese, use Sud- souffl‚ (Fr.), light spongy dish using egg-whites souffleur (Fr. m.), theat. prompter souk a Muslim market-place, not suk, sukh, suq Soul Korea, use Seoul Soult (Nicolas Jean de Dieu) 1769-1851, French marshal, Duke of Dalmatia sound barrier (two words) sound/-track, -wave (hyphens) soup‡on a very small quantity (not ital.) souper (Fr. m.), supper, not p‚. souteneur (Fr. m.), man living off prostitute south abbr. S. See also capitalization, compass South/ Africa, -n abbr. S. Afr. or SA; -- America/, -n, abbr. S. Amer. or SA: South Australia/, -n, abbr. SA; -- Carolina, US, abbr. SC; -- Dakota, US, off. abbr. S. Dak. or (postal) SD southbound (one word) Southdown sheep and mutton (one word) South Downs Hants etc. south-east(ern) abbr. SE southeaster wind from south-east (one word) southern abbr. S. Southern Africa geog. term, incl. Zimbabwe and other countries as well as Republic of South Africa southernwood species of wormwood Southern Yemen see Yemen (South) Southesk (Earl of) Southey (Robert) 1774-1843, Poet Laureate 1813-43 southpaw left-handed (person) (one word) South Pole (caps.) South Wales abbr. SW Southwark or "The Borough", formerly in Surrey; Southwark:, sig. of Bp. of Southwark (colon) Southwell: sig. of Bp. of Southwell (colon) south-west(ern) abbr. SW South West Africa (three words) southwester wind from south-west (one word) sou'wester sailor's hat sovereign/, -s abbr. sov., sovs. soviet (Russ.), an elected council, the basis of Russian governmental machinery since 1917; adj. (cap.), as in Soviet Russia. See also USSR Soweto Black township near Johannesburg Soxhlet (chem.), an extraction apparatus 19.17 Sp.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Sp. Spain, Spanish sp. species (sing.), specimen, spelling, spirit s.p. self-propelled, starting price s.p. sine prole (without issue) S.p.A. (It.), Societ… per Azioni (joint-stock company) space/craft (sing. and pl.), -man, -ship, -suit (one word spaces (typ.), blanks between words or letters. See also proof-correction marks, letterspacing space/ station -- vehicle, -- walk (two words) space-time (hyphen) spacial use spatial spaghetti strings of pasta (not ital.) spahi Turkish horse-soldier, Algerian French cavalryman in Turk. sipahi Spain abbr. Sp. Spalato (Yugoslavia); now called Split spandrel (archit.), space between curve of an arch and enclosing mouldings, not -il Spanish abbr. Sp.; (typ.) alphabet consists of 27 letters including ch, ll, and ¤, but does not include k and w; see accents; ch, ll, and rr must not be divided. The portions carried over to begin with a consonant. Question and exclamation marks are inverted before and upright after their phrases. For further information see Hart's Rules, pp. 131-4 Spanish n (¤), "curly n" or "n with the tilde"; pron. as ni in onion Spanish Town Jamaica spatial not spacial SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge SPE Society for Pure English spearhead (one word) spec colloq. for specification, speculation (no point) spec. special, -ly, specific, -ally, -ation, specimen sp‚cialit‚ (Fr. f.), a speciality (ital.) speciality in gen. senses, not specialty (q.v.) specialize not -ise special sorts see accents specialty (law), a contract under seal specie coin, as distinct from paper money species sing. and pl.; abbr. sp., pl. spp. See also botany, zoology specific gravity abbr. sp. gr. specimen abbr. sp. or spec. specs colloq. for spectacles Spectaclemakers Society (no hyphen, no apos.) spectr/um pl. -a speculat/e, or specul/um a mirror, (surg.) instrument for, viewing body cavities, (ornith) bright patch on a bird's wing pl. -a speech-day (hyphen) speedboat (one word) spele/an cave-dwelling (adj.); -ologist, -ology, not -ae spel(l)ican use spillikin spell past and partic, spelled or spelt spellbound (one word) spencer short double-breasted overcost, woollen jacket Spencer (Earl not of) Spencer (Herbert) 1820-1903, English philosopher; -- (Sir Stanley), 1891-1959, English painter Spengler (Oswald) 1880-1936, German philosopher of history Spen/ser (Edmund) 1552-99, English poet; -serian, of the poet, his style, or his stanza Spetsai Greece, not Spezzia spew to vomit, not spue Speyer W. Germany, not Spires Spezzia use Spetsai (Greece) or La Spezia (Italy) sp. gr. specific gravity spherical abbr. s. sphinx/ not sphy-; pl. -es (cap. with ref. to Gr. myth.) spianato (It. mus.), made smooth spick and span (three words) spicy not -ey spiegando (It. mus.), "unfolding", becoming louder spiflicate (joc.), to trounce, not spiff- spiky not -ey spill past and partic. spilled or spilt spillikin splinter, not spel(l)ican spillway passage for surplus water from dam (one word) spina bifida (med.), congenital defect of spine spinach not -age spin/-dry, -drier (hyphens) spine (bind.), that part of the case protecting the back of a book, and bearing -- lettering spinney a thicket, not -ny spinning/-jenny, -wheel (hyphens) spin-off (noun, hyphen) hyphen) Spinoz/a (Baruch) 1632-77, Dutch philosopher; -ism spiraea (bot.), an ornamental shrub Spires W. Germany, use Speyer spirit abbr. sp. spirito (It. mus.), life, spirit spiritual of the spirit spiritualize not -ise spirituel marked by refinement and quickness of mind; fem. the same in Eng. (not ital) spirt use spurt Spithead strait between IW and Portsmouth Spitsbergen Arctic Ocean, not Spitz- spiv/ (slang), flashy petty black-marketeer; -ish, -very Split Yugoslavia, formerly Spalato split fractions see fractions split infinitive the separation of "to" from its verb by other words, as "he used to often say". Objected to by many, but the cure is often worse than the disease. See Modern English Usage, pp. 579-82 Spode/ (Josiah) 1754-1827, maker of -- china at Stoke Spohr (Louis) 1784-1859, German composer spoil past and partic. spoiled or spoilt spolia (Lat.), spoils; -- opima, the richest spoils; also trophy won by generals of opposing armies in single combat spoliation not spoil- spond/ee foot of two long syllables; adj. -aic sponge/-bag, -cake (hyphens) spongy like sponge, not -gey spontane/ity, -ous spoon-feed (hyphen) spoonful/ pl. -s sporran a kilt pouch spos/a (It.), a bride, pl. -e; -o, bridegroom, pl. -i spotlight (one word) spp. species (pl.) SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus (the Senate and Roman people); small profits and quick returns SPR Society for Psychical Research Spr. Sapper sprightly lively, not spritely spring (season of) (not cap.) springbok (Afrik.), an antelope, not -buck spring/tide, -time season of spring (one word) spring-tide tide of greatest range (hyphen) sprinkled edges (bind.), cut edges of books sprinkled with coloured ink spruit (Afrik.), watercourse spry/ active; -er, -est, -ly, -ness s.p.s. sine prole superstite (without surviving issue) spue use spew spurry slender plant, not -ey spurt not spirt sputnik a Russian earth satellite sput/um expectorated matter; pl. -a 19.18 sq.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- sq./ square; -- ft., -- feet; -- in., -- inches; -- m., -- metres, -- miles; -- yd., -- yards (each sing. and pl.). These are not used in scientific and technical work Sqn.Ldr. or Sqn/Ldr, Squadron Leader squacco/ small crested heron, pl. -s squalls (meteor.), abbr. q- square (bind.), that part of the case which overlaps the edges of a book square back (bind.), a book whose back has not been rounded (see rounding) square brackets see brackets square root (two words) squeegee rubber-edged implement for sweeping wet surfaces. not squil- squirearchy government (influenced) by landed proprietors, not -rarchy 19.19 SR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SR Southern Railway (prior to nationalization), -- Region Sr strontium (no Point) Sr. Sister, (Sp.) Se¤or sr. senior, use sen. sr steradian Sra. (Sp.), Se¤ora SRC Science Research Council, Students' Representative Council Sri Lanka "Resplendent Island", name of Republic of Ceylon since 1972 Srinagar Kashmir, not Ser- SRN State Registered Nurse SRO statutory rules and orders Srta. (Sp), Se¤orita 19.20 SS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SS Saiists, Secretary of State, steamship, (Fr.) Sa Saintet‚ (His Holiness), (Ger.) Schutzstaffel (Nazi ‚lite corps) SS (collar of), former badge of House of Lancaster, not esses ss. subsection, (med.) half s.s. screw steamer, (mus.) senza sordini (without mutes) SSAFA Soldiers', Sailors', and Airmen's Families Association SSC Solicitor to the Supreme Court SSE south-south-east S.Sgt., S/Sgt. Staff Sergeant SSR Soviet Socialist Republic SSRC Social Science Research Council SST supersonic transport SSW south-south-west 19.21 St... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- St Saint, in alphabetic arrangement to be placed under Saint, not St-; stokes St. Strait, -s; Street; in Slavonic languages, Stari, old st. stanza, stem, stone, strophe, (cricket) stumped s.t. short ton (2,000 lb.) Sta. Station Sta (lt., Sp., Port. Santa (female saint) (no point) Staal (Gorges Fr‚d‚ric Charles, baron de) 1824-1907. Russian diplomat; -- (Marguerite Jeanne Cordier De Launay, baronne de), 1684-1750. French writer. See also Sta‰l, Stahl "Stabat Mater" "the Mother was standing" (Catholic hymn) stabbing (bind.), wire-stitching near the back edge of a closed section or pamphlet; the piercing of a book section prior to sewing or stitching stabilize not -ise staccato/ (It. mus.), in abrupt, detached manner; as noun, pl. -s stadi/um in anc. Greece a measure of length, a racecourse, pl. -a; in mod. use a sports ground, pl. -ums Stadtholder Dutch governor, not Stadh- Sta‰l (Madame de) (in full, Sta‰l-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine, baronne de, n‚e Necker), 1766-1817, French writer. See also Staal, Stahl staff/ a pole; (mus.) set of lines on which music is written, pl. -s or staves; a body of persons in authority, pl. -s. See also stave Staffs. Staffordshire Staff Sergeant abbr. S.Sgt. or S/Sgt. stage-coach (hyphen) stagecraft (one word) stage/door, -- fright (two words) stage-manage/, -r (hyphens) staghound (one word) Stagirite (the) Aristotle, not Stagy- stag-party (hyphen) stagy not -ey Stahl (Friedrich Julius) 1802-61, German lawyer and politician; -- (Georg Ernst), 1660-1734, German chemist. See also Staal, Sta‰l staid solemn. See also stayed Stakhanovite prodigious (esp. Russian) worker (cap.) stalactite deposit hanging from roof of cave Stalag German POW camp stalagmite deposit rising from floor of cave stalemate (one word) Stalingrad Russian city, previously Tsaritsyn, now Volgograd stamen/ (bot.), pl. -s stamina power of endurance Stamp Office (two words) stanch (verb), to check a flow. See also staunch standardize not -ise Standards (British) see BSI standing type (typ.), type not yet distributed after use stand/-offish, -pipe (hyphens) stand/point, -still (noun) (one word) stannary a tin mine stannum tin, symbol Sn Stanstead Suffolk Stansted Essex, Kent stanz/a a group of rhymed lines; pl. -as; abbr. st. stapes (anat.), a bone in the ear; pl. same star/ -red, -ring, -ry Starcross Devon (one word) star-dust (hyphen) star/fish, -light (one word) Stars and Stripes US flag "Star-Spangled Banner (The)" US National Anthem starting/-handle, -pistol, -point, -post (hyphens) starting price (two words) stat. statics, statuary, statute State (cap. of political community and in place-names) Staten Island New York, not Staa-; abbr. SI stater an anc. Greek coin stateroom (one word) statesman/like, -ship (one word) statics the science of forces in equilibrium (sing.) Station abbr. Sta. or Stn. stationary not moving Stationers' Hall London (apos. after s) stationery paper etc. statistics the subject, sing.; numerical facts systematized, pl. stator (elec.), a stationary part within which something revolves statuary abbr. stat. status/ rank, pl. -es (not ital) status quo/ (Lat.), the same state as now; -- -- ante, ditto as before statute a written law; abbr. stat. statute-book (hyphen) statutory not -ary staunch firm, loyal. See also stanch stave/ staff (mus.), a snatch of song, a piece of wood in the side of a barrel; pl. -s. See also staff stay-at-home (adj. and noun, hyphens) stayed stopped, remained. See also staid STB Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred Theology) STC Senior (Officers') Training Corps, Short-Title Catalogue stchi use shchi STD Sacrae Theologiae Doctor (Doctor of Sacred Theology), Subscriber Trunk Dialling Ste (Fr. f.), sainte (female saint) (no point) steadfast not sted- steamboat (one word) steam/-engine, -hammer (hyphens) steam radio (colloq.) (two words) steamroller (one word) steamship (one word), abbr. ss steam train (two words) Steel (Flora Annie), 1847-1929, Scottish novelist Steele (Sir Richard) 1672-1729, English essayist and dramatist Steell (Gourlay) 1819-94, Scottish painter; -- (Sir John), 1804-91, his brother, Scottish sculptor steenbok (Afrik.), a small antelope, not steinbuck. See also steinbock steenkirk (hist.), a neck-cloth, not steinkirk steeplechase/ cross-country horse-race; -r, horse or rider steeplejack (one word) Steevens (George) 1736-1800, English Shakespearian commentator; -- (George Warrington), 1869-1900, English journalist. See also Stephen, Stephens, Stevens Stefansson (Vilhj lmur) 1879-1962, Canadian Arctic explorer Steinbeck (Jollin Ernst) 1902-68, US novelist Steinberg a hock (wine) steinbock Alpine ibex steinbuck use steenbok steinkirk use steen- stem abbr. s. or st. stemm/a a pedigree; pl. -ata stencil/, -led, -ler, -ling Stendhal pseud. of Marie Henri Beyle, 1783-1842, French novelist step/brother, -child, -daughter -father, -mother (one word); step-parent (hyphen); step/sister, -son (one word) Stephen (Sir Leslie) 1832-1904, English biographer and critic. See also Steevens, Stephens, Stevens stephengraph use stev- Stephens (Alexander Hamilton) 1812-1950, Irish -- (James), 1882-1950, Irish poet and novelist. See also Steevens, Stephen, Stevens Stephenson (George) 1781-1848, English locomotive engineer; -- (Robert), 1803-59, his son, English engineer (tubular bridges). See also Stev- steppe treeless plain, esp. of Russia stepping-stone (hyphen) steradian unit of solid angle, abbr. sr stere unit of volume, 1 cubic metre stereophonic of reproduction of sound by two channels, colloq. stereo/, pl. -s stereotype (typ.), a plastic, lead alloy, or rubber duplicate plate cast from a matrix moulded from original relief printing material; colloq. stereo sterilize not -ise Sterling (John) 1806-44, Scottish writer. See also Stir- sterling (of money), of standard value; abbr. stg. Sterne (Laurence, not Law-) 1713-68, English novelist stet/ (typ.), a Latin word meaning "let it stand", written in the proof margin to cancel an alteration, dots being placed under the deleted portion of text; as verb, -ted, -ting stetson wide-brimmed felt hat Stettin Ger. for Szczecin Steuart (Sir James Denham) 1712-80, Scottish economist; -- (John Alexander), 1861-1932, Scottish journalist and novelist. See also Stewart, Stuart stevengraph colourful picture made of silk, not steph- Stevens (Alfred) 1818-75, English sculptor; -- (Thaddeus), 1792-1868, US abolitionist; -- (Wallace), 1879-1955, US poet. See also Steevens, Stephen, Stephens Stevenson (Adlai Ewing) 1835-1914, US Vice-President; -- (Adlai Ewing), 1900-65, his grandson, US politician; -- (Robert), 1772-1850, English lighthouse engineer; -- (Robert Louis Balfour), 1850-94, his grandson, Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet, abbr. R.L.S. See also Steph- Stewart family name of Earl of Galloway; -- (Dugald), 1753-1828, Scottish metaphysician; -- (James), 1831-1905, Scottish African missionary. See also Steuart, Stuart Stewartry district of Dumfries & Galloway St.Ex. Stock Exchange stg. sterling stibium antimony, symbol Sb- stichometry division into or measurement by lines of verse, not stycho- stichomythia dialogue in alternate lines of verse Stieglitz (Alfred) 1864-1946, US photographer stigma/ a brand; pl. -s, but -ta with ref. to Christ's wounds stigmatize not -ise stilb unit of luminance, abbr. sb; in SI units I cd/cm to the power of 2 stile over a fence, vertical piece in framework. See also style stiletto/ a dagger; pl. -s still birth (two words) stillborn (one word) still life/ pl. -s (hyphen when attrib.) stilly adj. and adv. from still Stilton (cheese) (cap) stilus use stylus stimie use stymie stimul/ate, -able stimul/us pl. -i stip. stipend, -iary Stirling town and district of Central Stirling (J. Hutchison not -inson) 1820-1909, Scottish metaphysician; -- (Sir William Alexander, Earl of), ?1567-1640, Scottish poet. usu. called William Alexander. See also Ster- stirp/s lineage pl. -es stitching (bind.), the sewing together of all the sections of a book in a single operation. See also sewing Stn. Station stoa/ (Gr. archit.) long building with colonnade; pl. -s; (cap.) philos. school of Zeno and the Stoics (see Stoic) Stock Exchange (caps.); abbr. S/E, St. Ex., or Stock Ex. Stockhausen (Karlheinz) b. 1928, German composer stockholder (one word) stockinet an elastic fabric, not -ette, -inget stockpile (one word) stoep (Afrik.), terrace attached to a house, not stoop Stoic/ (member) of Gr. philos. school founded by Zeno in 4th C. BC, extolling virtue and suppressing passion, -ism; (gen., not cap.) person having great self-control in adversity, adj. -al stoichio/logy the doctrine of elements, not stoechio-, stoicheio-; -metric (chem.), having elements in fixed proportions; -metry (chem.), the proportion in which elements occur in a compound stoke/hold, - hole (one word) Stoke-on-Trent Staffs. (hyphens) stokes unit of kinematic viscosity, abbr. St; in SI units 10 to the power of -4 metres to the power of 2 per second STOL short take-off and landing ston/e abbr. st.; -y stone (typ.), table on which pages of type are imposed Stone House Cumbria Stonehouse Ches., Devon, Glos., Northumb., Strathclyde stonemason (one word) stonewall (verb), to obstruct (one word) Stonyhurst College Lancs. stoop see stoep, stoup stop/cock, -gap (one word) stop-go alternating process and lack of it (hyphen) stop/off, -over (nouns, one word) stop-press (hyphen) stop valve (two words) stop-watch (hyphen) storable not -eable storage heater (two words) storehouse (one word) storey/ a horizontal division of a building; pl. -s; not story, -ies; -ed storied celebrated in story, not -yed storiolog/y scientific study of folklore, not story-; -ist storm petrel (two words), not stormy -- storm/-troops, -trooper (hyphens) Storting legislative assembly of Norway story (of a building), use storey story/-book, -line, -teller (hyphens) stoup flagon, holy-water basin, not stoop Stow (John), ?1525-1605, English historian stowaway (one word) Stowe village and school in Bucks.; -- (Harriet Elizabeth, n‚e Beecher), 1811-96, US writer Stow-on-the-Wold Glos. (hyphens) STP Sacrae Theologiae Professor (Professor of Sacred Theology); standard temperature and pressure Str. Strait, -s str. stroke (oar) Strachey family name of Baron O'Hagan; -- (Giles Lytton), 1880-1932, English biographer Strad colloq. for Stradivarius (violin) (cap., no point) Stradbroke (Earl of) Stradivarius an instrument of the violin family made by Antonio Stradivari (in Latin Antonius Stradivarius), of Cremona, c.1644-1737; colloq. Strad Strafford (Earl of) straightforward (one word) strait/,-s cap. when with name; abbr. St. or Str. strait/-jacket, -laced not straight- (hyphens) Straits Settlements now a component of Malaysia Stranraer Dumfries & Galloway strappado/ form of torture, pl. -s; as verb, ed, -ing Strasburg English form of Fr. Strasbourg, Ger. Strassburg Stratford-upon-Avon War., not -on- (hyphens) Strath written separately when referring to the strath itself as Strath Spey Strathclyde ancient kingdom and modern region in Scotland; university, 1964; -- (Baron) strathspey Scottish dance stratosphere the upper atmosphere, where temperature is constant strat/um a layer; pl. -a strat/us a low layer of cloud, pl. -i, abbr. s. Straus (Oskar) 1870-1954, Austrian-born composer Strauss (Johann I) 1804-49, Austrian composer of Viennese waltzes; -- (Johann II), 1825-99, his son, the best known of the family; -- (Joseph), 1827-70, and -- (Eduard), 1835-1916, also sons of Johann I; -- (Johann III), 1866 1939, son of Johann II; -- (Richard Georg), 1864-1949, German composer of operas, songs, and orchestral works Stravinsky (Igor Fyodorovich) 1882-1971, Russian-born composer Streatfeild family name, not -field street (typ.), name of to have initial caps., as Regent Street; spell out when a number, as Fifth Avenue; number of house in, not to be followed by any point, as 6 Fleet Street; abbr. St. stretto/ (mus.), (passage played) in quicker time, pl. -s strew to scatter, not strow; partic. strewed or strewn stri/a (anat., geol), a stripe; pl. -ae strike/-on (comp.), composition on typewriters using carbon ribbons (hyphen); see also golf-ball; -- -through (typ.), the penetration of ink into paper Strine comic transliteration of Austral. speech (cap.) stringendo (mus.), pressing, accelerating the speed stripping-in (typ.), in filmsetting, the correction of small composition errors by the excision and careful replacement of the film containing them strip-tease (hyphen) stripy having stripes, not -ey strive past strove, partic. striven Stroganoff (cook.), (designating) dish of meat cooked in sour cream (cap.) strontium symbol Sr Strood Kent Stroud Glos., Hants strow use strew 'struth colloq. for God's truth (apos.) Struwwelpeter German child's book strychnine not -in Sts Saints Stuart (House of); -- (Leslie) 1866-1928, pseud. of Thomas Barrett, English composer. See also Steuart, Stewart stucco/ (to apply) plaster coating to wall surfaces; pl. -es; as verb, -es, -ed StЃck (Ger. n.), a piece student name for fellow of Christ Church, Oxford studio/ pl. -s stumbling-block (hyphen) stupefy not -ify Sturluson see Snorri Sturm-und-Drang (Ger.), storm and stress (no hyphens) Sturm-und-Drang-Periode German romanticism of the late eighteenth century (three hyphens) Stuttgart W. Germany, not StЃ-, -ard Stuyvesant (Peter) 1592-1672, Dutch colonial governor sty inflamed swelling on eyelid; enclosure for pigs; not stye; pl. sties stycho/metry, -mythia use sticho- Stygian (as) of the River Styx style custom, manner, etc. See also house style, stile stylize not -ise stylus/ needle-like device used in playing gramophone records, pl. -es, not sti- stymie to thwart, obstruct, an obstruction; not sti-, -my Styx (Gr. myth), a river in Hades s.u. (Ger.), siehe unten (= see below) 19.22 Suabia... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Suabia use Swa- suable that can be sued, not -eable Suakin Sudan, not -im suaraj use swaraj suaviter in modo (Lat.), gently in manner. See also fortiter in re sub/ colloq. for subaltern, sub-editor, submarine, subscription, substitute; as verb, to act as substitute, to sub-edit, -bed, -bing sub (Lat.), under subahdar (Ind.), a native captain subaltern officer below rank of captain; colloq. sub subaudi (Lat.), understand, supply sub/-basement, -branch -breed (hyphens) sub/class, -committee, -conscious -contract, -deacon, -dean, -divide, -division (one word) sub-edit/, -or, -orial (hyphens) sub finem (Lat.), towards the end, abbr. s.f. subfusc/, -ous dark, esp. of formal clothing at some universities sub/genus, -heading (one word) subj. subject, -ive, -ively, subjunctive sub judice (Lat.), under consideration subjunctive abbr. subj. sub/kingdom, -lease, -let (one word) sub-lieutenant abbr. Sub-Lt. (cap. as title) Sublime Porte (hist.), Turkish Court and Government sub-machine-gun (two hyphens) submicroscopic (one word) sub/modo (Lat.), in a qualified sense; -- nomine, under a specified name, abbr. s.n. subnormal (one word) sub-plot (hyphen) subpoena/ (to serve) a writ commanding attendance pl. -s; as verb, -ed, not -pena (one word, not ital.) sub rosa (Lat.), under the rose, privately subscript (symbol) written below. See also iota subscription colloq. sub subsection (one word); abbr. subsec. subsequence noun from subsequent, that which follows sub-sequence sequence that is part of a larger one subsidize to pay a subsidy to, not -ise subsidy a grant of public money sub sigillo (Lat.), in the strictest confidence sub silentio (Lat.), in silence sub/sonic, -species abbr. subsp. (sing.), subspp. (pl.), -standard (one word) substance (amount of) symbol n substantive abbr s., sb., or subs- substitute colloq. sub substrat/um pl. -a sub/structure, -terranean (one word) subtil/, -e use subtle in all senses subtilize to rarefy, not -ise subtitle (one word) subtl/e fine, rarefied, elusive, cunning; er, -est, -ety, -y, not subtil- subtopia suburban development regarded unfavourably sub/total, -tropical (one word) Suburbia suburbs and their inhabitants (cap.) sub/voce or -- verbo (Lat.), under a specified word; abbr. s.v. subway (one word) succeeded abbr. s. succЉs/ de scandale (Fr. m.), success due to being scandalous; -- d'estime, success with more honour than profit; -- fou, extravagant success Succoth Jewish Feast of Tabernacles suchlike (one word) sucking-pig (hyphen) sud (Fr. m.), south; abbr. s. SЃd (Ger. m.), south; abbr. S. (cap.) Sudan/ indep. 1956; adj. -ese; not Sou- Sudra Hindu labourer caste Su‰ (EugЉne) 1804-57, French playwright su/e, -ed, -ing SuЉde Fr. for Sweden, adj. su‚dois suede dull-dressed kid, as for gloves (no accent) Suetonius (Gaius Tranquillus) c.70-c.160, Roman biographer and antiquarian; abbr. Suet. suff. suffix suffic/it (Lat.), it is sufficient; pl. -iunt Sufi a Muslim mystic, not Sofi, Soofee. See also Sophy sugar/-bowl, -cane (hyphens) suggestible open to suggestion, not -able suggestio falsi (Lat.), an indirect lie sui/generis (Lat.), (the only one or ones) of his, her, its, or their own kind; -- juris, of full age and capacity suisse/ (Fr. adj.), of Switzerland, (m., cap.) Swiss man, (not cap.) beadle of a church; fem. -sse; la Suisse, Fr. for Switzerland suite a set of rooms, attendants, or musical pieces (not ital.) suivez (mus.), follow the soloist suk(h) use souk Sulawesi Indonesia, formerly Celebes Suleiman the Magnificent ?1495-1566, Sultan of Turkey Sully Prudhomme (Ren‚ Fran‡ois Armand) 1839-1907, French poet and critic sulpha class of drugs sulph/ur symbol S; -ate, -ite, -uretted, -urize, not -ise sultan/ a Muslim ruler, fem. -a; Sultan (the), of Turkey, till 1922; abbr. Sult. Sultanpur India sum (math.) sumac (bot.), an ornamental tree, not sh-, -ach, -ack Sumburgh Airport Shetland Sumer/ Babylonia; adj. -ian summarize not -ise summer (not cap.) summersault use somer- summer-time the summer season (hyphen); British Summer Time, one hour in advance of GMT, in summer only, 1922-67, and from 1972 (three words). See also BST summonsed (law), issued with a summons, not -oned summum bonum (Lat.), the supreme good Sumter (Fort) SC, US sun cap. only in astronomical contexts and in a list of planets; abbr.S. Sun. Sunday sun/bathe, -beam (one word) sun-bonnet (hyphen) sunburn/, -t or -ed (one word) sundae ice-cream with crushed fruit and nuts Sunday abbr. Sun. sun/dial, -down (one word) sun-dress (hyphen) sunflower (one word) sun/-glasses, -god, -hat (hyphens) sunlight (one word) sunn E.Indian fibre Sunna traditional Muslim law, not -ah Sunni an orthodox Muslim, also collect. pl., not -ee; also Sunnite sun/rise, -set, -shade, -shine, -spot, -stroke (one word) sun/-tan, -trap (hyphens) suo/jure (Lat.) in one's own right; -- loco, in its own place sup. superior, supine sup. (Lat.), supra (above) superannu/ate, -able (one word) supercalendered paper highly polished but not coated; abbr. SC. supercargo/ person in ship managing sales, pl. -es (one word) supercede use -sede super-ego/ (psych.). part of mind that exerts conscience, pl. -s (hyphen) superexcellen/ce, -t (one word) superficies a surface, pl. same superhuman (one word) superintendent abbr. supt. superior abbr. sup. superiors (typ.), small characters set above ordinary characters superl superlative super/man, -market, -natural, -power, -script (one word) supersede to set aside, take the place of not -cede super/sonic, -structure, -tanker (one word) supervise not -ize supervisor not -er supine abbr. sup. supple/, -ly not supply supplement abbr. suppl. suppositious hypothetical, assumed supposititious spurious suppository a medicated plug, not -ary suppressio veri (Lat.), suppression of the truth suppressor not -er supr. supreme supra (Lat.), above, formerly; abbr. sup. supr€me (Fr. f.), a method of cooking, with a rich cream sauce Supreme Court (US) supremo/ leader or ruler, pl. -s supt. superintendent suq use souk sur- (Fr. prep.), upon; abbr. s/ in addresses sura a chapter of the Koran (cap. for particular chapters) Surabaya Indonesia surah a thin silk fabric Surat Bombay, India surcingle a belt S–ret‚ Paris, the French CID surfboard (one word) surf-riding (hyphen) surg/eon, -ery, -ical abbr. surg. Surgeons (Royal College of) abbr. RCS surmise conjecture, not -ize surplus abbr. S. surprise not -ize sursum corda (Lat.), (lift) up your hearts Surtees (Robert Smith) 1805-64, English fox-hunting novelist surtout an overcoat surv. survey/ing, -or, surviving Surv.-Gen. Surveyor-General survivor not -er sus/ slang for suspect, suspicion; -- out, to reconnoitre, -sed, -sing Susanna (Apocr.), abbr. Sus. susceptible not -able suspender not -or sus. per coll. (Lat.), suspen/sio (-sus, -datur) per collum, hanging (hanged, let him be hanged) by the neck Susquehanna River New York State, US, not -ana Sutlej Punjab river suttee (custom of) Hindu widow immolating herself on husband's pyre, not sati suum cuique (Lat.), let each have his own Suwannee River Ga. & Fla., US, not Swa- 19.23 SV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SV Sancta Virgo (Holy Virgin), Sanctitas Vestra (Your Holiness) s.v. sub voce, or verbo (under a word or heading, as in a dictionary) sailing vessel SVA Incorporated Society of Valuers and Auctioneers svelte (Fr.), elegant Svendsen (Johan Severin) 1840-1911, Norwegian composer Sverige Swedish for Sweden s.v.p. (Fr.), s'il vous plaЊt (if you please) 19.24 SW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SW South Wales, south-west(ern) Sw. Swed/en, -ish Swabia W. Germany, not Su- Swahili a people and language of Zanzibar and the coast opposite Swammerdam (Jan) 1637-80, Dutch naturalist Swanee use Suwannee swansdown (one word) swan-song (hyphen) swap to exchange, not -op SWAPO South West Africa People's Organization swaraj self-govt. for India, not su- swash (typ.), (of) letters with elaborate tails or flourishes swat to hit sharply. See also swot swath a line of cut grass swathe to bind Swazi/, -land S. Africa, indep. 1968 swede a kind of turnip (not cap.) Sweden abbr. Sw., in Swed. Sverige, in Fr. SuЉde. See also Assemblies Swedenborg (Emanuel) 1688-1772, Swedish philosopher Swedish abbr. Sw.; (typ.) alphabet contains Ger. „, ”, and "Swedish a" (Џ, †) pron. somewhat as aw. In alph. arrangement †, „, ”, are put after z. The acute accent may be used to mark an accented syllable sweepback (of aircraft's wings) noun and adj. (one word) Sweet (Henry) 1845-1912, English philologist. See also Swete sweet-and-sour (cook. adj., hyphen) sweet/bread, -heart, -meal, -meat (one word) sweet-william (bot.) (hyphen, not caps.) swelled rule (typ.), a role wider in centre than at ends. See also rule Swete (Henry Barclay) 1835-1917, English biblical scholar. See also Sweet Sweyn name of three Danish kings SWG standard wire gauge swimming/-bath, -pool (hyphens) Swinburne (Algernon Charles) 1837-1909, English poet Swinden N. Yorks. Swindon Glos., Staffs., Wilts. swing-door (hyphen) swingeing hard (blow) swing-wing (of aircraft) (hyphen) Swinton Gr. Manch., N. Yorks., S. Yorks., Borders switchboard (one word) Swithun/ (St) Bp. of Winchester 852-62, not -in; -'s Day, 15 July Switzerland abbr. Switz.; in Fr. Ia Suisse, in Ger. die Schweiz, in It. Svizzera. See also Assemblies swivel/, -led, -ling swizz/ (slang), a swindle, a disappointment, pl. -es, not swiz swop to exchange, use swap sword/-dance, -stick (hyphens) swordfish (one word) swot to study hard. See also swat SWP Socialist Workers' Party swung dash 19.25 SY... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- SY steam yacht Sybil Christian name. See also sibyl sycamine (NT, AV), the black mulberry-tree sycamore (bot.), a kind of fig-tree, Ficus sycomoros (sycomore in Bible): (Eur. and Asia) an ornamental shade-tree, the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus; (US) a plane tree, Platanus syce (Anglo-Ind.), a groom. See also sice sycomore see sycamore Sydney NSW, Australia. See also Sidney Sydney Heads two cliffs Sykes see Si- syllab/ication not -ification; -ize, not -ise syllabub not sill- syllabus/ pl. -es sylleps/is (gram.), application of a word in differing senses to two others (he caught his train and a cold), pl. -es syllogism a logical argument of two premisses and a conclusion syllogize to argue by syllogism, not -ise sylvan use si- Sylvester (James Joseph) 1814-97, English mathematician; -- (Josuah), 1563-1618, English poet sylvicultur/e, -ist use si- symbolize not -ise symmetr/ic, -ical, -ize not -ise sympathique (Er.), congenial, having the right artistic feeling for sympathize not -ise symposi/um a drinking-party (obs. in this sense except, with cap., as title of one of Plato's Socratic dialogues), a conference, a collection of views on a topic; pl. -a syn. synonym, -ous synaeres/is (gram.), contraction of two vowels, pl. -es, not -neresis synagog/ue an assembly ofJews for worship, their place of worship; adjs. -al, -ic synchromesh system of gearwheel design synchronize to (cause to) coincide in time, not -ise; colloq. sync, not synch syncope (gram.) a cutting short, (med.) a fainting syndrome a collection of concurrent symptoms synonym/ a word with the same meaning as another; -ous, abbr. syn.; -ize, not-ise; -y not -e, -cy synops/is a summary; pl. -es Synoptic Gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which relate the events from the same point of view synthes/ist, -ize not synthet-, -ise syphon use si- Syr. Syria, -c, -n syr. syrup syren use si- Syriac abbr. Syr.; has 22 letters, besides vowel points, reads from right to left, and is set as Hebrew. There are three forms of type, Estrangelo, Jacobite, Nestorian Syringa (bot.) the lilac genus syringa the mock orange syringe/ instrument for squirting or injecting; -ing; not si- syrin/x pan-pipe, (anat.) a narrow tube from throat to ear-drum, the vocal organ of birds, (archaeol.) a narrow gallery in rock; pl. -xes or -ges syrup not sir-; abbr. syr. syst. system system/atic methodical; -atize, not -ise; -ic (physiol.), of the bodily system as a whole syzygy (astr.), the moon being in conjunction or opposition 19.26 Szczecin... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Szczecin Poland; in Ger. Stettin Szigeti (Joseph) 1892-1973, Hungarian violinist Szymanowski (Karol) 1883-1937, Polish composer 20.0 T =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 20.1 T... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- T tesla, (as prefix) tera-, tritium; the nineteenth in a series T. Tenor, Territory, Testament, (It. mus.) tace (be silent) t. ton, -s, (but no point in scientific and technical work), tonne, -s, town, -ship, tun, -s, (Fr.) tome (volume), tonneau (ton), (Lat.) tempore (in the time of), (mos.) tempo (time), tenor/e, -i (tenor, -s), (meteor.) thunder 't (Do.), het (the, n.) as van't Hoff T temperature t time 20.2 TA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TA Territorial Army Ta tantalom (no point) Tabago use To- table/alphab‚tique (Fr. typ. f.), index; -- des matiЉres, table of contents tableau/ picturesque presentation, dramatic situation, pl. -x; -- vivant, still silent group representing scene, pl. -x vivants (not ital.) table-cloth (hyphen) table d'h“te fixed meal for guests at hotel, pl. tables -- tableland (one word) tablespoonful/ pl. -s, abbr. tbsp. table tennis (two words) table-top (hyphen) tablier (Fr. m. hist.), apron-like part of woman's dress taboo/ (something) forbidden, to prohibit, a prohibition, not -u; -ed, -s tabor small drum, not -our tabouret drum-shaped stool, not -oret tabul/a (Lat.), a document, pl. -ae; tabul/a ras/a, a blank surface, pl. -ae -ae tabulat/e, -or Tac. Tacitus tac-au-tac (fencing), parry and riposte (hyphens, not ital.); but du tac au tac (Fr. fig.), from defence to attack (no hyphens, ital.) tace (mus.), be silent; abbr. T. tacet (mus.), is silent tachism action painting, in Fr. m. tachisme tacho/ colloq. for tachometer, pl. -s tachograph device for recording speed and travel-time of vehicle tachometer instrument for measuring speed of rotation tachymeter instrument in surveying Tacitus (Gaius Cornelius) c.55-120, Roman historian; abbr. Tac. Tadjikistan a Soviet Socialist Republic, not Tadzh-, Taj-. See also USSR taedium vitae (Lat.), weariness of life Tae-ping use Taiping (one word) taffeta a fabric, not the many variants tagetes (bot.), a type of marigold, not -ete; pl. same tagliatelle (It.), pasta in ribbons, not -elli Tagore (Rabindranath) 1861-1941, Indian poet Tahiti island, Pacific Ocean tahr use thar tail (typ.), blank space at the bottom of a page. See also margins tailback queue of vehicles in traffic jam (one word) tail/-gate, -lamp, -light (hyphens) taille/ (Fr. f.), engraving, also size, etc.; -- douce, copperplate engraving tailpiece (typ.), the design at the end of a section, chapter, or book tail/pipe, -plane (one word) tailstock adjustable part of lathe holding spindle (one word) Tain Highland Taine (Hippolyte Adolphe) 1828-93, French historian and lit. critic Taipei capital of Taiwan, q.v. Taiping rebellion, 1850-64, not Tae- Tait (Archibald Campbell) 1811-82, Abp. of Canterbury; -- (Peter Guthrie), 1831-1901, Scottish mathematician and physicist. See also Tate Taiwan formerly Formosa Tajikistan use Tadj- Taj Mahal mausoleum at Agra, India, not -- Me- take (typ.), single batch of copy or of proofs take-away (noun and adj., hyphen) take-home pay (one hyphen) take/-off, -over (hyphens) Tal (Ger. n.), valley, not now Th- Talbot of Malahide (Baron) tales (law), a suit for summoning jurors to supply a deficiency; tales/man, one so summoned, pl. -men Talfourd (Sir Thomas Noon) 1795-1854, English playwright, biographer, and author of the Copyright Act of 1842 Taliesin 6th c., Welsh bard talisman/ a charm, amulet pl. -s talis qualis (Lat.), such as it is Talleyrand-P‚rigord (Charles Maurice de) 1754-1838, French politician Tallinn cap. of Estonian SSR, formerly Reval Tallis (Thomas) ?1505-85 English composer, not Talys, Tallys; Tallis's canon, a hymn-tune tally-ho/ pl. -s (hyphen) Talmud Hebrew laws and legends Tal-y-llyn Gwynedd, Powys (two hyphens) TAM Television Audience Measurement Tam. Tamil tam colloq. for tam-o'-shanter (no point) tambourin a long narrow drum of Provence, (music for) a dance accompanied by it tambourine a small drum, with jingling metal discs, beaten with the hand tameable not -mable Tamerlane 1336-1405, Mongol conqueror (but Tamburlaine in Marlowe) Tameside district, Greater Manchester Tamil S. Indian language not -ul; abbr. Tam. Tammany Hall Democratic Party HQ, New York, not Tama- "Tam o' Shanter" poem by Burns (caps small o apos., no hyphen) tam-o'-shanter a woollen cap (hyphens, apos.); colloq. tam tampion plug for muzzle of guil or top of organ-pipe, not to- tampon (med.), absorbent plug tan (math.), langent (no point) Tananarive use Antananarivo T. & A.V.R. Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve T'ang Chin. dynasty tangerine orange not tangier- tangible not -eable Tangier Morocco, not -iers tango/ pl. -s tanh (math.), hyperbolic tangent (no point) Tanjor/, -e India, use Thanjavur Tannh„user opera by Wagner, 1845 tanrec use tenrec tantalize not -ise tantalum symbol Ta tant/mieux (Fr.), so much the better; -- pis, so much the worse Tanzania (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), formed 1964 Taoiseach Prime Minister, Republic of Ireland Taoism doctrine of Lao-tzu, not Tѓ-, Ta”- (one word) tap-dance (hyphen) tape-record (verb, hyphen) tape record/er, -ing (two words) tapis (sur le or on the) (Fr.), under consideration, or discussion tapisserie (Fr. f), tapestry taproom (one word) tap-water (hyphen) taradiddle petty lie, pretentious nonsense, not tarra- tarantella an Italian dance, the music for it tarantism dancing mania tarantula a spider Tarbert Strathclyde, Western Isles, Co. Kerry; (river), Highland Tarbet Loch Lomond, Strathclyde, and Loch Nevis, Highland tariff duty on particular goods, not -if tarlatan a muslin, not -etan Tarmac propr. term for tar macadam; part of airfield made of this (cap.); tarmac/, to cover with Tarmac (not cap.); -ked tarot card-game or trump in this, not -oc tarpaulin waterproof cloth, orig. of tarred canvas, not -ing Tarpeian Rock anc. Rome tarradiddle use tara- Tarragona Spain tarry covered with or like tar, not tary Tartar/ an inhabitant of Tartary, an intractable person, not Tatar; adj. -ian tartar/ a deposit on the teeth; adj. -ic tartar sauce not tartare Tartar/us (Gr. myth.), the place of punishment in Hades; adj. -ean Tartary properly, but less usually, Tatary, a region of W. Asia and E. Europe Tartuffe (Le) play by MoliЉre, 1669 Tartuff/e religious hypocrite, adj. -ian (Fr. m. tartufe) Tas. Tasmania task/master, -mistress (one word) Tasmania abbr. Tas. Tass the Soviet news agency taste-bud (hyphen) ta-ta colloq. for good-bye (hyphen) Tatar use Tartar Tate/ (Nahum) 1652-1715, Irish poet and playwright; -- (Sir William Henry), 1842-1921, English industrialist; -- Gallery, London. See also Tait tatterdemalion a ragged fellow, not -ian Tattersalls London (-s' only in the possessive case) tattoo/ design on the skin, not the many variants; -ed, -er, ing, -s tattoo/ drumbeat, call to quarters, mil. parade by night; pl. -s Tauchnitz (Karl Christoph) 1761-1836, founded at Leipzig, 1796, publishing firm famous for editions of Latin and Greek authors; -- (Christian Bernhard, Baron von), 1816-95, founded at Leipzig, 1837, the Librairie Bernhard Tauchnitz, famous for reprints of British and US authors, banned in Britain and US because of copyright infringements tau cross the T tausend (Ger.), thousand taut (naut.), tight, in good condition, not -ght tautologize to repeat oneself in different words, not -ise tavern (name of) see hotel tawny tan-colour, not -ey tax-free (hyphen) tax haven (two words) taxi/, -ing tax/on a laxonomic group, pl. -a taxpayer (one word) tax return (two words) Taylor Institution Oxford, not Taylorian, not Institute Taylour family name of Marquess of Headfort Tayside region of Scotland (one word) tazz/a bowl or cup, pl. -e 20.3 TB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TB torpedo-boat, tuberculosis (tubercle bacillus) Tb terbium (no point) Tbilisi cap. of Georgia, USSR, not Tiflis T-bone (hyphen) tbsp. tablespoonful 20.4 Tc... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Tc technetium (no point) TCD Trinity College, Dublin Tchad (Lake etc.), use Chad Tchaikovsky (Peter Ilich) 1840-93, Russian composer Tchebyshev, Tchekoff etc. use Che- 20.5 TD =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TD Territorial Decoration, (Ir.) Teachta D la (Member of the D il) 20.6 Te... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Te tellurium (no point) te tonne, -s te (mus.), not si, ti tea/-bag, -chest (hyphens) tea/cake, -cup (one word) tea-leaf (hyphen) teapot (one word) tease not -ze teasel (bot.), not -sle, -zel, -zle tea-shop (hyphen) teaspoonful/ pl -s (one word), abbr. tsp. tech. technical, -ly technetium symbol Tc technol. technological, -ly techy peevish, use tetchy teddy bear (two words, not cap.) Teddy boy (two words, one cap.) tedesc/o (It. adj.), fem. -a, German (not cap.) teed (golf) teehee use tehee teenage/, -d, -r (one word) teepee use tepee Teesside Cleveland teetotal/ abstaining from intoxicants, abbr. TT; -ism, -ler, -ly teetotum/ a four-sided top spun with the fingers; pl. -s Tegn‚r (Esaias) 1782-1846, Swedish poet tehee scornful laugh, to titter, not teehee Tehran cap. of Iran, not -heran Teignmouth Devon. See also Tyne- Teil/ (Ger. m. or n.), a part; pl. -e, not now Th- (cap.) Teilhard de Chardin (Pierre) 1881-1955, French writer Tel. Telegraph, Telephone tel use tell telamon/ (archit.), male figure used as support, pl. -es Tel Aviv Israel tele/communication(s), -printer (one word) telephone/ book -- number (two words) Teletype (propr. term) televis/e not -ize; -ion telex (to send by) system of telegraphy by using teleprinters Telford Shropshire, "new town", 1963 Telford (Thomas) 1757-1834, Scottish engineer tell (archaeol.), artificial mound in Middle East, not tel Tell-el-Amarna Egypt tell-tale (hyphen) tellurian (inhabitant) of the earth tellurion orrery, not -ium tellurium symbol Te Telstar communications satellite, launched 1962 Telugu Dravidian language or people, not -oogoo T‚m‚raire (The Fighting) picture by Turner, 1839 temp. temperature, temporary temp. tempore (in the time of) temperature symbol T (no point). In scientific work the unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), although degrees Celsius is still used; --, degrees of (typ.), to be in arabic numerals, as 10ш; abbr. temp. Templar member of a religious order, the Knights Templars; student or lawyer living in the Temple, London template a pattern or gauge, not -plet Temple Bar London temp/o (It. mus.), time; pl. -os, abbr. t. tempora mutantur (Lat.), times are changing temporary abbr. temp.; adv. temporarily tempore (Lat.), in the time of; abbr. t. or temp. temporize not -ise ten. tenuto Tenasserim Burma, not Tenn- Ten Commandments (the) (caps.) tendentious calculated to promote a particular point of view, not -cious tenderfoot novice (one word) tenderize not -ise Tenerife (peak and island of), Canary Is., not -iffe Teniers (David) 1582-1649, and 1610-90, Dutch painters, father and son Tenison (Thomas) 1636-1715, Abp. of Canterbury. See also Tennyson Tennasserim use Tena- Tennessee off. abbr. Tenn. or (postal) TN Tenniel (Sir John) 1820-1914, English cartoonist and caricaturist tennis it is no longer necessary to use "lawn tennis", but see ILTF; real tennis is the game played on an indoor court tennis/-ball, -court, -racket (hyphens) Tennyson (Alfred, Lord) 1809-92. Poet Laureate 1850-92. See also Tenison tenor settled course, not -our; (mus.) male voice, abbr. T. tenor/e (It. mus. m.), tenor voice; pl. -i, abbr. t. tenrec hedgehog-like mammal, not tanrec tenson contest between troubadours, not tenz- tenuto (mus.), held on, sustained, abbr. ten. tepee Amer. Indian tent, not tee- Ter. Terence, Terrace ter (Lat.), thrice tera- prefix meaning 10 to the power of 12; abbr. T terat. teratology, study of malformations terbium symbol Tb terce (eccl.), the office said at the third daytime hour. See also tierce tercel a male hawk, not tier- tercet (prosody), a triplet, not tiercet Terence (in Lat., Publius Terentius Afer), 190-159 BC. Roman comic playwright: abbr. Ter. Teresa (St) not Th- tergiversat/e to change one's principles; -ion, -or termagant a brawling woman (cap. in hist. use as imaginary deity) termination abbr. term. terminator not -er terminology abbr. term. termin/us pl. -i terminus/ ad quem (Lat.), the finish; -- a quo, the starting-point Terpsichore (Gr.), muse of dancing Terr. Territory terrace cap. when with name; abbr. Ter.; in Fr. f. terrasse terracotta (an object made of) unglazed kiln-burnt clay and sand; its colour (one word) Terra del Fuego use Tierra -- -- terrae/filius (Lat.), son of the soil; pl. -- filii terra firma dry land (two words, not ital.) terr/a incognit/a (Lat.), unexplored region; pl. -ae -ae; -a sigillata, astringent clay, or Samian ware (ital.) terrazzo/ floor of stone chips set in concrete and smoothed, pl. -s terret ring for driving-rein, not -it terre-verte soft green earth used as pigment (hyphen, not ital.) Territory (cap. in geog. names), abbr. T. or Terr. terrorize not -ise tertio (Lat.), in the third place tertium quid (Lat.), a third something, an intermediate course Terylene propr. term for synthetic polyester used in textiles (cap.) terz/a rim/a (It.), a particular rhyming scheme; pl. -e -e terzetto/ (mus.), piece for three voices or instruments, pl. -s TES Times Educational Supplement tesla unit of magnetic induction, from Tesla (Nikola), 1856-1943, Yugoslav-American physicist tessellate(d) pave(d) with tiles. not -ela- tesser/a small square tile; pl. -ae (not ital.) tessitura (mus.), the ordinary range of a voice Testament abbr. T. or Test. testamor (Lat.), examination certificate test/drive (hyphen as verb), -- flight (two words) test/is (anat.), pl. -es test/ match, -- paper, -- pilot (two words) test-tube/ (hyphen), test-tube baby (one hyphen) tetchy peevish, not techy t€te-…-t€te (adv., adj., and noun, hyphens, accents, not ital.) tetrameter (prosody), verse of four measures Teufelsdr”ckh (Herr) in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus Teut. Teuton, -ic Tex. Texas (off. abbr.), Texan textbook (one word) textus receptos (Lat.), the received text; abbr. text. rec. Teyte (Maggie) 1888-1976, English soprano 20.7 t.g.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- t.g. type genus TGWU Transport and General Workers' Union 20.8 Th... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Th thorium (no point) Th. Thomas, Thursday th in Welsh, a separate letter, not to be divided thagi use thuggee Thailand formerly Siam, adj. Thai Tha‹s 4th c. BC, Greek courtesan thaler former German coin Thalia (Gr.), muse of comedy thalidomide a sedative drug, withdrawn 1961 thallium symbol Tl thalweg lowest line along river, in Ger. now Talweg Thanjavur India, not Tanjor, -e Thanksgiving Day (US), fourth Thursday in November thar Nepalese or Himalayan goat, not tahr Tharrawaddy Burma, not Tharawadi the if part of the title of a book etc., should be italic with cap. initial. See also periodicals and Hart's Rules, pp. 23-4 th‚ (Fr. m.), tea; -- dansant, afternoon tea with dancing Theaetetus dialogue by Plato, named after disciple of Socrates theat. theatrical theatre not -er, Fr. th‚ѓtre (m.); Th‚ѓtre Fran‡ais, Paris (one cap.) thec/a (anat., bot.), case, sheath, sac, pl. -ae theirs (no apos.) them/a (Gr.), a theme; pl. -ata Theo. Theodore theocracy a Priest- or god-governed state (cap. with hist. ref. to Jews), not -sy theocrasy mingling of several divine attributes in one god, not -cy Theocritus 3rd C. BC, Greek poet; abbr. Theoc. theol. theolog/y, -ian, -ical theologize not -ise Theoprastus c.370-c.288 BC, Greek philosopher and botanist. abbr. Theoph. theor. theorem theoret. theoretic, -al, -ally theorize not -ise theosoph/y a philosophy professing knowledge of God by inspiration; ical, -ist, -ize Theoto/copuli -kopoulos, see Greco therapeutic/ healing; -s study of healing agents; abbr. therap. therefore (math.) sign Theresa (St) use Ter Th‚rЉse (Fr.) thermodynamics (one word) thermomet/er, -ric abbr. thermom. thermonuclear (one word) Thermopylae (Pass of) Greece; battle, 480 BC THES Times Higher Education Supplement thesaur/us pl. -i thes/is pl. -es Thess. Thessaly; -- (1, 2), Thessalonians (NT) they'll to be printed close up thias/os (anc. Gr.) a gathering to worship a deity, pl. -oi, not -us thicken/, -ed, -er not or, -ing thickset (one word) thimblerig/ a trick, to play this; -ger, -ging (one word) thin/, -ner, -nish thingamy not -ummy think-tank advisory organization (hyphen) third (adj.), abbr. 3rd Third World non-aligned countries of Asia, Afica, and Latin America (caps.) Thirty-nine Articles (the) (hyphen, two caps.) thirty-two-mo (typ.), a book based on 32 leaves, 64 pages, to the sheet; abbr. 32mo Thirty Years War 1618-48 (caps., no apos.) tho' though thole-pin (naut.), one of two which keep an oar in position, not -owl, -owel (hyphen) thol/os (Gr. archit.), a dome-shaped building, esp. a tomb, pl. -oi Thomas abbr. Th. or Thos. Thom/ism doctrine of St Thomas Aquinas; -ist Thompson (Sir Benjamin, Count von Rumford) 1753-1814, American-born founder of Royal Institution, London; -- (Sir D'Arcy Wentworth), 1860-1948, Scottish biologist; -- (Sir Edward Maunde), 1840-1929, English librarian and palaeographer; -- (Francis), 1859-1907, English poet; -- (Silvanus, not Sy-, Phillips), 1851-1916, English physicist Thomsen's disease muscular spasm Thomson (Prof. Arthur) 1858-1935, Scottish anatomist; -- (Sir Charles Wyville), 1830-82, Scottish zoologist; -- (James), 1700-48, Scottish poet, "The Seasons"; -- (James), 1834-82, Scottish poet, "B.V.", "City of Dreadful Night"; -- (Prof. Sir John Arthur), 1861-1933, Scottish zoologist and writer; -- (Joseph), 1858-95, Scottish African traveller; -- (Prof. Sir Joseph John), 1856-1940, English physicist; -- (Sir William, Baron Kelvin, 1824-1907, British mathematician and physicist (hence kelvin, q.v.); -- of Fleet and of Monifieth (Barons) thor/ax (anat. zool.), the part of the body between neck and abdomen or tail, pl. -aces; adj. -acic Thoreau (Henry David) 1817-62, US author and philosopher thorium symbol Th thorough not thoro' thorough-bass (mus.), harmony above bass indicated by system of numerals (hyphen) thorough/bred, -going (one word) Thos. Thomas thou colloq. for thousand, -th (no point or apos.) though abbr. tho' thousand-and-first etc. (hyphens) thow(e)l-pin use thole- thr. through thrall slave, bondage; thraldom, bondage thrash to beat soundly, to strike the waves, make way in water; -- out, to discuss exhaustively. See also thresh threadbare (one word) Threadneedle Street London (two words) threadworm (one word) threefold (one word) three-point turn (one hyphen) three-quarter(s) (hyphen) three Rs (the) reading, writing, arithmetic (no point, no apos.) three/score, -some (one word) threescore and ten seventy (three words) thresh to beat out corn. See also thrash threshing/-floor, -machine (hyphens) threshold not -hhold thrips plant pest, is sing. thrive past throve, partic. thrived thro' use through Throckmorton (Sir Nicholas) 1515-71, English diplomat throes violent pangs Throgmorton Avenue also Street, London, EC Throndhjem use Trondheim through not thro'; Monday through Friday (US), from Monday to Friday inclusive, abbr. thr. throw out (bind.), to mount a diagram, map, etc., upon a page-wide guard so that it may remain in view while other pages are read Thucydides c.460-c.400 BC, Greek historian; abbr. Thuc. thug/ a brutal ruffian (cap. with hist. ref. to assassins in India); -gee, (hist.) the practice of the Thugs, (not thagi), -gery thuja accepted English form of bot. Thuya, the arbor-vitae genus Thule Greenland; -- (Southern), S. Atlantic thulium symbol Tm thumb/-index, -print (hyphens) thumbscrew (one word) thunder (meteor.), abbr. t. thunderstorm (one word) Thursday abbr. Th., Thur., or Thurs. thuya see thuja THWM Trinity High-Water Mark thym/e the herb; adj. -y, not -ey Thynne family name of Marquis of Bath 20.9 Ti... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ti titanium (no point) ti (mus.), use te Tian-Shan mountain range, USSR and China tiara/ turban, diadem, ornamental coronet; -ed, not -'d Tiberias anc. Palestine, now Teverya, Israel Tiberius (in full, Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar), 42 BC-AD 37, second emperor of Rome, 14-37 tibi/a (anat.), inner bone from knee to ankle, pl. -ae Tibullus (Albius) c.50-19 BC, Roman poet; abbr. Tib. tic douloureux facial neuralgia, not dol- (two words) ticket/, -ed, -ing ticket-office (hyphen) tick-tack regular beat, racecourse semaphore, not tic-tac Ticonderoga New York t.i.d. (med.), ter in die (three times a day) tidbit use tit- tiddly (slang), tiny, slightly drunk, not -ey tiddly-wink/ counter; -s, the game, not tiddle(d)y- tide-mark (hyphen) tie, tying not tieing tie/-break, -pin (hyphens) tierce (arch.) wine-measure; (mus.) interval of two octaves and a major third; sequence of three cards. See also terce tierc/el, -et use terc- Tierra del Fuego S. America, not Terra -- -- tiers ‚tat (Fr. m.), third estate, the common people (not caps.) Tietjens (Therese Cathline Johanna) 1830-77, German-born Hungarian soprano, not Titiens Tiffany (Charles Lewis) 1812-92, US jeweller tiffany a gauze muslin tiffin (Anglo-Ind.), light lunch, not -ing Tiflis use Tbilisi tigerish not tigr- Tighnabruaich Strathclyde tight back (bind.), the cover glued to the back, so that it does not become hollow when open tightrope (one word) tigrish use tiger- TIH Their Imperial Highnesses tike use ty- tilde the mark as over the Sp. n, ¤; in Port. til Tilsit (Treaty of) 1807, not -tt Tim. (1, 2) First, Second Epistle to Timothy (NT) timbale (Fr. cook. f.), dish of mince in pastry timbre characteristic quality of sounds of a voice or instrument (not ital.) Timbuktu Mali, not -buctoo; but "Timbuctoo", Tennyson's prize-poem, 1829, and usu. in figurative sense time symbol t timeable not -mable time-and-motion (adj., hyphens) time/bomb, -- exposure (two words) timekeeper (one word) time/-lag, -limit (hyphens) time of day (typ.), to be in numerals, with full point where time includes minutes as well as hours; 9.30 a.m. (or 09.30), 10 a.m. (or 10.00), 4.30 p.m. (or 16.30); but such phrases as half-past two, a quarter to four, should be spelt out timepiece (one word) Times (The)) Normally italic. established 1788 (caps.). The (cap. T, ital.) should always be printed as part of title time/-scale, -sheet, -signal, -switch (hyphens) timetable (one word) timpan/o (mus.), the orchestral kettledrum, not ty-; pl. -i. See also tympanum tin symbol Sn (stannum) tinct. tincture Tindal (Matthew) 1656-1733, English theologian, not -all. See also Tyn- tin foil (two words) tingeing not -ging tin Lizzie an old motor car (one cap.) tin-pan alley the world of popular music (one hyphen, not caps.) tin plate (two words) tinpot (derog.) inferior tinsel/, -led, -ling Tintagel Cornwall, not -iI tintinnabulation ringing of bells tip in (bind.), to insert a plate etc. by pasting its inner margin to the next page tip-off (noun, hyphen) Tipperary town and county, Ireland tippet a cape, not tipet tipstaff/ a bailiff; pl. -s tip/toe, toeing, -top (one word) TIR Transport International Routier tirailleur (Fr. m.), a sharpshooter (not ital.) Tiran‰ Albania, not -na tire of a wheel, use tyre tir‚ … part (Fr. typ. m.), an offprint tiro/ a novice, pl. -s, not tyro Tirol(o) see Tyrol 'tis for it is (apos., close up) tisane use ptisan Tisiphone (myth.), one of the Furies Tit. Titus (NT) tit. title titanic of titanium; colossal (not cap., except with ref. to Titans) Titanic (the) liner sunk by iceberg, 1912 titanium symbol Ti titbit not tid- (one word) Titel/ (Ger. typ. m.), the title; -blatt (n.), title-page; -zeile (f.), headline (caps.) tit for tat (three words) titi S. Amer. monkey (one word) ti-ti NZ mutton-bird (hyphen) Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) 1477-1576, Venetian painter Titiens use Tietjens titillate to excite pleasurably titivate to smarten up, not titt- title-deed (hyphen) title-page (typ.), see preliminary matter title/-piece, -role (hyphens) titles (cited) of articles in periodicals, chapters in books, shorter poems, and songs, to be roman quoted, not italic; of series of books etc., roman (no quotation marks); of books, periodicals, newspapers, plays, long (book-length) poems, paintings, and sculptures (but identificatory descriptions to be roman), to be italic title-sheet (typ.), that containing the preliminary matter titles of honour as LLD, FRS, are usually in caps. Frequently even s. caps give a better general effect. See also capitalization, compound ranks Tito/ pseud. of Josip Broz, 1892-1980, president of Yugoslavia; -ism titre (chem.),strength of solution determined by titration, not -ter titre (Fr. typ. m.), title tittivate use titi- tittup/ to behave or move in a lively way; -ed, -ing, -py Titus/ (Epistle to) (NT), abbr. Tit.; -- (Roman praenomen), abbr. T. T/-joint, -junction (hyphens) 20.10 TKO =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TKO technical knock-out 20.11 Tl... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Tl thallium (no point) TLS Times Literary Supplement TLWM Trinity Low-Water Mark 20.12 TM... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TM transcendental meditation Tm thulium (no point) tmes/is (gram.), division of compound word by intervening word(s), pl. -es 20.13 TN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TN Tennessee (off. postal abbr.) TNT trinitrotoluene 20.14 TO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TO Telegraph Office, turn over toad-in-the-hole (hyphens) toad/stone, -stool (one word) to and fro (adv., three words) toast/-master, -rack (hyphens) Tobago W. Indies, not Ta-. See also Trinidad Tobermore Co. Londonderry Tobermory Isle of Mull, Strathclyde Tobit (Apr.), not to be abbreviated toboggan/ not -ogan; er, ing toby/collar, -- jug (two words not cap.) Toc H Talbot House (no point) Tocqueville (Alexis Charles Henri Maurice Cl‚rel, comte de) 1805-59, French statesman and polit. writer tocsin alarm signal today (one word) to-do commotion (hyphen) toe/ (verb), -d, -ing toe/-cap, -nail (hyphens) toffee not -y toga/ anc. Toman mantle; pl. -s Togo/ Cent. W. Africa, indep. 1960, adj. -lese toile linen cloth toilet not -ette toilet/-paper, -roll (hyphens) toilet/powder, -- soap (two words) toilette (Fr. f.) toilet toing and froing (three words) Toison d'or (Fr. f.) the golden fleece Tokay a Hungarian wine; in Hung. Tokaj Tokyo cap. of Japan, not -io formerly Yeddo Toler in family name of Earl of Norbury Tolkien (John Ronald Reuel) 1892-1973, English writer, not -ein Tolstoy (Count Leo) 1828 1910, Russian novelist, no -oi tomalley so-called liver of lobster, not -ly tomato/ pl. -es tomboy (one word) tom-cat (hyphen tome (Fr. m.), a volume; abbr. t. tommy British private soldier (not cap) tommy/-gun, -rot (hyphens, not cap) tomorrow (one word) Tompion (Thomas) ?1639-1713, English clock-maker tompion use tampion tomtit a small bird (one word) tom-tom Indian etc. drum (hyphen) ton/ (weight), -s, abbr. t ton (Fr.m.) style Tonbridge but Tunbridge Wells, Kent tond/o (It), painting or relief of circular form, pl. -i (not ital.) tone-poem (mus.) (hyphen) Tongking Vietnam not Tun-, Tonkin, Tonquin tongu/e (verb), -ed, -ing tonic sol-fa (one hyphen) tonight (one word) tonn. tonnage tonne metric ton (1,000 kilograms), abbr, t. or te tonneau rear of motor car tonneau (Fr. m.), ton, tun, or cask; abbr. t. tonsil/, -lar, -lectomy, -litis tooling (bind.), impressing a design or lettering on the (usu. leather) binding by hand tooth/ache, -brush (one word) tooth-comb (hyphen) tooth/paste, -pick (one word) topcoat (one word) topgallant mast or sail (one word) top-heavy (hyphen) topi (Anglo-Ind.), a hat, not topee topmast (one word) top-notch first rate (hyphen) topog. topograph/y, -ical top/os stock theme, pl. -oi topsail (one word) tops and tails (typ.), prelims and index etc. topside (naut.) ship's side between water-line and deck; also of beef (one word) topsoil (one word) topsy-turvy (hyphen) Tor Bay Devon Torbay town, Devon torc use torque torchlight (one word) Torino It. for Turin tormentor not -er tornado/ pl. -es torniquet use tour- torpedo/ pl. -es Torphichen (Baron) torque a metal ornament, (mech.) turning effect, not torc Torquemada (Tom s de) 1420-98, Spanish Inquisitor torr (phys.), unit of pressure, with numbers Torr (no point) Torres Vedras fortified town near Lisbon, Portugal; battle, 1810 torso/ (representation of) human trunk, something unfinished or mutilated; pl. -s tortoiseshell (one word) tortue/ (Fr. f.), turtle; -- claire, clear turtle soup Toscanini (Arturo) 1867-1957, Italian conductor totalizator betting device, but Horserace Totalisator Board; colloq. tote totalize to collect into a total, not -ise t'other the other, not tother totidem verbis (Lat.), in so many words toties quoties (Lat.), the one as often as the other toto caelo (Lat.), diametrically opposed, not -- coe- touch‚ (Fr.), acknowledging a hit touch/-line, -type (hyphens) Toulouse-Lautrec (Henri Marie Raymonde de) 1864-1901, French painter toupee a wig, not -‚e, -et tour/ (Fr. m.), a tour; (f.) tower; tour … tour, alternately, in torn; -- de force, a feat of strength or skill; -- de main, sleight of hand touraco/ large Afr. bird, pl. -s, not tu-, -cou, -ko touring-car (hyphen) tourmaline a mineral, sometimes cut as a gem, not -in Tournai Belgium, in Fl. Doornik Tournay France tournedos small fillet of beef with suet, pl. same tourney (take part in) a tournament tourniquet bandage etc., for stopping flow of blood, not torn- Toussaint L'Ouverture (Fran‡ois) 1743-1803, Haitian Negro general and liberator; in Fr. Louverture (no apos.) tout/ … coup (Fr.), suddenly; -- … fait, entirely; -- court, abruptly, or simply; -- de m€me, all the same; -- de suite, immediately; -- d'un coup, all at once; -- ensemble (le), the general effect; -- le monde, all the world, or everybody (no hyphens) tovarish/ comrade, pl. -i; Anglicized from Russ. tovarishch towel/, -ling town abbr. t. town/ councillor not -ilor; abbr. TC; -- hall, -- house (two words) Townshend (Marquess) township abbr. t. toxaemia blood-poisoning, not -xemia toxicol. toxicolog/y, -ical toxin a poison, not -ine toxophilite (student, lover) of archery 20.15 Tpr. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Tpr. Trooper 20.16 Tr.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Tr. trustee tr. translat/ed, -ion, -or Trabzon Turkey, formerly Trebizond tracasserie fuss, annoyance (not cap.) traceable not -cable trache/a the windpipe; pl. -ae track suit (two words) Tractarian/; -ism the Oxford or High-Church Movement of mid-nineteenth century (cap.) tractor not -er trad colloq. for traditional (jazz); also as abbr. (point) tradable not -eable trade/ mark, -- name (two words); see proprietary terms trade/union (not trades union), pl. -- unions (two words), abbr. TU, but Trades Union Congress, abbr. TUC; -unionism, -unionist (hyphens) trade wind (two words) traduction (Fr. f.), translation traffic/, -ked, -ker, -king; -- jam (two words) traffic-light (hyphen) trag. tragedy, tragic tragedi/an a writer of tragedies, a tragic actor; -enne, a tragic actress tragicomedy a drama of mixed tragic and comic elements (one word) trahison des clercs (Fr. f.), betrayal of standards by the intellectuals traipse to trudge, not now trapes trait a characteristic trait d'union (Fr. typ. m.), the hyphen trammel/ to entangle; -led, -ling trampoline sprung canvas sheet used by acrobats, gymnasts, etc., not -in tranche portion of income etc. (not ital.) tranny colloq. for transistor (radio), not -ie tranquil/, -lity, -lize not -ise, -ly trans. transactions, transitive, translat/ed, -ion, -or transact/, -or transalpine (one word, not cap.) transatlantic (one word, not cap.) transcontinental (one word) transexual use transs- transf. transferred transfer/, -able, -ee, -ence, -red, -rer, -ring transgress/ to pass beyond the limit of; -ible, -or tranship/, -ment (one word), not transs- transition literary monthly, 1927-38 (not cap.) transitive (gram.), (of verb) taking a direct object; abbr. trans. or transit. Transkei S. Afr., indep. 1976 translat/ed, -ion, or abbr. tr. or trans.; -able transmissible not -mittable transonic relating to speeds close to that of sound, not transs- transpontine on the south side of the Thames. See also cispontine transpose (typ.), to interchange letters, words, lines of type, etc.; see proof-correction marks transsexual not transexual transsonic use transonic Transvaal prov. of S. Africa; abbr. Tvl. Transylvania Romania trapes to trudge, use traipse trattoria (It.), Italian-style restaurant trauma/ wound or shock, pl. -s travail/, -ed, -ing travel/, -led, -ler, -ling travel agent (two words) Travellers' Club London (apos. after s) travois N. Amer. Ind. vehicle, pl. same Trawsfynydd Cwynedd TRC Thames Rowing Club tread past trod, partic. trodden treadmill (one word) Treas. treasurer, treasury trecent/o 1300-99, and It. art and literature of that century; -ist (not ital.) tre corde (mus.), direction in piano-music to release soft pedal. See also una corda Treitschke (Heinrich von) 1834-96, German historian trek/ (Afrik.),journey (verb and noun); not -ck; -ked, -ker, -king trellis/ not -ice; -work (hyphen) trematode (noun or adj.), (of) flatworm, not -oid tremolo/ (mus.), tremulous effect or device producing this, pl. -s tremor not -our Trengganu see Malaya (Federation of) trente-et-quarante (Fr. m.), a game of chance (hyphens) trepan/ (to use) a surgeon's saw, a borer; to trap; -ation, -ned, -ning Tresco Scilly Trescowe Cornwall Tresilian Bay S. Glamorgan Tresillian Cornwall trestle a table support, not tressel TrЉves use Trier trevet use trivet TRH Their Royal Highnesses tribrach (prosody), foot of three short syllables trichology study of the hair tricolour (flag) having three colours, esp. the French flag; in Fr. m. drapeau tricolore tricorn (imaginary animal) with three horns, not -ne trienni/al lasting, or occurring every, three years; -um period of three years, pl. -ums Trier W. Germany, not TrЉves trig. trigonometry trigesimo-secundo use thirty-twomo, q.v. trigon. trigonometr/y, -ical trillion in Britain, France (since 1948), and Germany, a million million millions; in US, a million millions. See also billion trimeter (prosody), verse of three measures Trin. Trinity Trinidad and Tobago W. Indies, indep. 1962 Trinity Sunday the one after Whit Sunday triphthong three vowels in a single syllable, as eau in beau tripos honours examination for BA at Cambridge triptych set of three painted or carved panels, hinged together triptyque a customs permit for a motor car triquetr/a ornament of three interlaced arcs, pl. -ae; adj. -al trireme anc. Gr. ship with three banks of oars Tristan da Cunha S. Atlantic, not -- d'Acunha Tristan und Isolde opera by Wagner, 1865 Tristram knight of the Round Table (usual Eng. form of Tristan) tritium symbol T triturat/e to grind finely; -or triumvir/ one of a committee of three; Eng. pl. -s; Lat. pl. -i; collective noun -ate trivet iron bracket hooked to a grate, not tre- trivia trifles, is plural trocar (med.), instrument for withdrawing fluid from the body, not troch- troche (med.), a medicated lozenge troch/ee a foot of two syllables; adj. -aic troika Russian vehicle drawn by three horses abreast; (fig.) a committee of three trolley not trolly trollop a slatternly woman Trollope (Anthony) 1815-82, and -- (Frances), 1780-1863, his mother, English novelists trompe-l'oeil (Fr. m.), an illusion, esp. in still-life painting or plaster ornament Trondheim Norway, formerly Trondhjem, not Th-, Dront- troop/ assembly of soldiers etc.; in pl. of armed forces generally; -er, abbr. Tpr. See also troupe tropaeolum/ a trailing plant; pl. -s. As bot. genus, TropaeoIom tropical (not cap.) troposphere the lower atmosphere, where temperature falls with rise in height. See also stratosphere troppo (mus.), too much Trotsky/ (Leon) pseud. of Lev Davidovich Bronstcin, 1879-1940, Russian revolutionary, not -tz-, -ki; -ism, -ist, -ite trottoir (Fr. m.), footway, pavement troup/e company of performers; -er. See also troop trousseau/ bride's outfit; pl. -s (not ital.) trouvaille (Fr. f.), a lucky find trouvЉre medieval poet in N. France troy weight (not cap.): 1 troy pound (approx. 373 g.) = 12 troy ounces; 1 troy ounce = 20 pennyweights TRRL Transport and Road Research Laboratory Trs. Trustees Trucial States Arabia, seven independent sheikhdoms, now United Arab Emirates Trudeau (Pierre Elliott) b. 1919, Canadian statesman trudgen stroke in swimming Truman (Harry S) 1884-1972, US politician, President 1945-53 (no point after the S) trumpet/, -ed, -ing Truron: sig. of Bp. of Truro (colon) Trustee abbr. Tr., pl. Trs. 20.17 TS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TS (paper), tub-sized, typescript tsar emperor of Russia; tsarevich, his eldest son, not cesarevitch; tsarevna, his dau.; tsarina, his wife (in Russ. tsaritsa) (caps. as titles); not cs-, cz-, tz- Tsaritsyn USSR, now Volgograd Tsarskoe Selo near St Petersburg (now Leningrad), imperial residence; renamed Detskoe Selo and, later, Pushkin; not Tz-, Z- TSB Trustee Savings Bank Tschaikowsky (P. I.) use Tchaikovsky tsetse African fly, not tzetze TSH Their Serene Highnesses T/-shirt, -square (hyphens) tsp. teaspoonful tsunami (Jap.), tidal wave (not ital.) t.s.v.p. tournez s'il vous plaЊt (Fr.) please turn over, PTO Tswana (language of) Bechuana people 20.18 TT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TT teetotal, Tourist Trophy, tuberculin tested TTS (typ., comp.), teletypesetting 20.19 TU... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TU trade union, -s tub/a bass saxhorn; pl. -as TЃbingen town and university, W. Germany TUC Trades Union Congress tuck/-box, -shop (hyphens) Tuesday abbr. Tu., Tue., or Tues. Tuileries Paris (one l) tulle fine silk fabric tumbrel a cart, not -il tumour a morbid growth, not -or tumul/us anc. burial mound; pl. -i (not ital.) tun/ (cask), -s, abbr. t. Tunbridge Wells but Tonbridge, Kent tuneable not tunable Tungking use Tongking tungsten wolfram, symbol W Tunisia N. Africa, indep. 1956, cap. Tunis tunnel/, -led, -ling tu quoque! (Lat.), so are you! tura/co, -cou, -ko use touraco turbo/-jet, -prop (hyphens) Turco/ (hist.), Algerian soldier In French army; pl. -s; not -ko Turco- comb. form of Turkish, not Turko Turcoman use Turkoman Turcophile one friendly to the Turks Turgenev (Ivan Sergeevich) 1818-83, Russian novelist, not the many variants Turin Italy in It. Torino Turk. Turkey. -ish turkey red (not cap.) Turki (of) group of Ural-Altaic languages Turkish language of Turkey; see accents Turkistan a region of cent. Asia, not Turke- Turkmenistan a Soviet Socialist Republic. See also USSR Turko- use Turco- Turkoman/ an inhabitant or language of Turkmenistan, not Turco-, pl. -s Turku Finland, in Swed. Џbo turn/, -ed sort (typ.), a sort correctly or mistakenly printed upside-down or on its side; -ed commas, name for quotation marks, q.v. Turner (Joseph Mallord William not Mall/ad, -ard), 1775-1851, English painter turning/-circle, -point (hyphens) Turnour family name of Earl Winterton turn-out (noun, hyphen) turn over abbr. TO turnover (noun and adj., one word) turn-round (noon, hyphen) turntable (one word) Tuskar Rock lighthouse, Co. Wexford Tuskegee Institute Ala., US tusser Ind. or Chin. silk(worm), not -ah, -ore tussock clump of grass, not -ac(k) Tutankhamun Egyptian pharaoh, not -amen tutti/ (mus.), (passage performed with) all instruments or voices together, pl. -s tutti-frutti confection (hyphen) tutu ballet-dancer's skirt, NZ shrub (one word) tuum (Lat.), thine. see also meum Tuvalu/ W. Pacific, formerly Ellice Is., indep. 1976; adj. -an tu-whit, tu-whoo (to make) an owl's city tuyЉre furnace-nozzle 20.20 TV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TV television TVA (US), Tennessee Valley Authority TvI. Transvaal 20.21 TWA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TWA Trans World Airlines Twain (Mark) see Clemens 'twas for "it was" (apos., close up) Tweeddale district of Borders; -- (Marquis of) Twelfth/ Day 6 Jan.; -- Night, 5 Jan. twelvemo see duodecimo twenty-fourmo (typ.), a book based on 24 leaves, 48 pages, to the sheet; abbr. 24mo twentymo (typ.), a book based on 20 leaves, 40 pages, to the sheet; abbr. 20mo 'twere, 'twill for "it were", "it will" (apos., close up) twerp stupid person, not -irp twilit illuminated (as if) by twilight Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes family name of Baron Saye and Sele 'twixt for "betwixt" (apos.) twofold (one word) two/-foot, -inch, -mile, -pound, -stroke, -ton (adjs., hyphens) twosome (one word) 'twould for "it would" (apos., close up) 20.22 TX =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TX Texas (off. postal abbr.) 20.23 TYC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- TYC Thames Yacht Club tyke an objectionable fellow; a Yorkshireman, not ti- Tyler (John) 1790-1863, US President 1841-5; -- (Wat), d 1381, English rebel Tylers and Bricklayers livery company Tylor (Sir Edward Burnett) 1832-1917, English anthropologist tympan/um the ear-drum; pl. -a. See also timpano Tyndale (William) 1484-1536, English priest, translated Bible, burned at stake Tyndall (John) 1820-93, English physicist Tyne and Wear metropolitan county Tynemouth Tyne & Wear. See also Teign- Tynwald Manx assembly typ. typograph/er, -ic, -ical, -ically type a piece of metal having on one end a letter or character in relief used in letterpress printing; also called sort. See also height to paper type/face, -founder, -script, -setting (one word) type metal an alloy of lead, antimony, and tin typescript abbr. TS typewriter the machine typist the user of a typewriter typograph/ic (typ.), of a printing process based on raised letters etc. which alone come into contact with ink and paper; see also letterpress; -y, the design of printed matter tyrannize not -ise tyre (of a wheel), not tire tyro use tiro Tyrol/ region of Austria and Italy, in Ger. Tirol, in It. Tirolo; adj. -ese 20.24 tzar... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- tzar etc., use ts- Tzarskoye Selo use Tsarskoe -- tzetze use tsetse 21.0 U =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 21.1 U... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- U upper-class (see also non-U), uranium, the twentieth in a series U Burmese title (not an abbr.) U. Unionist, film-censorship classification u unified atomic mass unit u. (Ger.) und (and), unter (among), (meteor.) ugly, threatening weather љ Ѓ, in German etc., may not be replaced by Ue, ue (except in some proper names), or U, u u.a. (Cer.), unter anderem (among other things) 21.2 UAE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UAE United Arab Emirates UAR United Arab Republic, 1958-71 љbersetzung (Ger. f), translation ubique (Lat.), everywhere ubi supra (Lat.), in the place above (mentioned); abbr. u.s. 21.3 U-boat =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- U-boat German submarine (hyphen) 21.4 UC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UC University College u.c. (typ.), upper case (but in proof correction (q.v.) and copy preparation specify "cap" or "sc"), (It. mus.) una corda (q.v.) UCATT Union of Construction, Allied Trades, and Technicians UCC Universal Copyright Convention UCCA Universities' Central Council on Admissions UCD University College, Dublin UCH University College Hospital, London UCL University College London UCLA University of California at Los Angeles UCS University College School UCW Union of Communications Workers, University College of Wales 21.5 Udaipur... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Udaipur India, not Odeypore, Oodey-, Ude- udal/ freehold right based on continuous occupation, not odal; -ler, -man (one word) Udall (Nicholas) 1505-56, English playwright UDC Universal Decimal Classification, Urban District Council UDI unilateral declaration of independence UDR Ulster Defence Regiment 21.6 UEA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UEA University of East Anglia UEFA Union of European Football Associations 21.7 UFAW... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UFAW Universities Federation for Animal Welfare UFC United Free Church (of Scotland) Uffizi Gallery and Palace Florence, not -izzi UFO unidentified flying object; also ufo/, pl. -s 21.8 Uganda... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ugand/a Africa, indep. 1962, republic 1963; adj. -an UGC University Grants Committee Ugley village in Essex ugli/ a citrus fruit, pl. -s 21.9 UHF... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UHF ultra-high frequency uhlan a Prussian lancer UHT ultra heat tested (long-keeping milk) 21.10 u.i.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- u.i. ut infra (as below) Uitlander (Afrik.), foreigner 21.11 UJD =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UJD Utriusque Juris Doctor (Doctor of Laws) 21.12 UK... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UK United Kingdom UKAEA United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority ukase in Russ. ukaz, an edict, not oukaz ukiyo-e school of Japanese art Ukraine properly Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the republics forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (see USSR); not Little Russia; adj. Ukrainian ukulele small guitar, not uke- 21.13 Ullswater... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ullswater Cumbria, not Ulles- uln/a lower-arm bone, pl. -ae (not ital.) Ulster/ Ireland; -man, -woman (one word) ulster a coat (not cap.) ult. see ultimo ultima ratio/ (Lat.), the last resource; -- -- regum, resort to arms ultima Thule distant unknown region (one cap., ital.) ultimatum/ final proposal; pl. -s ultimo in, or of, the last month; better not abbreviated ultimum vale (Lat.), the last farewell ultimus haeres (Lat., the final heir), the crown or the state ultra/ (Lat.), beyond, extreme; -- vires, beyond legal power ultra-high (of frequency) (hyphen) ultra/ist, -ism ultra/sonic, -violet (one word) Ulyanov see Lenin 21.14 Umbala... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Umbala, -balla use Ambala umbel/ (hot.), flower-cluster; -lar, -late umble pie use humble umbo/ boss of shield, pl. -s umbr/a (astr.), a shadow; pl. -ae UMIST University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology umlaut see Ћ, „; ™, ”; љ, Ѓ and accents Umritsur use Amritsar 21.15 UN... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UN United Nations, not UNO, Uno un- (words in), for further spellings see the corresponding positive forms 'un colloq. for one (as in good 'un) (apos.) UNA United Nations Association una corda (mus.), direction in piano-music to use soft pedal. See also tre corde unadvisable (of person) not open to advice. See also inadvisable un-American (hyphen, cap.) unanim/ous, -ity (a, not an) unappealing (one l) unauthorized not -ised una voce (Lat.), unanimously unbaptized not -ised unberufen (Ger.), absit omen unbiased not -ssed unbribable not -eable unbusinesslike (one word) uncared-for (hyphen) unchangeable not -gable unchristian (one word) uncircumcised not -ized unclench cf. clench unclinch cf. clinch uncome-at-able inaccessible (two hyphens) uncooperative (one word) uncoordinated (one word) UNCSTD United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development unctuous greasy, not -ious undeniable not -ny- under- prefix joined to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, normally forms one word (see the cases given below), but note under-part, under-secretary, under-sexed, under-shrub, under-side, under-surface under/achieve, -act, -carriage, -clothes, -coat, -cover (adj.), -current, -cut, -developed, -dog, -em- phasis, -emphasize, not -ise, -employed, -estimate, -ex- pose, -ground, -growth, -hand (one word) underlay (typ.), to make formes, blocks, etc., type-high by placing card or paper underneath underlie but underlying underline (typ.), caption to iIlustration, diagram, etc. See also proof-correction marks under/manned, -mentioned (one word) under-part subordinate part or role (hyphen) under/privileged, -rate (one word) underproof containing less alcohol than proof spirit does, abbr. u.p. (one word) under-runners (typ.), excess of marginal notes which are continued below body of text, generally at foot of page. See also shoulder-notes undersea (one word) under-secretary (hyphen, caps. as title) undersell (one word) under/-sexed, -shrub, -side (hyphens) under/signed, -sized, -skirt, -staffed (one word) under-surface (hyphen) under/tone, -value, -water (adj.) (one word) under way in motion (two words) underweight (one word) underwrite/, -r (one word) undies colloq. for (women's) underclothing UNDRO United Nations Disaster Relief Organization unenclosed not unin- un-English (hyphen, cap.) Unesco United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization unexception/able that cannot be faulted; -al, not unusual Ungarn Ger. for Hungary unget-at-able inaccessible (two hyphens) unguent ointment ungul/a hoof, talon, pl. -ae unheard-of (hyphen) Uniat (member of) Eastern Church in communion with Rome, not -ate Unicef United Nations (International) Children's (Emergency) Fund unidea'd having no ideas, not -aed Unido United Nations Industrial Development Organisation Unionist abbr. U. unionize bring into trade-union organization (one word, not -ise) un-ionized not ionized (hyphen, not -ised) Union Jack (two words) unisex tendency of sexes to be indistinguishable in dress etc.; (adj.) of clothes wearable by either sex (one word) Unit. Unitarian, -ism United Arab/ Emirates group of seven Emirates on Persian Gulf, abbr. UAE; -- Republic, 1958-71; abbr. UAR United/ Free Church of Scotland (caps.), abbr. UFC; -- Kingdom (caps.), abbr. UK; -- Presbyterian/, abbr. UP; -- -- Church (caps.), abbr. UPC; -- Service Club (not Services). See also US, USAF USI, USIS, USN, USPG, USS units see BSI, SI Univ. University; (in Oxford) University College Univers (typ.), a sanserif (q.v.) fount; not a generic term for sanserif face universal (a, not an); abbr. univ. Universal Copyright Convention adopted 1952, effective in sixteen countries (incl. US) from 1955, in UK 1957, and in USSR 1973. Basically each member-nation (now more than sixty) extends benefit of its own copyright laws to works by citizens of other member-nations, regardless of place of original publication. See also Berne Convention, copyright notice; abbr. UCC universalize not -ise Universal Time abbr. UT University College London (no comma), abbr. UCL unjustified setting (typ.), composition with a single invariable word-space, giving an uneven right-hand margin (as in this book) Unknown Soldier unidentified soldier representing casualties in war (caps.) unladylike (one word) unlicensed not -ced unm. unmarried unmanageable not -gable UNO or Uno, United Nations Organization, use UN uno animo (Lat.), unanimously unparalleled not -elled unperson person whose identity is denied or ignored (one word) unpractical not suitable for actual conditions, not -im. See also impracticable. unputdownable (of book) (one word) unridable not -eable unrivalled not -aled Unrra United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Unrwa United Nations Relief Works Agency unsaleable not -lable unscalable not -eable unselfconscious (one word) unserviceable not -cable unsewn binding (bind.), method in which the gatherings of each volume are clamped together, their back folds sheared off, and the resultant leaf-edges glued to a flexible backing unshakeable not -kable unskilful not -skill- untraceable not -cable un/trammelled, -travelled (one word, not -eled) unwieldy cumbersome, not -ldly 21.16 UP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UP United Presbyterian; United Press; Uttar Pradesh (formerly United Provinces), India u.p. underproof; (colloq.), all up (with someone) up. upper up-and/-coming (colloq.), likely to succeed; -- - -- -over (adj.), of door (hyphens) Upanishad a Sanskrit philosophical treatise upbeat (one word) up/field, -hill (one word) up/ish, -ity use upp- up-market (adj., hyphen) upper case (typ.), in handsetting, the case containing capitals, small capitals, numerals, and signs; hence a generic term See also manuscript, capitalization Upper Volta W. Africa, indep. 1960 upp/ish self-assertive; -ity, arrogant, snobbish, not upi- Uppsala Sweden, not Ups- upright (one word) upside-down (one hyphen) up/stage, -stairs, -stream (one word) upsy-daisy encouragement spoken to child, not ups-a- (hyphen) uptight (colloq.), nervously tense (one word) up to date (hyphens when attrib.) UPU Universal Postal Union upwind (one word) 21.17 uraemia... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- uraemia (path.), not ure- Urania (Gr.), muse of astronomy uranium symbol U Uranus Greek mythology and astronomy urari use curare urbanize not -ise urbi et orbi (Lat.), to the city (Rome) and the world Urdu an off. language of Pakistan urethr/a (anat.), pl. -ae URI upper respiratory infection urim and thummim Exod. 28:30, are plurals Uruguay/ abbr. Uru.; adj. -an 21.18 US... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- US United Service, -- States u.s. ubi supra (in the place above [mentioned]), ut supra (as above) u/s unserviceable USA United States of America usable not -eable USAF United States Air Force USCL United Society for Christian Literature USDAW Union of Shop, Distributive, and Allied Workers usf. (Ger.), und so fort (and so on) Usher Hall Edinburgh USI United Service Institution (not Services) USIS United States Information Service USN United States Navy USPG United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel usquebaugh (Gaelic), whisky USS United States Ship; Universities Superannuation Scheme Ussher (James), 1581-1656, Irish divine, Abp. of Armagh US spellings . Noteworthy differences from British usage such as aluminum, maneuver, and pajamas are given in their alphabetical places. The following general categories of US usage should also be noted: 1. e for ae and oe, initially as in esthete, eon, and estrogen, and medially as in fetus and toxemia. 2. -ense for -ence in the words defense, license (noun and verb), offense, and pretense. 3. -er for -re, as in center, fiber, and theater (but others such as acre, lucre, and ogre are the same as in British usage). 4. O for ou, as in mold; in particular -or for -our, as in color, harbor, and tumor. 5. z occasionally for soft s, as in cozy and (despite etymology) analyze. 6. Final -e is often omitted before a suffix beginning with a vowel where in British usage it is retained, as in milage and salable. But after soft c and g it is always retained, as in British usage. 7. Final -l in words stressed on any syllable but the last is not usually doubled as in British usage when followed by a suffix beginning with a vowel, as in counselor, teetotaler, rivaled, and traveling; note also clarinetist. 8. Final -ogue is sometimes shortened to -og, as in analog, catalog, epilog, and pedagog USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, comprising the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Armenian, Azerbaijan, Estonian, Georgian, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Latvian, Lithuanian, Moldavan, Tadjik, Turkmen, Ukrainian, Uzbek, and White Russian (Belorussian) Soviet Socialist Republics. usu. usual, -ly usucaption (law), acquisition of title by continued occupation of property, not -capion usurper not -or usw. (Ger.), und so weiter (and so on) 21.19 UT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UT Universal Time, Utah (q.v.) Utah off. postal abbr. UT Utakamand use Ootacamund Utd. United ut dictum (Lat.), as directed; abbr. ut dict. U Thant 1909-74, Burmese statesman, Sec.-Gen. of UN 1962-71 utilize not -ise ut infra (Lat.), as below; abbr. u.i. uti possidetis (Lat.), as you now possess (opposed to status quo ante) Utopia/, -n (caps.) UTS ultimate tensile strength ut supra (Lat.), as above; abbr. u.s. Uttar Pradesh India, formerly United Provinces, abbr. UP U/-tube, -turn (hyphens) ut videtur (Lat.), as it seems 21.20 UU =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UU Ulster Unionist 21.21 UV =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- UV ultraviolet 21.22 U/W... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- U/W underwriter UWlST University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology UWT Union of Women Teachers 21.23 uxor =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- uxor (Lat.), wife; abbr. ux. 21.24 Uzbekistan =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Uzbekistan a Soviet Socialist Republic, not Uzbeg-. See also USSR 22.0 V =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 22.1 V... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- V five, vanadium, (elec.) volt(s), (Ger.) Vergeltungswaffe (reprisal weapon: V1, flying bomb; V2, rocket); not used in the numeration of series V. Vice, Volunteers v. verse, verso, versus, very, (meteor.) unusual visibility, (Ger.) von (of) v (mech.), velocity v. (Lat.), vice (in place of), vide (see), (It. mus.) violino (violin), voce (voice) 22.2 VA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VA Vicar Apostolic, vice-admiral, (Order of) Victoria and Albert (for ladies), Virginia (off. postal abbr.) Va. Virginia (off. abbr.); (mus.) viola v.a. verb active; (Lat.) vixit... annos (lived [so many] years) vaccinat/e to inoculate with vaccine; -ion, -or vacillat/e to move from side to side, to waver; -ion, -or vacu/um pl. -ums, or -a in scientific and technical use vacuum/ cleaner, -- flask, -- pump (two words) VAD Voluntary Aid Detachment (for nursing) vade-mecum/ a handbook or other article carried on the person; pl. -s (hyphen) vae victis! (lat.), woe to the vanquished! vaille que vaille (Fr.), whatever it may be worth, at all events vainglor/y, -ious (one word) Vaisya Hindu farmer and merchant caste valance short curtain or drapery. See also valence vale! (Lat.), farewell!, pl. valete!; vale (noun), a farewell (not ital.) valence (chem.), combining power of an element. See also valance, valency Valencia Ireland, Spain Valenciennes rich kind of lace (cap.) valency (chem.), unit of combining power of an element. See also valence Valentia (Viscount) not -cia valentine a sweetheart; a card or message sent to or received by one (not cap.) Valentine's Day (St) 14 Feb. (apos.) valet a gentleman's personal attendant (not ital.) valeta use vel- Valetta Malta, use Vall- Valhalla (Norse myth.), palace in which souls of dead heroes feasted, not W-. See also Hel Valkyrie (Norse myth.), each of Odin's twelve handmaidens, pl. same, not W- Valladolid Spain Valletta Malta, not Vale-, -eta Vallombrosa N. Italy, not Vallam- valorize artificially fix price, not -ise valour but valorous Valparaiso Chile valse/ waltz; valse … deux temps, … trois temps (Fr., no hyphens), variations of the waltz value added tax (three words), abbr. VAT van van den, van der, as prefix to a proper name, usu. not initial cap., except at beginning of sentence. Signatures to be copied vanadium symbol V Van Allen belt or layer, of radiation surrounding the earth Vanbrugh (Sir John) 1664-1726, English architect and playwright Van Buren (Martin) 1782-1862, US President 1837-41 V. & A. Victoria and Albert Museum Vandal (member) of Germanic people of 4th-5th cc. (cap.); vandal, wilful destroyer of art or property (not cap.) vandalize not -ise van de Graaff (Robert Jemison) 1905-67, US physicist Van Diemen's Land not -- Dieman's -- (apos.) now Tasmania Van Dijck (Christoffel) 1601-?69, typefounder; his work (now largely lost) served as model for Caslon (q.v.) and for the Monotype van Dijck (1935) Van Dyck (Sir Anthony) 1599-1641, Flemish painter (two words); Anglicized form Vandyke/ (one word), used to denote a work by him, and in -- beard, -- brown; vandyke, each of series of points bordering lace etc. (not cap.) Vane-Tempest-Stewart family name of Marquess of Londonderry (hyphens) Van Eyck (Hubert) 1366-1426, and -- (Jan), 1385-1440, his brother, Flemish painters Van Gogh (Vincent) 1853-90, Dutch painter Vanhomrigh (Esther) 1692-1723, Swift's 'Vanessa' Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. publishers Van't Hoff (Jacobus Hendricus) 1852-1911, Dutch physicist and chemist Vanuatu formerly New Hebrides, indep. 1980 vaporiz/e not -ise; -er, not -or vapour but vapor/ific, -iform, -imeter, -ous Var river and d‚p. France var. (biol.) variety Varanasi see Benares vari/a lectio/ (Lat.), a variant reading, abbr. v.l.; pl. -ae -nes, abbr. vv.ll. variegated diversified (usu. in colour) variety (biol.), abbr. var. See also botany variorum edition one with notes by various commentators variorum notae (Lat.), notes by commentators vas/ (anat.), a duct; pl. -a vascul/um a botanist's specimen-case; pl. -a vas deferens spermatic duct, pl. vasa deferentia vasectomy excision of vas deferens Vaseline propr. term for type of petroleum jelly (cap.) vassal feudal retainer Vassar College New York VAT value added tax Vat. Vatican Vaudois use Waldenses Vaughan Williams (Ralph) 1872-1958, English composer Vauvenargues (Luc de Clapiers, marquis de) 1715-47, French writer v. aux. verb auxiliary Vaux of Harrowden (Baron) 22.3 vb. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- vb. verb 22.4 VC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VC vice-chairman, -- -chancellor, -- -consul, Victoria Cross VCH Victoria County History v. Chr. (Ger.), vor Christo or vor Christi Geburt, BC 22.5 VD... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VD venereal disease, Volunteer (Officers') Decoration v.d. various dates v. dep. verb deponent VDH valvular disease of the heart VDU (comp.), visual display unit 22.6 VE... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VE victory in Europe (VE day 8 May 1945) veau (Fr. m.), calf, (cook.) veal, (bind.) calf, calfskin VEB Volkseigener Betrieb, state-owned company (GDR) Veda (sing. and pl.), anc. Hindu scriptures (cap.) Vedda aboriginal of Sri Lanka vedette mounted sentinel, patrol boat, not vi- veg colloq. for vegetable(s) (no point) Vega (Garcilaso de la) see Garcilaso Vega Carpio (Lope Felix de) known as Lope de Vega, 1562-1635, Spanish playwright and poet vehmgericht German medieval system of tribunals (not ital.); adj. vehmic veille (Fr. f.), the day before, eve. See also vieille, vielle Vel zquez (Diego Rodriguez de Silva y) 1599-1660, Spanish painter, not Velas- veld (Afrik.), open country, not -dt veleta a dance in triple time; not val- Velikovsky (Immanuel) 1895-1979, Russian-born writer on astronomy vellum/ fine parchment; -- - paper, that imitating vellum veloce (mus.), quickly velocity (mech.), symbol v velour plushlike fabric, not -ours velout‚ (cook.), sauce of white stock mixed with cooked butter and flour (not ital.) vel/um membrane, pl. -a velveteen velvet-like cotton fabric velvety not -tty Ven. Venerable (used for archdeacons only) ven/a cav/a each of veins carrying blood to heart, pl. -ae -ae venal/ (of person) bribable; (of conduct) sordid; -ity, -ly. See also venial venation arrangement of veins in leaf Vend‚e (La) d‚p. France; adj. Vendean, of the royalist party, 1793-5 vend/ee person to whom one sells; -er, use -or vendetta/ a blood feud, pl. -s (not ital.) vendeuse (Fr. f.), saleswoman vendible that may be sold, not -able Vend“me d‚p. Loir-et-Cher, France; Colonne --, and Place --, Paris vendor seller, not -er venepuncture (med.), puncture of a vein, not veni- venerat/e, -or venere/al, -ology venery (arch.), hunting; sexual indulgence venesection phlebotomy, not veni- Venet. Venetian venetian blind (not cap.) Venezuela S. American rep.; abbr. Venez. venial (of sin) pardonable. See also venal Venice Italy, in Fr. Venise, Ger. Venedig, It. Venezia Venn diagram set of circles representing logical categories (one cap.) venose having prominent veins ven/ous of the veins, -osity ventilat/e, -or ventre … terre (Fr.), at full speed ventriloquize not -ise Venus's/ comb a white-flowered weed; -- fly-trap, a herb; -- girdle, ribbon-like jellyfish; -- slipper, lady's slipper (one cap., -us's) veranda not -ah verb abbr. vb. verb. (Ger.), verbessert (improved, revised) verbalize to put into words, not -ise verbatim (Lat.), word for word (not ital.) verboten (Ger.), forbidden verbum satis sapienti (Lat.), a word to the wise suffices; abbr. verb. sap. verd-antique a stone, not verde- (hyphen) verderer forester, not -or verdigris green rust on copper, not verde- Verein (Ger. m.), Association (cap.) Vereinigte Staaten Ger. for United States (of America) Vereshchagin (Vasili Vasilievich) 1842-1904, Russian painter Verey light use Very Verfasser (Ger. m.), author, abbr. Verf. verger an attendant in a church. See also virger Vergil (Polydore) 1470-1555, Italian humanist Vergilius (Publius -- Maro) 70-19 BC, Roman poet, usu. Anglicized as Virgil verglas thin layer of ice or sleet (not ital.) vergleiche (Ger.), compare; abbr. vgl. verismo/ realism in art, pl. -s (not ital.) Verlag (Ger. m.), publishing house vermilion not -llion Vermont off. abbr. Vt. or (postal) VT vermouth an appetizer Verner's law (phonet.), relating to voicing of fricatives in Germanic languages (one cap.) Veronese (Paolo) 1528-88, Italian painter, real name Cagliari Verrocchio (Andrea del) 1435-88, Italian painter and sculptor, not the many variants verruc/a wart, pl. -ae Versailles near Paris vers de soci‚t‚ (Fr. m.), society verses verse abbr. v. or ver., pl. vv. versicle short verse in liturgy said or sung by minister, followed by people's (or choir's) response (See Figure 4 in topic FRONT_4) vers libre (Fr. m.), free verse verso/ (typ.), the left-hand page, usu. having an even page number, 2, 4, 6, etc.; abbr. v. (not ital.); pl. -s versus (Lat.), against (not ital.); abbr. v. or vs. vert (her.), green vert. vertical vertebr/a a segment of the backbone; pl. -ae (not ital.) vertebrate animal with a spinal column, of phylum Vertebrata vert/ex biggest point, angular point of triangle etc.; pl. -ices vertical abbr. vert. vertig/o giddiness, pl. -os; adj. -inous vertu use virtu Vertue (George) 1684-1756, English engraver verve spirit (not ital.) vervet small Afr. monkey Verwoerd (Hendrik Frensch) 1901-66, Prime Minister of Republic of South Africa, 1958-66 Very light a flare fired from a pistol, not Verey Very Revd Very Reverend (for deans, provosts, and former moderators) vespiary a nest of wasps Vespucci (Amerigo) 1454-1512, Italian navigator vestigia (Lat. pl.), traces vet/ colloq. for veterinary surgeon (no point); to examine carefully; -ted, -ting veteran car made before 1916. See also vintage veto/ ban; pl. -es veuf (Fr. m.), widower veuve (Fr. f.), widow; abbr. Vve Vevey Switzerland, not -ay vexata quaestio (Lat.), a disputed question vexillology study of flags (three ls) vexill/um anc. Rom. military standard, pl. -a (not ital.) 22.7 v.f. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.f. very fair 22.8 VG... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VG Vicar-General v.g. very good vgl. (Ger. for cf.), vergleiche, compare 22.9 VHF =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VHF very high frequency 22.10 v.i.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.i. verb intransitive v.i. (Lat.), vide infra (see below) via by way of; not -ѓ (not ital.) via media (Lat.), a middle course (ital.) vibrato/ (mus.), rapid variation of pitch, pl. -s vibrator not -er Vic. vicar, -age, Victoria vicar/ in Ch. of England, an incumbent of a parish who is not a rector, q.v.; adj. -ial Vicar/-Apostolic abbr. VA; -- -General, VG vicarious delegated, exercised or suffered by one person for another Vicar's College a cathedral residence vice a tool, US vise vice in place of (ital.) vice/ abbr. V.; -- -admiral, abbr. VA; -- -chairman, VC; -- -chamberlain; -- -chancellor, -- -consul, VC; -- -president, VP (caps. as titles) vicegerent a deputy (one word) viceregent cap. as title (one word) vicereine woman viceroy or viceroy's wife (cap. as title) viceroy (cap. as title); adj. viceregal vice versa (Lat.), the order being reversed (no hyphen or accent, not ital.), abbr. v.v. vichyssoise chilled soup of leeks and potatoes vicomt/e (Fr.), Viscount; fem. -esse (not cap.) victimize not -ise Victoria/ abbr. Vic.; -- and Albert (Order of), for ladies, abbr. VA; -- Cross, abbr. VC; -- Nyanza, use Lake Victoria victoria a carriage, a S. Amer. water-lily, a pigeon (not cap.) victor ludorum most successful competitor (not ital.) victual/, -led, -ler, -ling vicu¤a S. Amer. mammal, cloth made from its wool or an imitation of it vide/ (Lat.), see, abbr. v.; -- ante, see above; -- infra, see below, abbr. v.i.; videlicet, namely (one word), abbr. viz.; vide/post, see below; -- supra, see above, abbr. v.s. vide (Fr. mus.), open (of strings) video/ recording or broadcasting of photographic images, pl. -s; -cassette, -recorder (hyphens) videophone telephone transmitting picture of speaker (one word) videotape (to use) tape for recording television broadcasts (one word) vidette use ve- videtur (Lat.), it seems vide ut supra (Lat.), see as above vidimus (Lat. 'we have seen'), certified copy of accounts etc. (not ital.) vie (rival), vying vieille (Fr. f.), an old woman. See also veille vielle a hurdy-gurdy. See also veille Vienn/a in Ger. Wien, in Fr. -e; adj. -ese Vienne town in d‚p. IsЉre, France; river, tributary of R. Loire. See also Haute-Vienne viennoise (… la) (Fr.), in Viennese style (not cap.) vient de paraЊtre (Fr.), just published Vientiane Laos Vierkleur (Afrik.), flag of Transvaal Republic vi et armis (Lat.), by force and arms Vietcong former guerrilla force in S. Vietnam Vietnam/ SE Asia; adj. -ese vieux jeu (Fr. m.), an outworn subject viewfinder (one word) view halloo (hunt.), not the many variants viewpoint (one word) vif (Fr. mus.), lively, briskly vigesimo use twentymo vigesimo-quarto use twenty-fourmo vigilante/ member of vigilance body, pl. -s (not ital.) vignettes (typ.), illustrations with undefined edges vigour but vigorous Viking Scandinavian trader and pirate of eighth to tenth cc. vilayet Turkish province; abbr. vila. vilif/y to disparage; -ied, -ier, -ying village abbr. vil. villain/ an evil-doer, (colloq.) a rascal; -ous, -y. See also villein Villa-Lobos (Heitor) 1887-1959, Brazilian composer villeggiatura (It. f), country holiday vill‚giature (Fr. f.), country holiday villein/ a serf; -age. See also villain Villiers family name of Earls of Clarendon and Jersey; -- de l'Isle Adam (Jean Marie Mathias Philippe Auguste, comte de), 1838-89, French writer Vilnius cap. of Lithuania, USSR vinaigrette smelling-bottle, not vineg(a)r- Vinci (Leonardo) 1690-1730, Italian composer; -- (Leonardo da), see Leonardo vin du pays (Fr. m.), wine of the neighbourhood vineg(a)rette use vinaigrette vingt-et-un (Fr. m.), a card-game vintage car made between 1917 and 1930. See also veteran vinyl chem. radical, plastic containing it viol/ate, -able, -ator not -er violino (It.), voilin; abbr. v. Viollet-le-duc (EugЉne Emmanuel) 1814-79, French architect violoncell/o not violin-; pl. -os; usu. shortened to cello; -ist VIP very important person virago/ termagant; pl. -s Virchow (Rudolf) 1821-1902, German pathologist virelay short (esp. old French) lyric poem virger spelling of verger at certain cathedrals, such as St. Paul's and Winchester Virgil see Vergilius Virginia/ off abbr. Va. or (postal) VA; -- creeper (bot.), not -ian virginibus puerisque (Lat.), for girls and boys virg/o intact/a virgin with hymen intact, pl. -ines -ae (not ital.) virgule (typ.), solidus virgule (Fr. typ. f), comma virtu/ love of fine arts, virtuosity; -- (articles of), artistic articles of interesting workmanship, antiquity, or rarity, not ve-, -ue (not ital.) virtuos/o one skilled in an art, pl. -i virus/ a submicroscopic infective agent; pl. -es vis/ (Lat. f.), force, pl. vires; -- a tergo, force from behind visa/ permit or endorsement on a passport (not ital.); pl. -s; as verb, -ed, not -'d vis-…-vis (Fr.), face to face (hyphens) visc/era pl., interior organs, esp. in the abdomen; sing. -us viscount/, -ess (cap. as title); abbr. Visc. viscount/cy, -ship the rank or jurisdiction of a viscount; -y only in hist. use viscous sticky vise a tool, US for vice Vishnu Hindu god visier use vizier vis/ inertiae (Lat.) force of inanimate matter; -- major, superior force; -- medicatrix naturae, nature's power of healing visit/, -ed, -ing, -or not -er visitors' book not -or's visor part of helmet, peak of cap, sun-shield in car etc., not viz- vista/ a view; pl. -s visualize not -ise vis viva (Lat.), living force vitalize not -ise vitell/us yolk of egg, pl. -i vitiat/e to spoil; -or viticulture culture of vines Vitoria Spain; battle, 1813 vitriol/ (oil of), sulphuric acid; -- (blue), copper sulphate; (green), ferrous sulphate; (white), zinc sulphate vituperat/e to revile; -or viva/ short for viva voce (q.v.), pl. -s; as verb, -ed, not -'d viva! (It.), long live! vivace (mus.), lively, quickly vivandi/er (Fr.), fem. -Љre, army sutler vivant rex et regina! (Lat.), long live the King and Queen! vivari/um enclosure for living things; pl. -a vivat/ regina! (Lat.), long live the Queen! -- rex! ditto the King! viva/ voce orally, not vivѓ; also noun, an oral examination, pl. -- voces, and (with hyphen) verb (not ital.). See also viva vive/! (Fr.), long live! -- la bagatelle! ditto trifles! -- la diff‚rence! ditto the difference! -- la R‚publique! ditto the Republic! vivisect/, -ion, -or vixit...annos (Lat.), lived (so many) years; abbr. v.a. viz. videlicet (namely) (not ital.; comma before, but prefer namely) vizier a Muslim official, not -ir, -sier vizor use visor 22.11 VJ =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VJ victory over Japan (VJ day 15 Aug. 1945; in US 2 Sept. 1945) 22.12 v.l.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.l. varia lectio (a variant reading) Vlach Bulgarian form of Walachian Vlaminck (Maurice de) 1876-1958, French painter Vlissingen Du. for Flushing 22.13 v.M.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.M. (Ger.), vorigen Monats (last month) VMH Victoria Medal of Honour 22.14 v.n. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.n. verb neuter 22.15 VO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VO Veterinary Officer, (Royal) Victorian Order voc. vocative vocab. vocabulary vocalize not -ise vocative abbr. voc. voce (It. mus.), voice; abbr. v. vogue la galЉre! (Fr.), happen what may! VogЃ‚ (EugЉne Melchior, vicomte de) 1848-1910, French essayist voice/-box; -over narration without picture of speaker; -print (hyphens) voil…/ (Fr.), see there! -- tout, a that is all voile semitransparent dress-material (not ital.) vol. volume VolapЃk an artificial international language, invented by J. M. Schleyer, 1879 volatilize not -ise vol-au-vent (Fr. cook. m.), filled puff-pastry case (not ital.) volcano/ pl. -es Volgograd USSR, formerly Tsaritsyn, then Stalingrad v”lkerwanderung (Ger. f.), 4th-6th-c. migration of Germanic peoples Volksausgabe (Ger. f.), popular edition Volkslied/ (Ger. n.), a folk-song; pl. -er (cap.) Volkswagen German make of car, abbr. VW vols. volumes volt/ (elec.), abbr. V, SI unit of potential difference; -- -ampere (hyphen) Voltairean not -ian voltameter for measuring electric current by electrolysis volte-face (Fr.), a turning about (not ital.) volti subito (It. mus.), turn over quickly; abbr. v.s. voltmeter for measuring electric potential volume abbr. vol., pl. vols. voluntarism doctrine of financial independence of Church; (philos.) belief in dominance of will; belief in importance of voluntary action; not -aryism Volunteers abbr. V. von as prefix to a proper name, usu. not initial cap., except at beginning of sentence. Signatures to be copied voodoo witchcraft, not vudu voortrekker (Afrik.), pioneer vor/ Christi Geburt, -- Christo (Ger.), BC; abbr. v. Chr. vort/ex whirlpool, whirling mass, engrossing system; pl. -exes (but -ices in scientific and technical use) votable not -eable vouch/er a coupon; one who vouches, in law -or voussoir (archit.), tapered stone in arch (not ital.) vowelize not -ise vox/ (Lat. f.), voice, pl. voces; -- et praeterea nihil, voice and nothing else; -- humana, an organ-stop; -- populi, public sentiment voyeur one who spies on sexual activity (not ital.) voyez! (Fr.), see! look! 22.16 VP =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VP vice-president 22.17 VR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VR variant reading, Victoria Regina (Queen Victoria), Volunteer Reserve vraisemblance appearance of truth (not ital.) VRD Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Officers' Decoration v. refl. verb reflexive VRI Victoria Regina et Imperatrix (Victoria Queen and Empress) 22.18 VS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VS Veterinary Surgeon vs. versus v.s. (Lat.), vide supra (see above); (It. mus.) volti subito (turn over quickly) VSO Voluntary Service Overseas VSOP very special old pale 22.19 VT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VT Vermont (off. postal abbr.) Vt. Vermont (off. abbr.) v.t. verb transitive VTOL vertical take-off and landing 22.20 vudu... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- vudu use voodoo Vuillard (Jean ђdouard) 1868-1940, French painter Vuillaume (Jean Baptiste) 1798-1875, most important of French family of makers of bowed instruments vulcanize to treat rubber with sulphur at high temperature, not -ise Vulg. the Vulgate vulg. vulgar, -ly vulgarize not -ise Vulgate the Latin Bible of the RCC; abbr. Vulg.; vulgate, accepted text of an author (not cap.) vulgo (Lat.), commonly 22.21 vv.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- vv. verses, (mus.) first and second violins v.v. vice versa Vve (Fr.), Veuve (widow) vv. ll. variae lectiones (variant readings) 22.22 VW =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- VW Very Worshipful, Volkswagen 22.23 v.y.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- v.y. (bibliog.), various years Vyborg USSR vying see vie Vyrnwy lake and river, Powys 23.0 W =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 23.1 W... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- W watt, -s; wolfram (tungsten); not used in the numeration of series W. Wales, warden, Wednesday, Welsh, west, -ern w. week, -s, (cricket) wide, wife, (meteor.) wet dew 23.2 WA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WA Washington State (off. postal abbr.), Western Australia WAAF Women's Auxiliary Air Force, earlier and later WRAF wabbl/e, -y use wo- waddy Australian Aboriginal's war-club Wade-Giles see Chinese wadi/ (Arab.), the dry bed of a torrent, not -y; pl. -s w.a.f. with all faults W. Afr. West Africa wag/ a joker, -gery, -gish wage-earner (hyphen) waggly waving, unsteady, not -ey wagon/ -er, ette, not wagg- wagon/ (Fr. m.), a railway carriage; wagon-lit, sleeping-car, pl. wagons-lits (hyphen, not ital. in Eng. usage) wagtail a bird (one word) Wahabi a sect formed by Abd-el-Wahhab (1691-1787) to restore primitive Islam, not Wahh-, -bees Wahrheit (Dichtung und) (Ger.) (Fiction and Truth), by Goethe (1811-33) Waiapu (Bp. of) New Zealand Wai-hai-wei use Weihaiwei (one word) Waikiki Beach Hawaii Wainfleet Lincs. wainscot/ panelled woodwork on an interior wall; -ed, -ing waist/band, -belt (one word) waiting/ -list, -room (hyphens) wake past woke, partic. woken Wakefield: sig. of Bp. of Wakefield (colon) Wakley (Thomas) 1795-1862, English doctor, founded The Lancet in 1823. See also Walkley Wal. Walloon Walachian one of a non-Slav people of SE Europe, not Wall- Waldenses religious sect, not Vaudois Waldteufel (ђmile) 1837-1952, French composer wale a flesh mark, use weal wale-knot not wall- Waler a NSW horse Wales abbr. W. Walhalla use V- walkabout Austral. Aboriginal's period of wandering in the bush; informal stroll among crowd by royal person etc. (one word) walkie-talkie portable transmitter and receiver, not -y -y walking-stick (hyphen) Walkley (Arthur Bingham) 1855-1926, English dramatic critic. See also Wakley walk-over an easy victory (hyphen); abbr. w.o. WalkЃre (Die) second part of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen, 1870 Walkyrie use V- walla use wallah wallaby a small kangaroo, not the many variants Wallace (Alfred Russel not -ell) 1823-1913, English naturalist; -- (Sir Donald Mackenzie), 1841-1919, English writer; -- (George Corley), b. 1919, US politician; -- (Henry Agard), 1888-1965, US politician; -- (Lewis, 'Lew'), 1827-1905, US general and author; -- (Sir Richard), 1818-90, English art collector and philanthropist (The Wallace Collection, London); -- (Prof. Robert), 1853-1939, Scottish agricultural writer; -- (Sir William), 1272-1305, Scottish hero; -- (William Vincent), 1812-65, Irish composer. See also Wallas, Wallis Wallachian use Wala- wallah (Anglo-Ind., now slang), a man (usu. in some specified connection) Wallas (Graham) 1858-1932, English socialist writer. See also Wallace, Wallis wall-eye(d) (hyphen) wallflower (one word) Wallis (Sir Barnes) 1887-1979, British inventor; -- (George Harry), 1847-1936, English art writer; -- (John), 1616-1703, English mathematician, a founder of the Royal Society. See also Wallace, Wallas wall-knot use wale-knot Walloon (a speaker of) a French dialect of S. Belgium and parts of N. France; abbr. Wal. Wallop family name of Earl of Portsmouth wall-painting (hyphen) wallpaper (one word) Wall Street New York Walpurgis night the one preceding 1 May Walton (Izaak not Isaac) 1593-1683, English author of Compleat Angler waltz a dance (not ital.); in Fr. f. valse; in Ger. m. Walzer (ital.) Walvis Bay Namibia wanderlust (one word) W. & M. William and Mary (King and Queen) wapiti American elk, not wapp- War. Warwickshire war/ baby, bride, crime (two words) Warboys Cambs. war/ -cloud, -cry (hyphens) Ward (Artemas), 1727-1800 American Revolutionary general; -- (Artemus), pseud. of Charles Farrar Browne, 1834-67, US humorist; -- (Mrs Humphry, not -rey), 1851-1920, English novelist (Mary Augusta Arnold) war damage (two words) war-dance (hyphen) warden abbr. W. war/ -game, -god (hyphens) warhead (one word) war-horse (hyphen) Warlock (Peter) pseud. of Philip Heseltine, 1894-1930, English composer war-lord (hyphen) warmonger (one word) War Office abbr. WO, now see M.o.D. war/ -paint, -path (hyphens) warrant/er one who authorizes or guarantees; -or (law), one who gives warranty warrant-officer (hyphen) war/ship, -time (one word) Warwickshire abbr. War. Wash. Washington State (off. abbr.) wash-basin (hyphen) washboard (one word) wash-drawing one made with a brush and black or grey water-colour wash-house (hyphen) Washington State of US, off. abbr. Wash. or (postal) WA Washington DC, US capital wash-out (noun, hyphen) wasn't to be printed close up WASP white Anglo-Saxon Protestant Wassermann blood test for syphilis, from August von Wassermann, 1866-1925, German bacteriologist wastable not -eable waste-paper basket (one hyphen) watch/base, -chain, -dog, -fire (hyphens) watch/maker, -man (one word) watch-tower (hyphen) watchword (one word) water/-bird, -bottle, -closet abbr. WC, -colour (hyphens) water/course, -fall, -fowl, -front (one word) water-hole (hyphen) watering-place (hyphen) water/-jump, -level, -lily, -line, -main (hyphens) water/logged, -man (one word) watermark (typ.), a design in the paper itself (one word) water/-melon, -mill (hyphens) water polo (two words) waterproof (one word) water-rate (hyphen) water/shed, -side, -spout, -tight (one word) water torture (two words) water-tower (hyphen) water/way, -works (one word) Watling Street a Roman road in England watt (phys.), unit of power; abbr. W Watteau (Jean Antoine) 1684-1721, French painter, whence -- hat etc. Watts-Dunton (Walter Theodore) 1832-1914, English man of letters Waugh (Alec) 1898-1981, -- (Auberon), b. 1940, son of next, and -- (Evelyn Arthur St John), 1903-66, English writers waul a cat-cry, not -wl wave/band, -guide (one word) wavelength (one word) wave number (two words) wavey use wavy wavy not wavey wax/cloth, -work (one word) Waynflete (William of) 1395-1486, Bp. of Winchester, Lord Chancellor Waziristan formerly NW Frontier Province of India, not Wazar- 23.3 Wb... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Wb weber WBA West Bromwich Albion 23.4 WC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WC water-closet, West-Central postal district of London, without charge WCC World Council of Churches W/Cdr. Wing Commander 23.5 WD =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WD War Department 23.6 w/e... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- w/e week ending WEA Workers' Educational Association weak abbr. wk. weal a flesh mark, not wale wear a dam, use weir weather/cock, man (one word) weazen use wizened Webb (Beatrice) 1858-1943, wife of -- (Sidney James, Baron Passfield), 1859-1947, English economists and sociologists; -- (Mary), 1881-1927, English novelist weber (phys.), unit of magnetic flux, abbr. Wb web/-fed (typ.), presses which receive paper from a reel and not as separate sheets;-- -letterpress, -- -offset Webster (Daniel) 1782-1852, US statesman) and orator; (Noah), 1758-1843, US lexicographer wedding breakfast (two words) wedding/-cake, -day (hyphens) wedding march (two words) wedding-ring (hyphen) Wedgwood ware not Wedge-, a superior kind of pottery, invented by Josiah Wedgwood, 1730-95 Wednesday abbr. W. or Wed. week/ -s, abbr. w. or wk. week/day, -end (one word) Weelkes (Thomas) c. 1575-1623, English composer weepie (colloq.), a sentimental film, play, etc. weepy (colloq.), tearful weever a fish weevil a beetle w.e.f. with effect from Wehrmacht (Ger. hist. f.), German armed forces (cap., ital.) Weidenfeld (George) & Nicolson, Ltd. publishers weighbridge (one word) weight abbr. wt. weights use numerals; abbreviations as cwt., g., lb., oz., not to have s added for the plural, but add s in qrs. See Hart's Rules, p. 3 Weihaiwei China, not Wai-hai-wei Weil (Adolf) 1848-1916, German physician; -- (Simone), 1909-43, French philosopher Weill (Kurt) 1900-50, German-born US composer Weimaraner breed of dog Weingartner (Paul Felix) 1863-1942, German conductor and composer weir a dam across a river, not wear Weismann/ (August) 1834-1914, German zoologist; -ism, a theory of heredity Weissnichtwo (Ger. for Know-not-where), in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus Weizmann/ (Chaim) 1874-1952, Polish-born chemist and Zionist leader; -- Institute, Israel Weizs„cker (Carl Friedrich Freiherr von) b. 1912, German philosopher and physicist; -- (Julius), 1828-89, German historian; -- (Karl), 1822-99, German theologian welch use welsh Welch Fusiliers (Royal) (but Welsh Guards) Welfare State (two words, caps.) welk use whelk we'll to be printed close up well- prefix joined to participles in -ed or -ing takes hyphens when the compound is used attrib., and to preserve the unity of the sense when it is used predic., e.g. a well-known book; the book is well known; the action was not well-advised; he has not been well advised well/-being, -doer (hyphens) Welles (Orson) b. 1915, US actor and film-director well-known see well- wellnigh (one word) well-to-do (hyphens) well-wisher (hyphen) Welsh abbr. W.; alphabet has 26 letters; ch, dd, ff, ng (following g), ll, th, being each counted as one. No j, k, q, u, x. welsh/ to default in payment, not -lch; -er Welsh rabbit melted cheese on toast, not rarebit Welt/anschauung (Ger.), world-philosophy; -politik, participation in international politics; -schmerz, world-sorrow Wemyss/ Bay Strathclyde; -- Castle, Fife; -- (Earl of) wen see wyn we're, weren't to be printed close up werewol/f (myth.), a human capable of turning at times into a wolf; pl. -ves, not werw- west/ -ern, abbr. W. See also capitalization, compass West Africa abbr. W. Afr. westbound (one word) West Bridgford Notts., not Bridge- West End London (caps.) westeria use wistaria Westermarck (Edward Alexander) 1862-1939, Finnish anthropologist Western Australia abbr. WA Westhoughton Greater Manchester (one word) Westmeath Co., Ire.; -- (Earl of) (one word) Westmorland former county; -- (Earl of), not -eland Westonzoyland Som. (one word) West Virginia off. abbr. W. Va. or (postal) WV wetlands (one word) w.f. (typ.), wrong fount, q.v. (without points as a proof-correction mark). 23.7 WFEO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WFEO World Federation of Engineering Organizations WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions 23.8 W.G.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- W.G. W. G. Grace, 1848-1915, English cricketer Wg.-Comdr., Wg/Cdr. Wing-Commander 23.9 Wh... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Wh watt-hour whalebone (one word) whallabee use wallaby whar/f landing-stage; abbr. whf.; pl. wharves Wharfedale Yorks. Wharncliffe (Earl of) what-d'you-call-it? (colloq.) (hyphens, apos.) Whately (Richard) 1787-1863, Abp. of Dublin, not -ey whatever (one word) Whatman paper a first-quality English handmade drawing-paper (cap.) whatnot indefinite thing; a piece of furniture with shelves (one word) what not many other similar things, e.g. pens, pencils, and what not (two words) what's-its(or his)-name (hyphens) whatsoever (one word) wheatear a bird (one word) Wheatstone bridge (elec.) wheel/barrow, -base, -chair (one word) whelk pimple, mollusc, not we- when/ever, -soever (one word) whereas (law), a word which introduces the recital of a fact (one word) where/ver, -soever (one word) whether or/ not not -- -- no whf. wharf which (gram.), now refers (except as a liturgical archaism) exclusively to things; who, to persons whidah Afr. weaver-bird, not why- whiffletree use whipple- Whig/ -gish, -gism (cap.) whimbrel a bird, not wim- whimsy caprice, not -ey whinny (to give) a gentle neigh, not -ey whip/cord, -lash (one word) whipper/-in (hunting), pl. -sin whippersnapper (hyphen) whippletree the crossbar to which the traces of a harness are attached, not whiffle- (one word) whippoorwill Amer. nightjar (one word) whirl/pool, -wind (one word) whirr (make) continuous buzzing sound, not whir whisky (Scotch); whiskey (Irish and US) Whistler (James Abbott McNeill, not -eil) 1834-1903, US painter and etcher Whitaker & Sons publishers of Almanack (not -ac) etc. White a white person (cap.) white (typ.), any space of paper not printed upon; line of --, a line not printed upon whitebait (one word) Whitechapel London (one word) Whitefield (George) 1714-70, English preacher, not Whitf-; but pron. wit- Whitehall London (one word) Whitehorse Yukon (one word) Whiteing (Richard) 1840-1928, English journalist and novelist white-out polar blizzard (hyphen) White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic a Soviet Socialist Republic (but use Belorussia). See also USSR White's Club London whitewash (one word) Whitey derog. for white person (cap.). See also whity whitish not -eish Whitman (Walt) 1819-92, US poet Whit/ Monday, Sunday seventh after Easter Whittier (John Greenleaf) 1807-92, US poet Whittlesey, Cambs. not -sea whity whitelike, not -ey. See also Whitey whiz/ not whizz; -zed, -zing whiz-kid (colloq.) (hyphen) who see which WHO World Health Organization whoa command to stop who'd to be printed close up whodunit a novel or play of crime detection, not -nnit (one word) whole-bound (bind.), full-bound (q.v.) who'll to be printed close up whooping cough not hooping whore-house a brothel (hyphen) who's who is, to be printed close up (apos.) whose of whom or of which Who's Who, Who Was Who reference books whydah use whidah Whymper (Edward) 1840-1911, British climber and writer Whyte-Melville (George John) 1821-78, Scottish novelist (hyphen) 23.10 WI... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WI West Ind/ies, -ian; Windward Islands; Wisconsin (off. postal abbr.); Women's Institute wich/-elm, -hazel use wy- Wicliffe use Wyclif widdershins use withershins wide (cricket), abbr. w. wide awake fully awake, (colloq.) alert, knowing (hyphen when attrib.) wideawake a kind of hat (one word) widespread (one word) widgeon a bird, not wig- widow (typ.), a break-line at top of page or column (to be avoided) Wieland (Christoph Martin) 1733-1813, German poet and novelist Wien Ger. for Vienna Wiener (Norbert) 1894-1964, US mathematician and writer on cybernetics Wiener-Neustadt Austria (hyphen) Wiener schnitzel veal cutlet dressed with breadcrumbs (two words, one cap.) Wieniawski (Henri) 1835-80, Polish violinist and composer; -- (Joseph), 1837-1912, his brother, Polish pianist and composer Wiesbaden W. Germany wife abbr. w. wigeon use widg- Wiggin (Kate Douglas) 1856-1923, US educator and novelist Wight (Isle of) abbr. IOW, I.o.W., or IW Wigorn: former sig. of Bp. of Worcester (colon) Wigton Cumbria Wigtown district and town, Dumfries & Galloway Wilamowitz-Moellendorf (Ulrich von) 1848-1931, German classical scholar wildcat a hot-tempered person; reckless or sudden (one word) Wilde (Henry) 1833-1919, English physicist; -- (Oscar Fingall O'Flahertie Wills), 1856-1900, Irish playwright and poet wildebeest a gnu; in Afrik. wildebees/, pl. -te wild/fire, -fowl (one word) wild-goose chase (one hyphen) wildlife (one word) wilful/, -ly, -ness not will- Wilhelmj (August Emil Daniel Ferdinand) 1845-1908, German violinist Wilhelmshaven former German naval station (one word) Wilhelmstrasse Berlin, the former German Downing Street Williams & Glyn's Bank, Ltd. Willkie (Wendell Lewis) 1892-1944, US politician will-o'-the-wisp the ignis fatuus, elusive person, delusive hope (apos., hyphens) will-power (hyphen) willy-nilly (hyphen) Wiltshire abbr. Wilts. Wimborne (Viscount) Wimborne Minster Dorset wimbrel use wh- Wimpy propr. term for a kind of hamburger (cap.) Wimsey (Lord Peter) in novels by D. L. Sayers wincey a cloth, not -sey Winchelsea E. Sussex Winchilsea (Earl of); -- (Anne Finch, Countess of), 1661-1720, English poet Winckelmann (Johann Joachim) 1717-68, German art critic wind (naut.), Beaufort scale: 1, light air; 2, light breeze; 3, gentle --; 4, moderate --; 5, fresh --; 6, strong --; 7, near gale; 8, gale; 9, strong --; 10, storm; 11, violent --; 12, hurricane wind/bag, -fall (one word) Windhoek SW Africa Wind. I. Windward Islands window/-box, -ledge, -seat, -tax (hyphens) wind/pipe, -screen (one word) wine/bottle, -glass, -press, -skin one word) winey use winy Winged Victory (anc. Gr.), (statue of) (Athena) Nike (caps.) wino/ (slang), an alcoholic, pl. -s winsey use -cey winter, -ry (not cap.) wintergreen an aromatic plant (one word) winterize to adapt for use in cold weather, not -ise Winton: sig. of Bp. of Winchester (colon) winy winelike, not -ey wipe-out (noun, hyphen) WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Wis. Wisconsin (off. abbr.) Wisbech Cambs., not -each Wisconsin off. abbr. Wis. or (postal) WI Wisdom of Solomon (Apocr.), abbr. Wisd. wiseacre (one word) wishbone (one word) wishy-washy (hyphen) Wislicenus (Johannes) 1835-1902, German chemist wistaria (bot.), not wisteria witch/-elm, -hazel use wych- witchetty (Austral.) larva of beetle or moth, not -ety witenagemot Anglo-Saxon Parliament withal not -all with/e pl. -es, or with/y, pl. -ies, a flexible twig, often of willow, not wy- withershins (Sc.), anticlockwise; opp. deasil; not widder- withhold etc. (one word, two hs) without abbr. w/o witness-box (hyphen) Wittenberg E. Germany Witwatersrand University Johannesburg, S. Africa wivern use wy- wizened shriveled, not weaz-, -en 23.11 wk. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- wk. weak, week, -s, work 23.12 W. long. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- W. long. west longitude 23.13 Wm.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Wm. William WMO World Meteorological Organization 23.14 WNW =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WNW west-north-west 23.15 WO... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WO War Office (now see M.o.D.), Warrant Officer, Wireless Operator w.o. walk-over w/o without wobbl/e, -y not wa- Wodehouse family name of Earl of Kimberley; -- (Sir Pelham Grenville), 1881-1975, English humorous novelist. See also Woodhouse woebegone dismal-looking (one word) Wolcot (Dr John) 1738-5819, "Peter Pindar", English writer Wolcott (Oliver) 1726-97, and his son, 1760-1833, American statesmen Wolf (Friedrich August) 1759-1824, German classical scholar; -- (Hugo), 1860-1903, Austrian composer Wolfe (Charles) 1791-1823, Irish poet; -- (Humbert), 1885-1940, English poet; -- (James), 1727-59, British general, took Quebec; -- (Thomas Clayton), 1900-38, US novelist Wolff (Sir Henry Drummond Charles) 1830-1908, British politician and diplomat; -- (Christian von), 1679-1754, German philosopher and mathematician; -- (Joseph), 1795-1862, German-born English domiciled traveller; -- (Kaspar Friedrich), 1733-94, German embryologist; adj. Wolffian Wolf-Ferrari (Ermanno) 1876-1948, Italian composer wolfhound (one word) Wollstonecraft (Mary, Mrs Godwin) 1759-97, English writer, mother of Mary -- Godwin, Mrs Shelley, 1797-1851, English writer wolverine American animal, not wool-, -ene womanize not -ise womankind not women- (one word) Women's/ Journal; -- Own Women's Lib (caps., no point) won't to be printed close up woo/, -ed, -er, -s Wood (Anthony …) 1632-95, English antiquary Woodard Foundation of a number of English public schools, named after Nathaniel Woodard, 1881-91, English Anglican priest, not Woodw- woodbine honeysuckle, not -bind woodchuck N. American marmot (one word) woodcock/ bird m. and f. pl. -s woodcut (typ.), design cut in the side grain of a type-high block of wood (one word) wood engraving (typ.), design cut in the end grain of a type-high block of wood (two words) Woodhouse surname of Emma In Jane Austen's Emma. See also Wodehouse wood/land, -man (one word) wood-nymph (hyphen) woodpecker (one word) wood/pile, -wind (mus.), -work, -worm (one word) wood-shed (hyphen) wool/, -len, -ly Woolacombe Devon Wooler Northumberland Woolf (Adelaide Virginia n‚e Stephen) 1882-1941, English novelist and essayist; (Leonard Sidney), 1880-1969, her husband, English writer Woollcott (Alexander Humphreys) 1887-1943, US author and dramatic critic Woolloomooloo Sydney, Australia Woolsack (House of Lords) (one word) wool-sorters' disease anthrax, not -er's woolverine use wolv- Worcester: sig. of Bp. of Worcester (colon) Worcestershire former county, abbr. Worcs. Worde see Wynkyn Word of God (the) (caps.), but in NT l.c. w work abbr. wk. workaday (one word) workaholic a compulsive worker work and turn (typ.), printing of the two sides of a sheet of paper from one forme work/-bench, -box (hyphens) workday (one word) work-force (hyphen) work/house, -man (one word) working class (hyphen when attrib.) work off (typ.), actually to print the paper work/sheet, -shop (one word) work-to-rule (noun, hyphens) World (the New) America; -- (the Old), Europe, Asia, and Africa, known to the ancients (two caps.). See also Third World World War I 1914-18; -- -- II, 1939-45; also First World War, Second World War world-wide (hyphen) wormeaten (one word) worm's-eye view (apos., one hyphen) wormwood (bot.) Artemisia, (fig.) bitterness Wormwood Scrubs London worry beads (two words) worry-guts (colloq.) (hyphen) worship/, -ped, -per, -ping worthwhile (one word attrib., two words predic.) Wotton (Sir Henry) 1568-1639, English diplomat and poet would-be adj. (hyphen) wouldst to be printed close up, no apos. Woulfe/ (Peter) 1727-1803, English chemist; hence -- bottle, for passing gas through liquid wove paper that which does not show wire marks; distinct from laid -- Wozzeck opera by Berg, 1925, based on Woyzech, play by Buchner, 1837 23.16 WP... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WP weather permitting w.p.b. waste-paper basket WPC woman police constable w.p.m. words per minute 23.17 WR... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WR Western Region, West Riding WRAC Women's Royal Army Corps wrack destruction; a seaweed. See also rack WRAF Women's Royal Air Force Wrangel Island Arctic Ocean Wrangell Island Alaska wrangler (Cambridge University), one placed in first class of mathematical tripos wrap-round (bind.), a folded section placed outside another section, so that sewing passes through both wrasse a fish, not -ass wrath (noun), great anger. See also wroth Wray see Ray wreath (noun) wreathe (verb) wrick use rick wristband (one word) wrist-watch (hyphen) writable not -eable write/-down, -off, -up (nouns, hyphens) writer's cramp not -ers' cramp writing/ -desk, -paper, -table (hyphens) WRNS Women's Royal Naval Service Wroclaw Poland; in Ger. Breslau wrongdo/er, -ing (one word) wrong fount (typ.), said of letter(s) set in wrong size or cut of type; abbr. w.f. (without points as a proof-correction mark). See also proof-correction marks wroth (poet. or joc.), angry. See also wrath Wrottesley (Baron) WRVS Women's Royal Voluntary Service, formerly WVS wry/bill, -mouth, -neck (one word) 23.18 WS... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WS (Sc.), Writer to the Signet (= attorney) WSW west-south-west 23.19 WT... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WT (or W/T), wireless telegraphy wt. weight 23.20 wunderkind... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- wunderkind (Ger.), one who achieves success in youth (not ital.) WЃrttemberg State, W. Germany (two ts) Wuthering Heights by Emily Bront‰, 1846 23.21 WV... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WV West Virginia (off. postal abbr.) W. Va. West Virginia (off. abbr.) WVS Women's Voluntary Service, now WRVS 23.22 w/w =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- w/w weight for weight 23.23 WY... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- WY Wyoming (off. postal abbr.) Wyandotte N. American Indians; wyandotte, a fowl, not -ot wych/-elm, -hazel not wich-, witch- Wycherley (William) 1640-1716, English playwright Wyclif (John) c.1324-84, English religious reformer and translator of the Bible; not the many variants Wycliffe/ College Stonehouse; -- Hall, Oxford, a theological college Wykeham/ (William of) 1324-1404, English prelate; -ist, member of Winchester College (cap.) Wymondham Leics., Norfolk Wyndham/ family name of Baron Leconfield; -- (Sir Charles), 1837-1919, English actor; -- (George), 1863-1913, English statesman; --'s Theatre, London Wyndham Lewis (Dominic Bevan) 1894-1969, British writer; -- (Percy), 1882-1957, English writer and painter Wyndham-Quin family name of Earl of Dunraven Wynkyn de Worde 1471-1534, early printer in London Wyoming off abbr. Wyo. or (postal) WY Wyredrawers (Gold and Silver), a livery company wyth/e -y, use wi- Wythenshawe Manchester wyvern heraldic dragon, not wi- 24.0 X =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 24.1 X... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- X cross, ten, the twenty-first in series, former film-censorship classification X (usu. XP or Xt., qq.v.), the Gr. letter chi, for Christos, Christ x (math.), the first unknown quantity x. (meteor.), hoar-frost 24.2 Xanthippe... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Xanthippe wife of Socrates; used allusively for a shrewish woman Xavier (St Francis) 1506-52, Jesuit missionary 24.3 XC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- XC 90 XCIX 99 x.cp. ex (without) coupon 24.4 x.d. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- x.d. or ex div., ex (without) dividend 24.5 Xe... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Xe xenon (no point) xebec small Mediterranean boat, not z- Xenocrates 396-314 BC, Greek philosopher xenon symbol Xe Xenophanes c.570-c.500 BC, Greek philosopher and poet Xenophon c.438-c.354 BC, Greek historian; abbr. Xen. Xeres Spain, use Jerez X‚rez (Francisco de) b. 1504, Spanish historian of conquest of Peru xerography electrostatic process for printing from or copying documentary material or film. A dry resinous powder is attracted to the positively charged areas of a selenium plate, the non-image areas having been discharged upon exposure to the illuminated original. The powder is then attracted to positively-charged paper and stabilized by heat Xerox propr. term for a xerographic copying machine (cap.); xerox, to produce (copies) from such a machine (not cap.) Xerxes 519-465 BC, King of Persia 24.6 x-height... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- x-height (typ.), distance between top and bottom of those lower-case letters of a given fount that have no ascenders or descenders (e.g. n, x); the area of the shoulder occupied by these Xhosa Bantu language and people 24.7 x.i. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- x.i. or ex int., ex (without) next interest 24.8 XL... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- XL 40 XLIX 49 24.9 Xmas =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Xmas Christmas (no point) 24.10 Xn.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Xn. Christian; Xnty., Christianity x.n. or ex n., (ex new) ex (without) the right to new shares 24.11 XP =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- XP (as monogram), the Greek letters chi rho, first two of Christos 24.12 X-ray =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- X-ray (hyphen) 24.13 Xt. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Xt. Christ 24.14 XX... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- XX 20 XXX 30 24.15 xylography... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- xylography the printing of wood-block books xylonite a celluloid xylophon/e (mus.), a percussion instrument of wooden bars vibrating when struck; -ist, the player xyst/us anc. Gr. portico used by athletes, pl. -i, not -os 25.0 Y =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 25.1 Y... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Y yen (q.v.), yttrium, the twenty-second in a series Y Netherlands, use IJ y in Dutch, use ij, as Nijmegen, IJmuiden y. year, -s, (meteor.) dry air y (math.), the second unknown quantity 25.2 yacht... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- yacht/, -sman (one word) yager see J„ger Yahoo in Swift's Gulliver's Travels, an animal with human form but brutish instincts Yahveh the probable pronunciation of the Hebrew consonants YHWH which are traditionally transliterated as Jehovah; not Jahveh Yakutsk Siberia, not J- Yale US University, at New Haven, Conn.; propr. term for a kind of lock (cap.) Yangtze Kiang Chinese river (kiang = river), in Pinyin Yangzijiang Yankee a citizen of the New England States or of the North of US, or of the US generally, not -i Yaound‚ Cameroon yaourt use yoghurt yapp (bind.), a soft case with overlapping edges yarborough hand in whist or bridge with no card above 9 (not cap.) yard/ -s, abbr. yd., yds.; number of to be in numerals yard-arm (naut.) (hyphen) Yarde-Buller family name of Baron Churston yardstick (one word) Yarkand Cent. Asia, not -end, -und yarl use jarl yarmulka Jewish skull-cap, pl. -as Yaroslavl USSR, not Jaroslav yashmak Muslim woman's veil yataghan Muslim sword, not -gan Yates (Dornford) pseud. of Cecil William Mercer, 1885-1960, English novelist 25.3 YB... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YB Year Book, q.v. Yb ytterbium (no point) 25.4 YC... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YC Young Conservative yclept (arch. or joc.), called, named (one word) 25.5 yd. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- yd., yds. yard, -s 25.6 Yeames (William Frederick)... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yeames (William Frederick) 1835-1918, English painter year/ -s, abbr. y. or a or yr., yrs. year-book (hyphen); Year Book (law reports) (caps., two words), abbr. YB year/-long, -round (hyphens) years see numerals II Yeats (William Butler) 1865-1939, Irish poet Yeats-Brown (Francis) 1886-1944, English author Yeddo Japan, see Tokyo yellowhammer a bird, not -ammer (one word) Yellowknife NW Territories, Canada Yellowplush (one word) Papers, by Thackeray, 1841 Yellowstone/ (one word) Park; -- River Yemen/ S. Arabia; -- (North), off. -- Arab Republic; -- (South), off. People's Democratic Republic of Yemen; adj. -i yen the monetary unit of Japan, pl. same; abbr. Y or ќ Yeniseisk Siberia, on R. Yenisei Yeo. Yeomanry Yerevan cap. of Armenia, USSR, not E-, -iv- yes-man (colloq.) (hyphen) yeux see oeil Yevtushenko (Yevgeny) b. 1933, Russian writer 25.7 Yggdrasil =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yggdrasil (Scand. myth.), the tree binding heaven, earth, and hell, Anglicized from ON yggdrasill; not Ygd- 25.8 YHA =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YHA Youth Hostels Association 25.9 Yiddish... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yiddish/ mixed German and Hebrew dialect; -er, speaker of this yield point (two words) yippee exclamation of delight 25.10 ylang-ylang =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ylang-ylang (perfume from) Malayan tree (hyphen) 25.11 YMCA... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YMCA Young Men's Christian Association Ymuiden use IJm- 25.12 Ynca... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ynca use Inca Ynys M“n Welsh for Anglesey 25.13 yobbo... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- yobbo/ colloq. for lout, hooligan, pl. -s yodel/ song, to sing, with inarticulate partly falsetto voice; -led, -ling, not -dle, jodel yog/a Hindu system of philosophic meditation; -i, a devotee of yoga; adj. -ic yoghurt sour fermented milk, not yaourt, yogurt, -ourt Yokohama Japan (one word) Yom Kippur (Jewish relig.), Day of Atonement Yonge (Charles Duke) 1812-91, English historian; -- (Charlotte Mary), 1823-1901, English novelist; pron. as young. See also Young Yorke family name of Earl of Hardwicke Yorkshire former county, abbr. Yorks. Yorktown Va., US (one word) Yosemite Valley Calif., US Youcon use Yukon you'd to be printed close up Youghal Co. Cork, Ireland Youl (Sir James Arndell), 1809-1904, Tasmanian colonist you'll to be printed close up Young (Brigham) 1801-77, US Mormon leader. See also Yonge younger abbr. yr. Young Men's Christian Association abbr. YMCA; ditto Women's, YWCA your abbr. yr. you're to be printed close up yours (no apos.); abbr. yrs. you've to be printed close up Yo-Yo/ propr. term for kind of toy, pl. -s (hyphen, caps.) 25.14 Ypres =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ypres/ Belgium, in Fl. Ieper; -- (Earl of) 25.15 Yquem =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yquem/ vineyard, d‚p. Gironde; -- (Chѓteau-d'), a Sauterne (hyphen) 25.16 yr.... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- yr. year, younger, your YRA Yacht Racing Association, now RYA, q.v. Yriarte (Charles) 1832-98, French writer yrs. years, yours 25.17 Ysaye (EugЉne)... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Ysaye (EugЉne) 1858-1929, Belgian violinist -yse. In verbs such as analyse, catalyse, paralyse, -lys- is part of the stem (corresponding to the Greek element -lusis), and not a suffix like -ize. The spelling -yze is therefore incorrect, though common in US Yseult etc., use Iseult Yssel use IJs- 25.18 YT =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YT Yukon Territory, Canada ytterbium symbol Yb yttrium symbol Y 25.19 Yucat n... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yucat n Mexico (accent) Yugoslavia not J-; adj. Yugoslav, not -avian Yuit Eskimo of NE Siberia. See also Innuit Yukon/ River Alaska, US, and Canada; -- Territory, Canada, not Youcon, -kon yule/-log, -tide (hyphens) 25.20 Yvetot =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Yvetot d‚p. Seine-Maritime, France 25.21 YWCA =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- YWCA Young Women's Christian Association 26.0 Z =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- 26.1 Z... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Z the twenty-third in a series z. (meteor.), haze z (math.), the third unknown quantity 26.2 zabaglione... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zabaglione Italian sweet with egg-yolks, sugar, and wine (not ital.) Zach. Zachary Zacynthus anc. name of Zante Zaehnsdorf (Joseph) 1819-86, Austrian-born English-domiciled bookbinder zaffre impure cobalt oxide used as blue pigment, not -er Zagreb Yugoslavia, not -ab, Agram Zaharoff (Sir Basil) 1849-1936, Greek-born British financier Za‹re tragedy by Voltaire, 1732 Za‹re/ Cent. Africa, indep. 1960, formerly Democratic Republic of Congo; river, formerly Congo; adj. -an; also (with small initial) the monetary unit Zambezi African river, not -si Zambia formerly N. Rhodesia, indep. republic 1964 Zamenhof (Ludwig Lazarus) 1859-1917, Pol. physician, inventor of Esperanto zamindar use zemin- zanana use ze- Zangwill (Israel) 1864-1926, English novelist and playwright Zante Gr. island, anc. name Zacynthus ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union Zanzibar see Tanzania ZAPU Zimbabwe African People's Union Zaragoza Spain, use Saragossa zarape use serape Zarathustra 6th c. BC, founder of Parsee religion zariba (Arab.), fortified enclosure, not the many variants Zarskoe Selo use Tsarskoe Selo (q.v.) zax use sax 26.3 z.B. =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- z.B. (Ger.), zum Beispiel (for example) 26.4 Zealand... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Zealand Denmark, not Zeeland; in Dan. Sjsaelland zealot zealous person, fanatic (cap. with reference to Jewish sect) zebec use xebec Zech. Zechariah Zeeland Holland, not Zea- Zeitgeist (Ger. m.), the spirit of the time (cap.) Zeitschrift (Ger. f), periodical (cap.) Zeltinger a Moselle wine zemindar official in India under Mogul empire, Indian land-owner paying tax to Britain, not zamin- Zen meditative form of Buddhism (cap.) zenana (Ind.), the women's apartments, not za- Zener cards used in ESP research (one cap.) zenith the highest point, opp. to nadir Zeph. Zephaniah zero/ pl. -s Zetinje use Cetinje Zetland/ former off. name of Shetland county; -- (Marquess of) zeugma/ (gram.), figure in which a verb or adj. is used with two nouns of which it is strictly applicable to only one, e.g. with weeping eyes and hearts, pl. -s; adj. -tic 26.5 zho... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zho use dzho Zhou Enlai 1898-1976, Chinese statesman 26.6 zibet... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zibet Asian or Indian civet, not -eth ziggurat anc. Mesopotamian tower, not zikk- zigzag/, -ged, -ging (one word) Zimbabwe/ name of Rhodesia 1980 adj. -an zinc symbol Zn zinco/ (typ.), a relief block, usu. in line, made from zinc; pl. -s zincography the art of engraving and printing from zinc zingara (… la) (Fr. cook.), in gypsy style Zingar/o (It.), a gypsy, pl. -i; fem. -a, pl. -e Zinjanthropus E. Afr. fossil hominid Zion/, -ism, -ist not Si- zip/, -ped, -per, -ping, -py; ---bag, -fastener (hyphens) Zip code (US), postal delivery code (one cap.) zirconium symbol Zr 26.7 zloty =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zloty/ monetary unit of Poland, pl. -s 26.8 Zn =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Zn zinc (no point) 26.9 zo... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zo use dzho zodiacal signs see astronomy Zoffany (John) 1734-1810, German-born English-domiciled painter Zollverein (Ger. m.), customs union zombie revived corpse, stupid person, not -i, -y zoolog/y, -ical, ist abbr. zool.; genera, species, and subspecies to be italic, other divisions roman: Carnivora (order); Felidae (family); Felis (genus); Felis catus (species). Specific epithets, even when derived from names of persons, should be l.c.: Myotis daubentoni. See Hart's Rules, pp. 6-7 zo/on an animal; pl. -a z“on politikon (anc. Gr.), the political animal, man Zoroastrian of religion founded by Zarathustra zouave French soldier (not ital.) 26.10 ZPG =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ZPG zero population growth 26.11 Zr =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Zr zirconium (no point) 26.12 Zs =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- ZS Zoological Society 26.13 zucchetto... =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- zucchetto/ (RCC), a skull-cap, pl. -s zucchini (It. pl.), courgettes zugzwang (chess), a blockade, a position in which any move is undesirable yet some move must be made Zuider Zee Netherlands, now IJsselmeer Zululand (one word), annexed by S. Africa, 1897 Zurich Switzerland; in Ger. ZЃrich zwieback (Ger.), a kind of biscuit rusk (not ital.) 26.14 Zwingli (Ulrich) =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Zwingli (Ulrich) 1484-1531, Swiss Protestant reformer |