IT'S NOT THAT HARD ( An experience of English grammar )
Jerry Jill, Sammy Lovejoy
ЙННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННН»
є є
є є
є IT'S NOT THAT HARD є
є є
є ( An experience of English grammar ) є
є є
є є
ИНННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННј
Third edition, totally revised
and substantially enlarged
Sammy Lovejoy
executive editor
Laura Clark
chief of staff
Paul Norris ( Moscow )
Lionel Crane ( Rome )
Tony Plow ( Boston )
production managers
’ Ў«Ёж 1 ”ЋђЊ› ЂЌѓ‹€‰‘ЉЋѓЋ ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹Ђ ( Ї® R.Close, [2] )
ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї
і ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹њЌЂџ ”ЋђЊЂ і REGULAR і IRREGULAR і
і і ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і ( Џђ€Њ…Ќ…Ќ€… ) і і Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 BE і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і1. €дЁЁвЁў, Ё¬ЇҐа вЁў, і wait і put hear write be, і
і Ќ бв®п饥 ўаҐ¬п(Єа®¬Ґ і і am, і
і 3-ҐЈ® «Ёж Ґ¤. зЁб« ) і і are і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і2. Ќ бв®п饥 ўаҐ¬п і waits і puts hears writes is і
і 3-Ґ «Ёж® Ґ¤. зЁб«® і і і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і3. Џа®иҐ¤иҐҐ ўаҐ¬п і waited і put heard wrote was, і
і і і were і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і4. -ing participle і waiting і putting hearing writing being і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і5. -ed participle і waited і put heard written been і
АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ
Ћ. DO + infinitive : SIMPLE verb phrase - did not like
1. MODAL + infinitive : MODAL verb phrase - could see
2. HAVE + -ed participle : PERFECT verb phrase - have written
3. BE + -ing participle : PROGRESSIVE verb phrase - is sleeping
4. BE + -ed participle : PASSIVE verb phrase - was built
I am writing. The sun was shining.
She is singing. I was strolling.
John is having dinner. She was singing.
You are sitting. You were telling lies.
We are smiling at each other. We were telling the truth.
I have done it.
She has never seen a white man.
Jack has never lived in N.Y. all his life.
We have divorced.
People have forgotten the lesson the world taught them.
PAST PERFECT:
I had never done it before.
It had never been like this before we got married.
Paul hadn't had a slightest headache before he met a doctor.
They had lived in the mountains for ten years when the
earthquake started.
I have been living in this town too long.
She has been looking for another man.
You have been lying to me all this time!
We have been speaking all night.
‚ Є®бвагЄжЁпе вЁЇ "there is..., there was ..." "there"
ўлЇ®«пҐв а®«м Ї®¤«Ґ¦ 饣® Ё ў внЈҐ: "There was a book on the
table, wasn't there?". …б«Ё Ї®¤«Ґ¦ 饥 ў Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ -
Ґ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®-«Ёз®Ґ ¬Ґбв®Ё¬ҐЁҐ, ў внЈҐ ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп
"they": "Everyone has been told what to do, haven't they?"
The Earth goes round the Sun.
My son goes to school.
The sun rises in the east.
I see her every day.
Borg plays tennis very well. He lives in Stockholm.
They go to the movies when they are free.
Paul's grandfather wears glasses when he reads.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
b. ‘вл, бжҐ аЁЁ, аҐжҐ§ЁЁ ЄЁЈЁ, дЁ«м¬л, etc.
You leave me no choice.
I surrender, constable.
I swear to tell the truth.
I declare the meeting closed.
I repeat, I don't know him.
I pronounce you man and wife.
I am studying now. (I began a little while ago and I will
finish soon.) The trains are running on time now. (Five
years ago, the last time you were here, the trains were
usually late now this is no longer true.) My son is playing
football this fall. (He did pot play in the summer and will
not play during the winter, but now football is one of his
activities.)
Ex: He reads a lot <---> he is reading now
She sings very well ( She can do it and sometimes she does )
<---> she is singing in a bar now ( to make a quick penny )
Ex: It's going to rain this afternoon.
She looks as if she's going to faint.
He is going to be president for the next term.
I am going to sell my house.
b) ‘®ЎлвЁҐ Ё¬Ґ«® (Ґ Ё¬Ґ«®) ¬Ґбв® ў Їа®и«®¬, ® १г«мв в Ё«Ё
§ 票Ґ б®ЎлвЁп ў ¦л ¤«п бв®п饣®, Ё Ё¬Ґ® нв® § 票Ґ
Ё«Ё १г«мв в Ё ЁвҐаҐбгов Ј®ў®ап饣®, Є®ЄаҐвлҐ
®Ўбв®п⥫мбвў Ё ўаҐ¬п б®ЎлвЁп ҐбгйҐб⢥л. ќв® ¤ Ґв
®б®ў ЁҐ Ј®ў®ап饬㠪 Є Ўл ЁЈ®аЁа®ў вм ўбҐ, зв® Їа®Ё§®и«®
Ї®б«Ґ нв®Ј® б®ЎлвЁп. ‚ н⮬ б¬лб«Ґ «оЎ®Ґ б®®ЎйҐЁҐ ў PRESENT
PERFECT - ®ў®бвм ¤«п б«ги ⥫п. Џ®н⮬㠮ў®бвЁ ЇаҐЇ®¤®бпв ў
PRESENT PERFECT, ®Ўб㦤 ов ў PAST SIMPLE.
I've bought a new hat. - I can see that. Where did you buy it?
She has gone out.(the important thing is that now she is not here)
I've heard the doctors' opinion. ( and now I know it )
They have given up hope. ( now they don't hope at all )
We've spent the last dollar. ( now we have no money )
He has never seen an elephant. (he doesn't know what it looks like )
She's been washing her hair but it may be dry now.
What have you been doing?
Have I been behaving unconventionally?
I can't believe the things you've been saying.
c) To ¦Ґ б ¬®Ґ б ®в⥪®¬ Ё¬Ґо饣®бп १г«мв в .
Ex: What happened to your face? I know you have been
fighting!
Oh, John! You can't stand. You've been drinking!
I went up the stairs. I bathed. I changed. I made myself up like
the Queen of Sheba. Then I went downstairs and served dinner
for three. Then I entertained Mr. Sent. Then I wished him a
very good night. Then I wished John good-bye. Then I took my
suitcase and walked out.
He found some matches, climbed on the table, lit the gas lamp
and settled down to read.
ЋЎа вЁвҐ ўЁ¬ ЁҐ а §Ёжг ¬Ґ¦¤г PAST SIMPLE Ё PRESENT PERFECT:
He has lived in London for quite a long time. ( He is still there. )
He lived in London for quite a long time. ( He's no longer
there. He could be even dead. The period of his living in
London belongs to history.)
I've been to Hollywood several times.( I'm still in California
and, who knows, may be I'll go there some more times.)
I went to Hollywood several times. (Perhaps my trips to
Hollywood are finished and belong to the past. Very likely I
no longer live in California.)
ДД(*******.********)ДДД.ДДДДД> аЁб.6.
relevant point now t
Ex: That night they were staying in London.
Little Mary came in. She was eating an ice-cream cone.
When he returned she was wandering from room to room.
Yet he was speaking with absolute nakedness.
*************.ДДДДДДДДДДД.ДДДДДДДДД> аЁб.7.
relevant point now t
Ex: She was no fool. She had read much in several languages,
and she could talk of the books she had read with a
good sense.
She was in a dressing gown and her hair was dishevel led.
She had evidently just got out of bed.
Yesterday I exchanged the suit I had bought on Monday.
She began to do all the things she had wanted to do for
years.
For three years he had been in France on his own.
(гЄ §лў Ґвбп Є®Ґж нв®Ј® ЇҐаЁ®¤ .)
Ex: The doctor looked in his eyes. John had become deeply
serious.
I was terrified that some disaster was waiting for me.
In an instant dread had pounced me out of the dark.
NB!!! ђҐ§о¬Ёагп, ¬®¦® бЄ § вм, зв® PAST PERFECT гЇ®вॡ«пҐвбп
в®Ј¤ , Є®Ј¤ ¬Ґ¦¤г ¤ўг¬п а §®ўаҐ¬Ґл¬Ё б®ЎлвЁп¬Ё ў
Їа®и«®¬ бгйҐбвўгҐв ЇаЁзЁ®-б«Ґ¤б⢥ п Ё«Ё «®ЈЁзҐбЄ п
бўп§м.
Ex: She didn't feel the same after her cat had died.
When I had written all my letters, I did some gardening.
I could see from his face that he had received bad news.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE. ‘¬лб« PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE в®в ¦Ґ,
зв® Ё г PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, ® ў¬Ґбв® бв®п饣® ¬®¬Ґв
ўлбвгЇ Ґв в®зЄ ®вбзҐв ў Їа®и«®¬.
(**************.)ДДДДДДДДДДДД.ДДДДДДДДДДДД> аЁб.8.
relevant point now t
Ex: She suddenly realized that it was now completely dark
and that she had been walking for a long while.
Jane rose from the chair in which she had been sitting.
I explained that I had been looking for it for the last
two hours.
He had just come from one of the radio committees where
he had been arguing with someone he called a "stuffed
shirt".
The young man who had been turning his head from side to
side became transfixed.
‚ PRESENT/PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES бвагЄвга PASSIVE VOICE
гЇ®вॡ«пҐвбп ।Є® ( б«ЁиЄ®¬ ¬®Ј® to be ).
Ex: The butler was murdered.
The stolen car has been found.
Mohammad Aly had never been beaten before he met Joe
Freser.
The question has been discussed at the conference.
John was praised by the teacher.
Peter got punished by his father.
The books are being distributed by one of the students.
This fact was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.
‘а ўЁвҐ в Є¦Ґ: (1) Sammy was married.
(2) Sammy got married.
…б«Ё (1) ¬®¦Ґв § зЁвм Є Є "‘н¬¬Ё ¦ҐЁ«бп", в Є Ё "‘н¬¬Ё Ўл«
¦Ґ в", в® (2) ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ® § зЁв "‘н¬¬Ё ¦ҐЁ«бп".
- 19 -
’ Ў«Ёж 4 ”ЋђЊ› PASSIVE VOICE
ЪДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї
і і SIMPLE і PROGRESSIVE і PERFECT і PERFECT і
і і і і і PROGRESSIVE і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і P і I am і I am і I ДДї і і
і R і you Дї і you Дї і you і і have (has) і
і E і we areДї і we areДї і we haveДї і been і
і S і theyДЩ і і theyДЩ іbeingі theyДЩ іbeenі being і
і E і ГДtaken і іtakenі takenі taken і
і N і he Дї і і he Дї і і he Дї і і і
і T і she is ДЩ і she is ДЩ і she has ДЩ і(possible, but і
і і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і rarely used ) і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і і I Дї і I Дї і I ДДї і і
і і he іwasДї і he ГДwasДї і he і і had і
і P і she і і і she і і і she і і been і
і A і it ДЩ і і it ДЩ beingі it і і being і
і S і іtaken і takenі іhad beenі taken і
і T і you Дї і і you Дї і і you і takenі і
і і we wereДЩ і we wereДЩ і we і і(possible, but і
і і theyДЩ і theyДЩ і theyДЩ і rarely used ) і
АДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
ЏаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁҐ Ї®¬®йЁ - Shall I help you?
SHALL “Ја®§ Ё«Ё аҐиЁ¬®бвм - You shall suffer for this!
Ї® ®в®иҐЁо Є® 2
Ё«Ё 3-Ґ¬г «Ёжг
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
SHOULD „®«¦Ґбвў®ў ЁҐ, б - You should have known better
than to drink.
®в⥪®¬ бгЎ'ҐЄвЁў®бвЁ - I should stop smoke.
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
”Ё§ЁзҐбЄ п Ё«Ё г¬б⢥ п ў®§¬®¦®бвм ў бв®п饬 -
I can do that job.
CAN Ё«Ё Ўг¤г饬 - Can we settle it tomorrow?
Џа®бмЎл Ё а §аҐиҐЁп - Can I smoke? Of course you can.
be going to Ё will Їа ЄвЁзҐбЄЁ нЄўЁў «Ґвл, ® will Ў®«ҐҐ
е а ЄвҐа® ¤«п д®а¬ «м®Ј®, be going to - ¤«п а §Ј®ў®а®Ј® п§лЄ .
3. Џ« л Ўг¤г饥 ( ўбҐ c¤Ґ« ® ¤«п Ёе ®бгйҐбвў«ҐЁп ).
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - We are moving next week.
4. Ѓг¤г饥 Є Є а бЇЁб ЁҐ.
PRESENT SIMPLE - The plane starts at 5 a.m. John leaves
tomorrow.
“б«®ўлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп I вЁЇ Ё¬Ґов б«Ґ¤гойго бвагЄвгаг:
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
PRESENT TENSE ў conditional clause, (will+infinitive) Ё«Ё imperative
ў main clause (Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ).
Ex: If you go to Rome, you'll see the Colosseum.
If you go to London, see the Queen and give her my best regards.
If (as soon as) I have money enough, I will buy a car.
If you have money enough, buy a car.
Leave me, and I'll kill you. ( If you leave me, I'll kill you. )
Leave me, or I'll kill you. ( If you don't leave me, I'll kill you.)
Should you go to London, see the Queen. ( I don't consider it very
likely that you will go to London, so I use "should".)
“б«®ўлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп II вЁЇ . ‘вагЄвга :
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
PAST TENSE ў conditional clause, would + infinitive ( ЎҐ§ з бвЁжл to )
ў main clause.
Ex: If I had money enough, I would buy a car.
If I were you, I would keep quiet.
‚ III вЁЇҐ ®б®ЎҐ® з бв® ўбваҐз Ґвбп ЁўҐабЁп :
Had I been in your place, I would have kept quiet.
(‘а ўЁвҐ: Ѓг¤м п в®Ј¤ вў®Ґ¬ ¬ҐбвҐ, п Ўл ᬮ«з «. )
‘ўҐ¤Ґ¬ нвЁ ваЁ вЁЇ ў в Ў«ЁзЄг, зв®Ўл Ї®и Ј®ў®Ґ Ё§¬ҐҐЁҐ д®а¬л Ј« Ј®«®ў
бв «® ®зҐўЁ¤л¬:
I - If you kiss me, I will be happy.
II - If you kissed me, I would be happy.
III - If you had kissed me, I would have been happy.