IT'S NOT THAT HARD ( An experience of English grammar )

Сборники Художественной, Технической, Справочной, Английской, Нормативной, Исторической, и др. литературы.

IT'S NOT THAT HARD ( An experience of English grammar )

Jerry Jill, Sammy Lovejoy

ЙННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННН»
є є
є є
є IT'S NOT THAT HARD є
є є
є ( An experience of English grammar ) є
є є
є є
ИНННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННННј

Third edition, totally revised
and substantially enlarged

Sammy Lovejoy
executive editor

Laura Clark
chief of staff

Paul Norris ( Moscow )
Lionel Crane ( Rome )
Tony Plow ( Boston )
production managers

Moscow, 1989

‚‚…„…Ќ€…

„ ®Ґ Ї®б®ЎЁҐ пў«пҐвбп а §ўЁвЁҐ¬ Ё§¤ Ёп, ЇаҐ¤ЇаЁпв®Ј® Jerry
Jill ў 1985 Ј. Ћ® Ґ ЇаҐ¤« Ј Ґв Ї®«®Ј®, бЄагЇг«Ґ§®Ј® ®ЇЁб Ёп
Ј«Ё©бЄ®© Ја ¬¬ вЁЄЁ, ® ( зв® Ё пў«п«®бм жҐ«мо ўв®а®ў ) ¤ Ґв
ў®§¬®¦®бвм б Ї®§ЁжЁ© §¤а ў®Ј® б¬лб« , Ї® ў®§¬®¦®бвЁ Єа вЄ® Ё
¦Ёў®, а бб¬®ваҐвм ҐЄ®в®алҐ е а ЄвҐалҐ ваг¤®бвЁ, б Є®в®ал¬Ё
бв «ЄЁў Ґвбп Є ¦¤л©, Єв® б ¬®бв®пвҐ«м® Ё§гз Ґв Ј«Ё©бЄЁ©. €¬,
в Є¦Ґ вҐ¬, Єв® бвЁ¬г«Ёа®ў « нв® Ё§гзҐЁҐ, Ё Ї®бўпй Ґвбп нв
а Ў®в .

1. Ќ ¤® ®в¬ҐвЁвм, зв® «оЎ®Ґ Ї®¤®Ў®Ґ а бб¬®ваҐЁҐ ®бЁв ҐбЄ®«мЄ®
бгЎ'ҐЄвЁўл© е а ЄвҐа, ЁЎ® § «®Ј®¬ нддҐЄвЁў®Ј® гбў®ҐЁп
пў«пҐвбп бЁбвҐ¬ ,    г Є ¦¤®Ј® " Ў«о¤ вҐ«п" бў®п "бЁбвҐ¬
Є®®а¤Ё в".

2. Њл Їа ЄвЁзҐбЄЁ Ґ Ї®¤ўҐаЈ «Ё «Ё§г Ј«Ё©бЄго Ё¤Ё®¬ вЁЄг,
Ї®бЄ®«мЄг ҐҐ Ё§гзҐЁҐ ўбҐе га®ўпе Ґа §алў® бўп§ ® c
Ї®бв®пл¬ ў®бЇаЁпвЁҐ¬ Ё ў®бЇа®Ё§ўҐ¤ҐЁҐ¬ б®ўаҐ¬Ґ®© ¦Ёў®© ( Ё
ўбҐ ўаҐ¬п ¬ҐпойҐ©бп ) аҐзЁ native speakers, Ё Ї®нв®¬г б®§¤ ЁҐ
беҐ¬ Ё бвҐаҐ®вЁЇ®ў ў нв®© ®Ў« бвЁ ўап¤ «Ё жҐ«Ґб®®Ўа §®,
®б®ЎҐ® з «м®¬ нв ЇҐ ®ЎгзҐЁп. Ќ и жҐ«м - ¬ҐвЁвм
®Ї®алҐ в®зЄЁ, б®§¤ вм Є®бвпЄ, Є®в®ал© ў ¤ «мҐ©иҐ¬,
агЄ®ў®¤бвўгпбм п§лЄ®ўл¬ згвмҐ¬ Ё ўЄгб®¬, ¬®¦® ўҐиЁў вм Ў®«ҐҐ
в®ЄЁҐ Ја ¬¬ вЁзҐбЄЁҐ бвагЄвгал.

3. Ћб®ўлҐ Ї®пвЁп Ё вҐа¬Ёл Ґ Ўг¤гв ЇҐаҐў®¤Ёвмбп агббЄЁ©
п§лЄ, ЁЎ® ЇаЁ ЇҐаҐў®¤Ґ Їгв Ёжл ¤®бвЁзм Ј®а §¤® «ҐЈзҐ, зҐ¬
¤ҐЄў в®бвЁ. ‚Їа®зҐ¬, Ї®пбҐЁп, Є Є Їа ўЁ«®, ¤®бв в®з®
Ї®¤а®Ўл, зв®Ўл Є®¬ЇҐбЁа®ў вм нв® "Ґг¤®Ўбвў®".

- 2 -

”ЋђЊ› ЂЌѓ‹€‰‘ЉЋѓЋ ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹Ђ ( ’ Ў«Ёж 1 )
---------------------------

‚   Ј«Ё©бЄ®¬ п§лЄҐ бгйҐбвўгҐв ¬®¦Ґбвў® Ј« Ј®«мле д®а¬, зв®
Ї®§ў®«пҐв ўла ¦ вм ¤®ў®«м® в®ЄЁҐ б¬лб«®ўлҐ Ё ўаҐ¬ҐлҐ
®ввҐЄЁ ¤Ґ©бвўЁ© Ё б®бв®пЁ©. ђ бб¬ ваЁў п Ёе, ¬л § ®¤®
Їа®ўҐ¤Ґ¬ Є« ббЁдЁЄ жЁо Ј« Ј®«®ў. ѓ« Ј®« ¬®¦Ґв Ўлвм Є Є
Їа®бвл¬ (б®бв®пйЁ¬ Ё§ ®¤®Ј® б«®ў ), в Є Ё б®бв ўл¬: was,
stands, did - was placed, couldn't stand, have done. Ћб®Ўго
ЈагЇЇг б®бв ў«пов в Є §лў Ґ¬лҐ "¬®¤ «млҐ" Ј« Ј®«л. ќв®:

will shall can may must
would should could might ought to,

в Є¦Ґ ҐбЄ®«мЄ® ¤агЈЁе, ¬ҐҐҐ ў ¦ле. Њ®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л
®ЇЁблў ов Ґ б ¬® ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁҐ,    иҐ Є Ґ¬г
®в®иҐЁҐ, в.Ґ. ўла ¦ ов ¤®«¦Ґбвў®ў ЁҐ, ў®§¬®¦®бвм,
ўҐа®пв®бвм, гўҐаҐ®бвм, а §аҐиҐЁҐ, Їа®бмЎг, ЇаЁЄ §,
ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁҐ, ЄаЁвЁЄг, а бЄ пЁҐ Ё в.¤. ( ‘а ўЁвҐ - г¬Ґ«
«Ґв вм, ¬®Јг ЇЁб вм, Ўг¤г в жҐў вм, Ґ б«Ґ¤®ў «® ЇЁвм.)
‘Ї®б®Ўл гЇ®ваҐЎ«ҐЁп ¬®¤ «мле Ј« Ј®«®ў ¬л а бб¬®ваЁ¬ Ё¦Ґ,
Ї®Є ¦Ґ ®в¬ҐвЁ¬, зв® ®Ё: 1) Ґ ¬®Јгв "бгйҐбвў®ў вм"
Ё§®«Ёа®ў ® ®в " бв®пйЁе" Ј« Ј®«®ў, ўла ¦ ойЁе ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ
Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁҐ,    в Є¦Ґ 2) Ґ Ё§¬Ґповбп Ї® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ, зЁб«г Ё
«Ёжг, Ё ў нв®¬ б¬лб«Ґ пў«повбп "ҐЇ®«®жҐл¬Ё". ќв
ҐЇ®«®жҐ®бвм ( defectiveness ) ЇаЁў®¤Ёв Є в®¬г, зв® ¬л
¤®«¦л Ё®Ј¤ ЁбЄ вм § ¬Ґг ¬®¤ «м®¬г Ј« Ј®«г, зв®Ўл
¤ҐЄў в® ўла §Ёвм бў®о ¬лб«м:

I must go. - I had to go.
I can speak English. - Not being able to speak, I kept quiet.

ЏҐаҐ©¤Ґ¬ Є " бв®пйЁ¬" Ј« Ј®« ¬. ЋЎлз® ўл¤Ґ«пҐвбп 5 д®а¬:

#1. Ћб®ў п д®а¬ "base form" - б®ўЇ ¤ Ґв б ЁдЁЁвЁў®¬ ЎҐ§
з бвЁжл to, пў«пҐвбп б«®ў а®© Ё ўла ¦ Ґв ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ/б®бв®пЁҐ ў
бв®пйҐ¬ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ - PRESENT SIMPLE ( Єа®¬Ґ 3-ҐЈ® зЁб« Ґ¤.
зЁб« - he, she, it ), ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп ¤«п ®Ўа §®ў Ёп
Ї®ўҐ«ЁвҐ«м®Ј® Є«®ҐЁп - Ё¬ЇҐа вЁў .

#2. ”®а¬ 3-ҐЈ® «Ёж Ґ¤. зЁб« бв®пйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ - ®Ўа §гҐвбп
¤®Ў ў«ҐЁҐ¬ 's' Є "base form" ( б Ґ§ зЁвҐ«мл¬Ё
ў аЁ жЁп¬Ё ):

work - works
smile - smiles
watch - watches

Ља®¬Ґ "to be" в®«мЄ® ваЁ Ј« Ј®« Ё¬Ґов "ҐЇа ўЁ«мго"
"s-form", Ё в® ¤ў Ё§ Ёе Ё¬Ґов ҐҐ в®«мЄ® ў Їа®Ё§®иҐЁЁ
( [sҐz],[d«z] ):

have - has do - does say - says

#3. ”®а¬ Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ. “ Їа ўЁ«мле Ј« Ј®«®ў (regular
verbs) ®Ўа §гҐвбп ¤®Ў ў«ҐЁҐ¬ бгддЁЄб "ed" Є "base form".
Ќ Ї®¬Ё¬ Їа ўЁ« Їа®Ё§®иҐЁп #3 Їа ўЁ«мле Ј« Ј®«®ў. Ћ®
®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«пҐвбп Ї®б«Ґ¤Ё¬ §ўгЄ®¬ "base form":

- 3 -
1) Ec«Ё нв® [t] Ё«Ё [d], ¤®Ў ў«пҐ¬ б«®Ј [id]:
wait - waited [weitid], mend - mended [mendid]
2) …б«Ё нв® §ў®ЄЁ© §ўгЄ, ® Ґ [d], ¤®Ў ў«пҐ¬ [d]:
play - played [pleid], live - lived [livd]
3) …б«Ё нв® Ј«ге®© §ўгЄ, ® Ґ [t], ¤®Ў ў«пҐ¬ [t]:
kick - kicked [kikt], dance - danced [da:nst]

ЌҐЇа ўЁ«млҐ Ј« Ј®«л ¬®¦® а §¤Ґ«Ёвм ваЁ ЈагЇЇл :
1) Ј« Ј®«л вЁЇ put, г Є®в®але #1, #3 Ё #5 (б¬. Ё¦Ґ)
б®ўЇ ¤ ов :
put - put - put
2) Ј« Ј®«л вЁЇ hear, г Є®в®але б®ўЇ ¤ ов #3 Ё #5 :
hear - heard - heard
3) Ј« Ј®«л вЁЇ write, г Є®в®але ўбҐ нвЁ ваЁ д®а¬л а §«Ёзл :
write - wrote - written

#4. ”®а¬ ЇаЁз бвЁп бв®пйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ( -ing participle, present
participle ). ‚ла ¦ Ґв Ґ б ¬® ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ бгЎ'ҐЄв , ҐЈ®
б®бв®пЁҐ ў бўп§Ё б б®ўҐаи Ґ¬л¬ ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ¬ - sleeping dog,
running boy. Џ®звЁ г ўбҐе Ј« Ј®«®ў ®Ўа §гҐвбп ¤®Ў ў«ҐЁҐ¬
бгддЁЄб "ing". €бЄ«озҐЁп : lie - lying, die - dying Ё
Ј« Ј®«л вЁЇ bite - biting. ‘гйҐбвўгов Ё аҐЈЁ® «млҐ ®в«ЁзЁп
ў бЇҐ«ҐЈҐ: #4 ¤«п Ј« Ј®« travel ў ‚Ґ«ЁЄ®ЎаЁв ЁЁ -
travelling, ў ‘Ђ - traveling ( в.Ґ. Ґв г¤ў®ҐЁп ).

#5. ”®а¬ ЇаЁз бвЁп Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ( -ed participle, past
participle ). ‚ла ¦ Ґв б®бв®пЁҐ ў аҐ§г«мв вҐ б®ўҐаиҐ®Ј® ў
Їа®и«®¬ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп - stolen gun, forgotten word. “ Їа ўЁ«мле
Ј« Ј®«®ў б®ўЇ ¤ Ґв б #3.

‘ўҐ¤п ўбҐ нв® ў в Ў«Ёжг 1, ўЁ¤Ё¬, зв® Їа ўЁ«мл© Ј« Ј®« ўбҐЈ¤
Ё¬ҐҐв 4 а §«ЁзлҐ д®а¬л, ҐЇа ўЁ«мл© - ®в 3 ¤® 5 д®а¬, BE -
8 д®а¬.

’ Ў«Ёж 1 ”ЋђЊ› ЂЌѓ‹€‰‘ЉЋѓЋ ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹Ђ ( Ї® R.Close, [2] )
ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї
і ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹њЌЂџ ”ЋђЊЂ і REGULAR і IRREGULAR і
і і ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і ( Џђ€Њ…Ќ…Ќ€… ) і і Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 BE і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і1. €дЁЁвЁў, Ё¬ЇҐа вЁў, і wait і put hear write be, і
і Ќ бв®пйҐҐ ўаҐ¬п(Єа®¬Ґ і і am, і
і 3-ҐЈ® «Ёж Ґ¤. зЁб« ) і і are і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і2. Ќ бв®пйҐҐ ўаҐ¬п і waits і puts hears writes is і
і 3-Ґ «Ёж® Ґ¤. зЁб«® і і і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і3. Џа®иҐ¤иҐҐ ўаҐ¬п і waited і put heard wrote was, і
і і і were і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і4. -ing participle і waiting і putting hearing writing being і
ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і5. -ed participle і waited і put heard written been і
АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ

- 4 -

COMPLEX VERB PHRASE
-----------------------

’ҐЇҐам ¬л ¬®¦Ґ¬ ЇаЁбвгЇЁвм Є Є®бвагЁа®ў Ёо "complex verbs" -
б«®¦ле д®а¬ Ј« Ј®« , § вҐ¬ а бб¬®ваҐвм, Є Є ®Ё Ї®§ў®«пов ¬
ўла ¦ вм б ¬лҐ а §лҐ ®ввҐЄЁ ¤Ґ©бвўЁ© Ё б®бв®пЁ©. Џ®бЄ®«мЄг
Їа®бвлҐ д®а¬л #4 Ё #5 Ґ пў«повбп б ¬®бв®пвҐ«мл¬Ё Ј« Ј®« ¬Ё, ¤«п
"ЇаЁў«ҐзҐЁп Ёе Є а Ў®вҐ" г¦л бЇҐжЁ «млҐ, ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«млҐ
Ј« Ј®«л ( auxiliary verbs Ё«Ё Їа®бв® auxiliaries ). €е ўбҐЈ® ваЁ
- to be, to have, to do (®Ё ¬®Јгв Ўлвм Ё б¬лб«®ўл¬Ё Ј« Ј®« ¬Ё Ё
в®Ј¤ ®§ з ов б®®вўҐвбвўҐ® - Ўлвм, Ё¬Ґвм, ¤Ґ« вм - гЇа®йҐл©
ЇҐаҐў®¤, ® ¤агЈ®Ј® Ґв). Ља®¬Ґ в®Ј®, Є Є ¬л Ї®¬Ё¬, ў Ї®бва®ҐЁЁ
complex verb phrase гз бвўгов ¬®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л. Њ®¦® ўл¤Ґ«Ёвм
Їпвм н«Ґ¬Ґв але ЈагЇЇ:

Ћ. DO + infinitive : SIMPLE verb phrase - did not like
1. MODAL + infinitive : MODAL verb phrase - could see
2. HAVE + -ed participle : PERFECT verb phrase - have written
3. BE + -ing participle : PROGRESSIVE verb phrase - is sleeping
4. BE + -ed participle : PASSIVE verb phrase - was built

( Ќ Ї®¬Ё¬, зв® SIMPLE = INDEFINITE, PROGRESSIVE = CONTINUOUS )

Љ ¦¤ п н«Ґ¬Ґв а п ЈагЇЇ Ё¬ҐҐв бў®© н«Ґ¬Ґв ал© б¬лб«:

Ћ. SIMPLE - Љ®бв в жЁп ¤Ґ©бвўЁп Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁп бгЎ'ҐЄв .
1. MODAL - Ћв®иҐЁҐ бгЎ'ҐЄв Є ¤Ґ©бвўЁо Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁо.
2. PERFECT - ‡ ўҐаиҐ®бвм ¤Ґ©бвўЁп Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁп бгЎ'ҐЄв .
3. PROGRESSIVE - „Ґ©бвўЁҐ Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁҐ бгЎ'ҐЄв ў а §ўЁвЁЁ,
Ґ§ ўҐаиҐ®.
4. PASSIVE - ‘®бв®пЁҐ бгЎ'ҐЄв ў аҐ§г«мв вҐ б®ўҐаиҐ®Ј®
¤ Ё¬ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп.

Ѓ®«ҐҐ Ї®¤а®Ў® ¬л а бб¬®ваЁ¬ ўбҐ нв® ў б®®вўҐвбвўгойЁе а §¤Ґ« е.
ѓагЇЇл ¬®Јгв Є®¬ЎЁЁа®ў вмбп, ® Ґ Їа®Ё§ў®«м®. ѓагЇЇ Ћ (SIMPLE)
¬®¦Ґв бгйҐбвў®ў вм в®«мЄ® б ¬ Ї® бҐЎҐ (Ї®нв®¬г ¬л ЇаЁбў®Ё«Ё Ґ©
®¬Ґа Ћ). Ћбв «млҐ ¦Ґ ЈагЇЇл б®зҐв овбп ў бва®Ј® ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®¬
Ї®ап¤ЄҐ, Є Є ¬ ваҐиЄ :

1 НН> 2 НН> 3 НН> 4 The letters must have been being typed.

1 НН> 2 НННННННН> 4 The letters must have been typed.

2 НННННННН> 4 The letters have been typed.

‘ваҐ«Є ¬Ё Ї®Є § ® гЇа ў«ҐЁҐ, ЇаЁ нв®¬ Ї® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ, зЁб«г Ё «Ёжг
Ё§¬ҐпҐвбп в®«мЄ® ЇҐаўл© Ј« Ј®« ЈагЇЇл ( Єа®¬Ґ ¬®¤ «мле ).
Ћб®ў®© ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв иҐЈ® а бб¬®ваҐЁп Ўг¤гв б®бв ў«пвм ЈагЇЇл Ћ,2,3
- SIMPLE, PERFECT, PROGRESSIVE, б Ї®¬®ймо Є®в®але ®Ўа §говбп
Ј« Ј®«млҐ ўаҐ¬Ґ ЄвЁў®Ј® § «®Ј .

ЋЁ Ё ®Ўа §гов зҐвлаҐ ЈагЇЇл ўаҐ¬Ґ TENSES: Ћ, 2, 3, 2НН>3
( ¬ ваҐиЄ ! ).

- 5 -

ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹њЌ›… ‚ђ…Њ…ЌЂ ( TENSES )
-----------------------------------

Љ ¦¤ п Ј« Ј®«м п д®а¬ - TENSE - ®ЇЁблў Ґв ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ/б®бв®пЁҐ
cгЎ'ҐЄв /ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв ў® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ б Ї®¬®ймо б¬лб«®ў®Ј® Ј« Ј®« . „«п
®ЇЁб Ёп е а ЄвҐа нв®Ј® ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ( Їа®Ёбе®¤Ёв Є ¦¤л© ¤Ґм,
з «®бм Ґ¤ ў® Ё бЄ®а® § Є®зЁвбп, в®«мЄ® зв® Їа®Ё§®и«® Ё в.¤. )
ЁбЇ®«м§говбп в Є §лў Ґ¬лҐ ASPECTS - SIMPLE, PROGRESSIVE, PERFECT
Ё PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, ®¤®§ з® ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«пойЁҐ ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мл©
Ј« Ј®«. ’ ЄЁ¬ ®Ўа §®¬, ¬л Ї®«гз Ґ¬ Їа ўЁ«®, Ї®Є §лў ойҐҐ ¬,
Є ЄЁҐ ¬®ад®«®ЈЁзҐбЄЁҐ Ё§¬ҐҐЁп ¤® Їа®Ё§ўҐбвЁ ў б¬лб«®ў®¬ Ё
ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мле Ј« Ј®« е, зв®Ўл   ¤ҐЄў в® ўла §Ёвм ®ЇЁблў Ґ¬®Ґ
¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ, Ё, ®Ўа в®, Ї® §ў Ёо ¤ ®Ј® TENSE ¬®¦® ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ёвм
ўаҐ¬п ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ( TIME ) Ё ҐЈ® е а ЄвҐа ( ASPECT ). ќв® ўлЈ®¤®
®в«Ёз Ґв   Ј«Ё©бЄЁ© ®в агббЄ®Ј® Ё ¤агЈЁе п§лЄ®ў, Ј¤Ґ ўаҐ¬п Ё
е а ЄвҐа ¤Ґ©бвўЁп/б®бв®пЁп ®в®Ўа ¦ овбп в®«мЄ® ¬®ад®«®ЈЁзҐбЄЁ
(ЇаЁбв ўЄЁ/бгддЁЄбл). ‘¬лб« а §«Ёзле ASPECTS б¬. ЇаҐ¤л¤. а §¤Ґ«
(complex verb phrase). Џ®бЄ®«мЄг Їа®бвле ўаҐ¬Ґ г б ваЁ - PAST,
PRESENT Ё FUTURE, в® Є § «®бм Ўл, ¬л ¤®«¦л Ё¬Ґвм 12 TENSES ( 3 *
4 ). Ќ® д®а¬л Ўг¤гйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ Ё г Їа®бвле, Ё г ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мле
Ј« Ј®«®ў Ґв ( б¬. в Ў«. 1 ) Ё ¤Ґ©бвўЁп/б®бв®пЁп ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬
ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ¬л ®ЇЁблў Ґ¬ «ЁЎ® б Ї®¬®ймо PRESENT/PAST TENSES (б¬.
Ё¦Ґ), «ЁЎ® б Ї®¬®ймо ¬®¤ «мле Ј« Ј®«®ў (ў ЇҐаўго ®зҐаҐ¤м,
Є®Ґз® will/shall, ® Ё ¤агЈЁҐ modals Ї®¤е®¤пв ¤«п нв®© жҐ«Ё (б¬.
а §¤Ґ« ЊЋ„Ђ‹њЌ›… ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹›)). Џ®нв®¬г Ё®Ј¤ Ё Ј®ў®апв, зв® ў
Ј«Ё©бЄ®¬ п§лЄҐ "Ґв Ўг¤гйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ". Ќ б ¬®¬ ¤Ґ«Ґ FUTURE
TIME Є®Ґз®, Ґбвм, ® FUTURE TENSE - Ја ¬¬ вЁзҐбЄ®© д®а¬л б®
бў®Ё¬ ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мл¬ (Ґ ¬®¤ «мл¬!) Ј« Ј®«®¬, Ё§¬ҐпҐ¬л¬ Ї®
зЁб«г Ё «Ёжг - Ґ бгйҐбвўгҐв. ‚ б®®вўҐвбвўЁЁ б® ўбҐ¬ бЄ § л¬
ўлиҐ ¬л Ё¬ҐҐ¬ зҐвлаҐ ЈагЇЇл TENSES - ¤«п ўбҐе б«гз Ґў ЇаЁ¬ҐҐЁп
ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мле Ј« Ј®«®ў (PRESENT/PAST), зв® ¤ Ґв ¬ ўбҐЈ® 8
а §«Ёзле TENSES.

‚ ¤ «мҐ©иҐ¬ ¬л ¤«п нЄ®®¬ЁЁ ¬Ґбв Ўг¤Ґ¬ Ё®Ј¤ ®ЇгбЄ вм б«®ў®
TENSE ў §ў ЁЁ Ј« Ј®«мле ўаҐ¬Ґ. €в Є:

1. ѓагЇЇ SIMPLE - auxiliary to do:

PRESENT SIMPLE - в®«мЄ® б¬лб«®ў®© Ј« Ј®« ў бв®пйҐ¬ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ:
She sings in a bar.
I love you.
We are here.
It is true. People never believe strangers.

PAST SIMPLE - б¬лб«®ў®© Ј« Ј®« ў д®а¬Ґ Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ:
She sang in a bar. I loved her.
We were here.
It was true. Jerry lived in L.A.
’ Є Є Є -ing Ё -ed participle Ґ пў«повбп б ¬®бв®пвҐ«мл¬Ё
Ј« Ј®« ¬Ё, в® нвЁ¬Ё ¤ўг¬п ўаҐ¬Ґ ¬Ё - PRESENT Ё PAST -
ЁбзҐаЇлў Ґвбп ЈагЇЇ SIMPLE.

2. ѓагЇЇ PROGRESSIVE: auxiliary "to be".
"’o be" ваҐЎгҐв -ing participle б¬лб«®ў®Ј® Ј« Ј®« , Ё зв®Ўл
®Ўа §®ў вм ўбҐ ў®§¬®¦лҐ ўаҐ¬Ґ ў нв®© ЈагЇЇҐ, ¬л ¤®«¦л
ў§пвм ўбҐ д®а¬л бв®пйҐЈ® Ё Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ "to be" Ё
Ї®«гзЁвм б®®вўҐвбвўҐ®:

- 6 -

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: Ё PAST PROGRESSIVE:

I am writing. The sun was shining.
She is singing. I was strolling.
John is having dinner. She was singing.
You are sitting. You were telling lies.
We are smiling at each other. We were telling the truth.

3. ѓагЇЇ PERFECT: auxiliary "to have".
"To have" ваҐЎгҐв -ed participle б¬лб«®ў®Ј® Ј« Ј®« Ё,
«®ЈЁз® ЈагЇЇҐ PROGRESSIVE, ¤ў ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ў нв®© ЈагЇЇҐ
б®®вўҐвбвўгов д®а¬ ¬ бв®пйҐЈ® Ё Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ auxiliary
"to have".

PRESENT PERFECT:

I have done it.
She has never seen a white man.
Jack has never lived in N.Y. all his life.
We have divorced.
People have forgotten the lesson the world taught them.

PAST PERFECT:

I had never done it before.
It had never been like this before we got married.
Paul hadn't had a slightest headache before he met a doctor.
They had lived in the mountains for ten years when the
earthquake started.

4. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: auxiliary "to have been"
( 2НН>3 - "¬ ваҐиЄ " )
‘®®вўҐвбвўҐ® Ё¬ҐҐ¬:

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

I have been living in this town too long.
She has been looking for another man.
You have been lying to me all this time!
We have been speaking all night.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:

I had been waiting for an hour when she arrived.

TENSES е®а®и® Ё§®Ўа ¦ овбп в Ў«ЁжҐ© 2. „«п ЇаЁ¬Ґа ў§пв Ј« Ј®«
"take".

- 7 -

’ Ў«Ёж 2 PRESENT AND PAST TENSES
ЪДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї
і і SIMPLE і PROGRESSIVE і PERFECT і PERFECT і
і і і і і PROGRESSIVE і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і і*auxiliary-і auxiliary - і auxiliary - і auxiliary - і
і і (to do) і to be і to have і to have been і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і P і I Дї і I amДї і I ДДї і I ДДї і
і R і you і і you Дї і і you і і you і і
і E і we іtakeі we areі і we haveДї і we іhaveДї і
і S і theyДЩ і theyДЩ і і theyДЩ і і theyі і і
і E і і іtakingі takenі ДЩ been і
і N і he Дї і he Дї і і he Дї і і he Дї takingі
і T і she іtakesі she isДЩ і she has ДЩ і she іhas ДЩ і
і і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і і I Дї і I wasДї і I Дї і I Дї і
і і you і і you Дї і і you і і you і і
і P і we і і we were і і we і і we і і
і A і theyі і theyДЩ і і they і had і they і had і
і S і іtook і takingі ГД taken і ГД been і
і T і he і і he Дї і і he і і he і takingі
і і she і і she wasДЩ і she і і she і і
і і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і
АДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ
*
‚бЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мл© Ј« Ј®« to do ЈагЇЇл SIMPLE ЇаЁ¬ҐпҐвбп ®Ўлз® ¤«п
®Ўа §®ў Ёп ў®Їа®бЁвҐ«мле Ё ®ваЁж вҐ«мле Є®бвагЄжЁ© (Ї®нв®¬г
¬л Ё Ґ ўЁ¤Ё¬ ҐЈ® ў в Ў«ЁжҐ 2, б®бв ў«Ґ®© ¤«п гвўҐа¤ЁвҐ«мле
ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁ©), ®¤ Є® ® ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп ў н¬д вЁзҐбЄЁе
(гбЁ«ЁвҐ«мле) Є®бвагЄжЁпе Ё, в ЄЁ¬ ®Ўа §®¬, ®ЎаҐв Ґв ҐЄ®Ґ
а ў®Їа ўЁҐ б to be Ё to have : I don't like him. Do you like
him? I do like him.

- 8 -

‚ЋЏђЋ‘€’…‹њЌ›… Џђ…„‹Ћ†…Ќ€џ
----------------------------

1. Ђ«мвҐа вЁўлҐ ў®Їа®бл, в.Ґ. в ЄЁҐ, ®вўҐв®¬ Є®в®алҐ ¬®Јгв
Ўлвм в®«мЄ® "¤ " Ё«Ё "Ґв", ®Ўа §говбп ўлҐбҐЁҐ¬ ў
з «® ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп ЇҐаў®Ј® ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«м®Ј® Ј« Ј®« ў г¦®©
д®а¬Ґ( ¤«п ЈагЇЇл SIMPLE Ј« Ј®« "to do", ¤«п ЈагЇЇл
PROGRESSIVE Ј« Ј®« "to be", ¤«п ЈагЇЇл PERFECT Ј« Ј®« "to
have"):

Are you sleeping?
Have they been fighting?
Were they speaking English when you came in?
Do you like dancing?
Did they live there in 1967?

…б«Ё "to be" - б¬лб«®ў®© Ј« Ј®« ў ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ ( Ўлвм, пў«пвмбп ),
в® ® Ё ўл®бЁвбп ў з «®.

Are you a journalist?
Is your name John?
Was he the person you lived with in N.Y.?

…б«Ё "to have" - б¬лб«®ў®© ( Ё¬Ґвм, ®Ў« ¤ вм ), в®
ЇаҐ¤Ї®звЁвҐ«мҐҐ ў Є зҐбвўҐ ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«м®Ј® ЁбЇ®«м§®ў вм "to do":

Do you have any money? (1)
Did you have a good time yesterday? (2)

…б«Ё Є Є   «мвҐа вЁўл© ў аЁ в (1) ў ‚Ґ«ЁЄ®ЎаЁв ЁЁ ҐйҐ ¬®¦®
гб«ли вм "Have you any money?" (Їа ў¤ , ўбҐ аҐ¦Ґ Ё аҐ¦Ґ -
¬ҐаЁЄ бЄ®Ґ ў«ЁпЁҐ), в® ЁЄ Є®© «мвҐа вЁўл (2) г¦Ґ Ґ
®бв «®бм.

2. „«п ®ЎйЁе ў®Їа®б®ў ЁбЇ®«м§говбп ў®Їа®бЁвҐ«млҐ б«®ў : who,
whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how, how many etc.
‚®Їа®бл Є Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐ¬г ®Ўа §говбп § ¬Ґ®© Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐЈ®
ў®Їа®бЁвҐ«м®Ґ б«®ў®.

Who lives here?
What is it?
Which girl loves you?

‚®Їа®бл Є ®бв «мл¬ б«®ў ¬ ў ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ ®Ўа §говбп ўлҐбҐЁҐ¬
ўЇҐаҐ¤, ¬Ґбв® Ї®б«Ґ ў®Їа®бЁвҐ«м®Ј® б«®ў , ЇҐаў®Ј®
ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«м®Ј® Ј« Ј®« ў г¦®© д®а¬Ґ.

What do you want?
Where do you live?
When are you coming?
Why is she crying?
How long have you lived here?
Whom do you like best? ( informal: who )

3. ‚ ў®Їа®б е Є ЇаҐ¤«®¦®¬г ¤®Ї®«ҐЁо ЇаҐ¤«®Ј ®Ўлз® ЇҐаҐ®бЁвбп
ў Є®Ґж ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп ("агббЄЁ©" ў аЁ в - в®«мЄ® ў д®а¬ «м®©
аҐзЁ):

- 9 -

What do you carry water in?
In what do you carry water? ( formal )
What are you laughing at?
At what are you laughing? ( formal )
Whom do you live with? ( normal )
Who do you live with? ( informal )
( вЁЇЁз® ¤«п а §Ј®ў®а®© аҐзЁ )
With whom do you live? ( formal )

4. ‚ ¦го ЈагЇЇг   «мвҐа вЁўле ў®Їа®б®ў б®бв ў«пов в..
tag-questions, ўҐбм¬ ®в¤ «Ґ® Ї®¬Ё ойЁҐ агббЄ®Ґ "Ґ в Є
«Ё?" Ё«Ё да жг§бЄ®Ґ "n'est-ce pas?". Ќ ЁЎ®«ҐҐ
а бЇа®бва ҐлҐ вЁЇл - "®ваЁж вҐ«мл©" внЈ Ї®б«Ґ
гвўҐа¤ЁвҐ«м®Ј® ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп Ё "Ї®«®¦ЁвҐ«мл©" Ї®б«Ґ
®ваЁж вҐ«м®Ј® ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп.

You've met him, haven't you?
You haven't met him, have you?
You like him, don't you?
You don't like him, do you?

Љ«озҐўго а®«м ¤«п ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«ҐЁп б¬лб« внЈ ЁЈа Ґв ҐЈ® Ёв® жЁп.
…б«Ё ® Ї ¤ ой п, в® внЈ ўла ¦ Ґв ®ЎлЄ®ўҐл© § Їа®б
Ї®¤вўҐа¦¤ҐЁҐ. …б«Ё ® ў®бе®¤пй п - Ј®ў®апйЁ© б®¬Ґў Ґвбп ў
ЁбвЁ®бвЁ гвўҐа¦¤ҐЁп, бд®а¬г- «Ёа®ў ®Ј® ў Ј« ў®¬
ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ, Ё е®зҐв г§ вм, "Є Є ®® б ¬®¬ ¤Ґ«Ґ". (‚
Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ Ёв® жЁп ®Ўлз® Ї ¤ ой п Ё«Ё Ґ©ва «м п.)

‚бваҐз овбп Ё "Ї®«®¦ЁвҐ«м®-Ї®«®¦ЁвҐ«млҐ" Ё "®ваЁж вҐ«м®-
®ваЁж вҐ«млҐ" Є®бвагЄжЁЁ. ЋЁ ¬®Јгв ўла ¦ вм иЁа®ЄЁ© бЇҐЄва
згўбвў Ё ¬ҐаҐЁ© Ј®ў®апйҐЈ®: ®в Їа®бв®Ј® ў®Їа®б (You've
locked the door, have you?) ¤® б аЄ §¬ (You think you're
funny, do you?), Ґ¤®ў®«мбвў (So you don't like my cooking,
don't you? Ё ¤ ¦Ґ гЈа®§л (You've done that again, have you?).

Љ ЄЁ¬ Ўл Ґ Ўл«® § зҐЁҐ внЈ , ЁбЇ®«м§гҐ¬л© ў Ґ¬
ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«мл© Ј« Ј®« - "не®" ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«м®Ј® Ј« Ј®«
Ј« ў®Ј® ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп: have - haven't, was - wasn't, couldn't -
could Ё в.¤. …б«Ё ¦Ґ ў Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ Ґв ўбЇ®¬®Ј вҐ«м®Ј®
Ј« Ј®« (ЈагЇЇ SIMPLE), в® ў внЈҐ ЁбЇ®«м§говбп, ҐбвҐбвўҐ®,
do, does, did.

‚ Є®бвагЄжЁпе вЁЇ "there is..., there was ..." "there"
ўлЇ®«пҐв а®«м Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐЈ® Ё ў внЈҐ: "There was a book on the
table, wasn't there?". …б«Ё Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐҐ ў Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ -
Ґ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®-«Ёз®Ґ ¬Ґбв®Ё¬ҐЁҐ, ў внЈҐ ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп
"they": "Everyone has been told what to do, haven't they?"

- 10 -

MEANING OF TENSES
-------------------

ЏҐаҐ¤ вҐ¬, Є Є ЇҐаҐ©вЁ Є    «Ё§г TENSES, ўўҐ¤Ґ¬ гб«®ўлҐ
®Ў®§ зҐЁп. Љ ¦¤л© ASPECT Ё¬ҐҐв ®б®Ўл© ўаҐ¬Ґ®© е а ЄвҐа (б¬.
а §¤Ґ« COMPLEX VERB PHRASE). ‚ з бв®бвЁ, ЈагЇЇ ўаҐ¬Ґ
PROGRESSIVE, б®®вўҐвбвўгой п auxiliary "to be", ®ЇЁблў Ґв ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ
ў ®ЄаҐбв®бвЁ ҐЄ®в®а®Ј® ¬®¬Ґв ( аЁб.1 ), ЈагЇЇ PERFECT,
б®®вўҐвбвўгой п auxiliary "to have", а бб¬ ваЁў Ґв Ї®«гЁвҐаў «,
§ Є зЁў ойЁ©бп ҐЄ®в®ал¬ ¬®¬Ґв®¬ ( аЁб.2 ). Ќ аЁбгЄ е 1 Ё 2
нв®¬г ¬®¬Ґвг б®®вўҐвбвўгҐв в®зЄ m. ‚ ¤ «мҐ©иҐ¬ ¬л Ўг¤Ґ¬
§лў вм в®зЄг, ® Є®в®а®© Ё¤Ґв аҐзм, "relevant point", б ¬®¬г
¬®¬Ґвг аҐзЁ Ўг¤Ґв б®®вўҐвбвў®ў вм в®зЄ "now". ‚ б«гз Ґ Ёе
б®ўЇ ¤ҐЁп ( бв®пйҐҐ ўаҐ¬п ) ¤«п Їа®бв®вл ®в¤ ¤Ё¬ ЇаЁ®аЁвҐв
"now". „«п ЈагЇЇл SIMPLE аЁбгЄ®ў Ґ Ўг¤Ґв, в.Є. ® ®ЇЁблў Ґв
«ЁЎ® ¤Ґ©бвўЁп, бЁеа®лҐ б вҐзҐЁҐ¬ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ, «ЁЎ® б®бв®пЁп,
Ё¬ҐойЁҐ ¬Ґбв® ўбҐЈ¤ ( ў «оЎ®© ¤ л© ¬®¬Ґв ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ).

ДДДД(****.****)ДДДД> ДДДДД**********.ДДДД>
m t m t
аЁб. 1 аЁб. 2

„«п Ї®Ё¬ Ёп TENSES Ґ®Ўе®¤Ё¬ Ёе ба ўЁвҐ«мл© «Ё§. ‘ з «
¬л а §ЎҐаҐ¬ Ї®¤ап¤ ўаҐ¬Ґ ў ЇҐаў®© бва®ЄҐ в Ў«Ёжл 2 ( PRESENT ).

PRESENT SIMPLE:

a. ЌҐЇаҐалўлҐ, Ї®ўв®апойЁҐбп, е а ЄвҐалҐ, Їа®Ёбе®¤пйЁҐ ЇаЁ
®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґле гб«®ўЁпе ¤Ґ©бвўЁп, б®бв®пЁп. ‡ Є®л ЇаЁа®¤л.
Џ®б«®ўЁжл.

The Earth goes round the Sun.
My son goes to school.
The sun rises in the east.
I see her every day.
Borg plays tennis very well. He lives in Stockholm.
They go to the movies when they are free.
Paul's grandfather wears glasses when he reads.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.

b. ‘о¦Ґвл, бжҐ аЁЁ, аҐжҐ§ЁЁ ЄЁЈЁ, дЁ«м¬л, etc.

Jack Burden meets Willie in Mason city.
When they shake hands Willie winks at him.
(•®вп „¦ҐЄ ўбваҐвЁ« ‚Ё««Ё ў® ўЇ®«Ґ ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґл© ¬®¬Ґв ў
Їа®и«®¬, б Ја ¬¬ вЁзҐбЄ®© в®зЄЁ §аҐЁп ®Ё ўбваҐз овбп
Є ¦¤л© а §, Є®Ј¤ а®¬ зЁв ов.)

Ђўв®абЄ п аҐ¬ аЄ :
(Mary walks toward the door, hesitates a moment, then goes
out.)

c. Њ®¤Ґ«Ёа®ў ЁҐ вҐзҐЁп ўаҐ¬ҐЁ. Љ®бв в жЁп Їа®Ёбе®¤пйҐЈ® ў
¬®¬Ґв аҐзЁ. ЋЎ'пбҐЁҐ. ђҐЇ®ав ¦.

This tape-recorder is very easy to operate. Look. I switch
it on, press the button and it starts. Borg serves.
Bremmer passes the ball to Lorrimer.

- 11 -

d. ‘®ЎлвЁп Ўг¤гйҐЈ®, а бб¬ ваЁў Ґ¬лҐ Є Є аҐ «Ё§ жЁп а бЇЁб Ёп.

Tomorrow is Sunday.
The train leaves in an hour.
The match takes place on Thursday.
He retires next month.

e. Њ®¬Ґв «млҐ Ё "¤ҐЄ« а вЁўлҐ" ¤Ґ©бвўЁп.

You leave me no choice.
I surrender, constable.
I swear to tell the truth.
I declare the meeting closed.
I repeat, I don't know him.
I pronounce you man and wife.

f. Ћв®иҐЁп ¬Ґ¦¤г ®Ў'ҐЄв ¬Ё, бг¦¤ҐЁп, згўбвў , ¦Ґ« Ёп - Ёл¬Ё
б«®ў ¬Ё, ҐЄ®ва®«ЁагҐ¬лҐ бгЎ'ҐЄв®¬ б®бв®пЁп.

This jar contains water.
I love you.
I see the sky.
I believe you. I think you are right.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ ў а §ўЁвЁЁ, Ґ § ўҐаиҐ®.
„Ґ©бвўЁҐ Їа®Ёбе®¤Ёв ў ®ЄаҐбв®бвЁ бв®пйҐЈ® ¬®¬Ґв (аЁб.3).

ДДДДДД(****.****)ДДДДД> ђЁб. 3
now t

‘гйҐбвўҐл §¤Ґбм ЁвҐбЁў®бвм Ё ўаҐ¬Ґ®бвм ¤Ґ©бвўЁп. €¬Ґ®
нвЁ¬ ¤ л© ¬®¬Ґв ( в®зҐҐ, ҐЈ® ®ЄаҐбв®бвм б ¬ ЄбЁ¬г¬®¬
ЁвҐбЁў®бвЁ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ў ¤ ®¬ ¬®¬ҐвҐ) ®в«Ёз Ґвбп ®в «оЎ®Ј®
¤агЈ®Ј®. ЏаҐ¤Ї®« Ј Ґвбп, зв® § ЇаҐ¤Ґ« ¬Ё нв®Ј® ЁвҐаў « ўаҐ¬ҐЁ
¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ Ґ Їа®Ёбе®¤Ёв Ё«Ё Ґ§ зЁвҐ«м®. ЌҐЇ®баҐ¤бвўҐ® ў
бв®пйЁ© ¬®¬Ґв ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ ¬®¦Ґв Ё Ґ Їа®Ёбе®¤Ёвм, ¤«Ё б ¬®Ј®
ЁвҐаў « ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«пҐвбп Є®вҐЄбв®¬: 0 (бҐ©з б), ¤Ґм, Ј®¤ Ё
в.¤.

I am studying now. (I began a little while ago and I will
finish soon.) The trains are running on time now. (Five
years ago, the last time you were here, the trains were
usually late now this is no longer true.) My son is playing
football this fall. (He did pot play in the summer and will
not play during the winter, but now football is one of his
activities.)

ЋЎа вЁвҐ ўЁ¬ ЁҐ а §Ёжг дгЄжЁ© PROGRESSIVE (ўаҐ¬Ґ®© баҐ§,
"¬®¬Ґв «м п д®в®Ја дЁп", "¦Ёў п Є авЁ ") Ё SIMPLE
("¬®¤Ґ«Ёа®ў ЁҐ вҐзҐЁп ўаҐ¬ҐЁ").

Ex: He reads a lot <---> he is reading now
She sings very well ( She can do it and sometimes she does )
<---> she is singing in a bar now ( to make a quick penny )

‘гйҐбвўгҐв ап¤ Ј« Ј®«®ў ( stative verbs ), § зҐЁҐ Є®в®але
Ґб®ў¬ҐбвЁ¬® б® б¬лб«®¬ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, Ё Ї®нв®¬г ®Ё Ґ
гЇ®ваҐЎ«повбп ў нв®¬ TENSE ў бў®Ґ¬ ®Ўлз®¬ § зҐЁЁ. ќв®:

- 12 -

1. ѓ« Ј®«л, ®ЇЁблў ойЁҐ б®бв®пЁп ( бў®©бвў ) ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв®ў Ё Ёе
®в®иҐЁп Є ¤агЈЁ¬ ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв ¬ ( ў ®в«ЁзЁҐ ®в ¤Ґ©бвўЁ©, Є®в®ал¬Ё
¬®¦® "§ Ё¬ вмбп"):

Ex: belong, contain, cost, deserve, equal, have = posess,
matter, mean, owe, own, require, resemble.

This house belongs to my father.
Two plus two equals four.
They have several trees in front of their house.
Norway borders on Sweden to the east.

2. ѓ« Ј®«л, ®ЇЁблў ойЁҐ ҐЇа®Ё§ў®«млҐ б®бв®пЁп бгЎкҐЄв ,
   Ё¬Ґ®:
- ў®бЇаЁпвЁҐ (sensory verbs) - б«ли вм, ўЁ¤Ґвм, ®йгй вм,
- бг¦¤ҐЁп - бзЁв вм, c®¬Ґў вмбп, ®¤®Ўапвм
- згўбвў - «оЎЁвм, Ґ ўЁ¤Ґвм

Ex: consider, doubt, hate, love, like, hear, see, know, regret,
prefer, etc.

C®бв®пЁп¬Ё в®¦Ґ Ґ«м§п "§ Ё¬ вмбп", ®Ё Ґ пў«повбп
Їа ў«Ґл¬Ё ¤Ґ©бвўЁп¬Ё бгЎкҐЄв . “ ҐЄ®в®але Ё§ нвЁе
Ј« Ј®«®ў Ґбвм б®®вўҐвбвўгойЁҐ Ё¬ Ї® б¬лб«г Ї ал, Є®в®алҐ
ўла ¦ ов Їа ў«ҐлҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп Ё ¬®Јгв гЇ®ваҐЎ«пвмбп ў
PROGRESSIVE.

Ex: I see the sky. (е®зг Ё«Ё Ґв, ® п ўЁ¦г ҐЎ®, в.Є. ҐЈ®
Їа ў«Ґл ¬®Ё Ј« § )
I am looking at the sky. (п б¬®вао ҐЎ® б®ўҐаиҐ® б®§ вҐ«м®,
е®вп ЇаЁ нв®¬ ¬®Јг Ґ ўЁ¤Ґвм ҐЈ®)
I hear the sound. (§ўгЄ ¤®бвЁЈ ¬®Ёе гиҐ© Ё п ҐЈ® б«лиг - Ґб«Ё
п Ґ Ј«ге®©)
I am listening to the music. (п б«ги о ¬г§лЄг, е®вп, Ґб«Ё п
Ј«ге®ў в, в® ¬®Јг Ё Ґ б«ли вм ҐҐ)

…б«Ё ¦Ґ нвЁ Ј« Ј®«л ўбҐ-в ЄЁ гЇ®ваҐЎ«повбп ў PROGRESSIVE, в® ®Ё
ЇаЁ нв®¬ Ё¬Ґов ҐбЄ®«мЄ® Ё®© б¬лб«:

I am seeing my brother more often now.
( ‡ зҐЁҐ - ўбваҐз о, ўҐй о ).
The judge is hearing the case.
My hand is hurting.
(¬®п агЄ - Ї®бв®а®Ё© ®ЎкҐЄв, ЇаЁзЁпойЁ© ЊЌ… Ў®«м)
The boy is resembling his father more and more.
I am loving you.
(§ Ё¬ обм дЁ§ЁзҐбЄЁ¬Ё ¤Ґ©бвўЁп¬Ё, бўп§ л¬Ё б «оЎ®ўмо)
‘«гз ©, Є®Ј¤ а §Ёж ў б¬лб«Ґ ¬ЁЁ¬ «м - Ј« Ј®« feel:
I feel fine today - I am feeling fine today.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ¬®¦Ґв Ўлвм ЁбЇ®«м§®ў ® ¤«п ®ЇЁб Ёп ¤Ґ©бвўЁ©
ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ. ‚ нв®¬ б«гз Ґ бгЎкҐЄв г¦Ґ з « б®ўҐаи вм нв®
¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ е®вп Ўл ў ¬лб«пе Ё ўлЇ®«ҐЁҐ § ўЁбЁв ®в ҐЈ® ў®«Ё.
( ‘а ўЁвҐ б 'd' PRESENT SIMPLE ).

Ex: I am leaving you.
Dolly is coming from New-York to visit us.
Are you dining out tonight?

- 13 -

Ќ® з йҐ ¤«п ®ЇЁб Ёп Ўг¤гйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп Ё¤Ё®¬ be
going to - б вҐ¬ ¦Ґ б¬лб«®ўл¬ ®ввҐЄ®¬: Ёбе®¤п Ё§ в®Ј®, зв® Ё¬ҐҐв
¬Ґбв® ў бв®пйҐ¬ ( ¬ҐаҐЁҐ, Ї« , бвҐзҐЁҐ ®Ўбв®пвҐ«мбвў,
ўҐиЁҐ ЇаЁ§ ЄЁ ), гвўҐа¦¤ Ґвбп, зв® Ґзв® Їа®Ё§®©¤Ґв ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬.
(‘¬. а §¤Ґ« "‘Ї®б®Ўл ®ЇЁб Ёп Ўг¤гйҐЈ®")

Ex: It's going to rain this afternoon.
She looks as if she's going to faint.
He is going to be president for the next term.
I am going to sell my house.

PRESENT PERFECT - бЇ®б®Ў Ї®¤бвгЇЁвмбп Є бв®пйҐ¬г ¬®¬Ґвг Ё§
Їа®и«®Ј®. ђ бб¬ ваЁў Ґвбп ЇҐаЁ®¤ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ®в ¬®¬Ґв ў Їа®и«®¬
( § ¤ ®Ј® Є®ЄаҐв® Ё«Ё Є®вҐЄбв®¬ Ё Є Є гЈ®¤® г¤ «Ґ®Ј® ) Ї®
бв®пйЁ© ¬®¬Ґв:
ДДДД*********.ДДДДДДД> аЁб. 4
now t

Љ Є г¦Ґ Ўл«® бЄ § ® ўлиҐ, PERFECT ўла ¦ Ґв § ўҐаиҐ®бвм
¤Ґ©бвўЁп/б®бв®пЁп бгЎмҐЄв ,    PRESENT ®Ў®§ з Ґв ¬®¬Ґв аҐзЁ
(relevant point), в.Ґ. бгйҐбвўҐ®, Ё¬Ґ«® «Ё ¬Ґбв® ҐЄ®в®а®Ґ
б®ЎлвЁҐ Є бв®пйҐ¬г ¬®¬Ґвг («®ЈЁзҐбЄ®Ґ г¤ аҐЁҐ б«®ўҐ
"Ё¬Ґ«®"); Ё зҐ, Є Є®ў "д« Ј б®ЎлвЁп" - 1(Їа®Ё§®и«®) Ё«Ё 0(Ґ
Їа®Ё§®и«®). Џ®бЄ®«мЄг ¬ ў ¦® «ЁзЁҐ/®вбгвбвўЁҐ аҐ§г«мв в
б®ЎлвЁп Є бв®пйҐ¬г ¬®¬Ґвг, ¬л ўбҐЈ¤ ¬®¦Ґ¬ ўла §Ёвм нв®
ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁҐ¬ ў PRESENT SIMPLE (¤ лҐ Ё¦Ґ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп-Ї®пбҐЁп ў
бЄ®ЎЄ е е®а®и® Ё««обваЁагов нв® "Їа ўЁ«®").

ЋЎ« бвЁ ЇаЁ¬ҐҐЁп PRESENT PERFECT:

) ЌҐЇаҐалў®Ґ ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ ў® ўаҐ¬Ґ®¬ ЁвҐаў «Ґ, Їа®¤®«¦ ойҐ¬бп ¤®
бв®пйҐЈ® ¬®¬Ґв . ‚ Є зҐбвўҐ б¬лб«®ўле ЁбЇ®«м§говбп в..
"durative verbs" (*):
I've lived in New-York for ten years. (I'm still in New-York)
They have been abroad since January. (They aren't here yet)

b) ‘®ЎлвЁҐ Ё¬Ґ«® (Ґ Ё¬Ґ«®) ¬Ґбв® ў Їа®и«®¬, ® аҐ§г«мв в Ё«Ё
§ зҐЁҐ б®ЎлвЁп ў ¦л ¤«п бв®пйҐЈ®, Ё Ё¬Ґ® нв® § зҐЁҐ
Ё«Ё аҐ§г«мв в Ё ЁвҐаҐбгов Ј®ў®апйҐЈ®, Є®ЄаҐвлҐ
®Ўбв®пвҐ«мбвў Ё ўаҐ¬п б®ЎлвЁп ҐбгйҐбвўҐл. ќв® ¤ Ґв
®б®ў ЁҐ Ј®ў®апйҐ¬г Є Є Ўл ЁЈ®аЁа®ў вм ўбҐ, зв® Їа®Ё§®и«®
Ї®б«Ґ нв®Ј® б®ЎлвЁп. ‚ нв®¬ б¬лб«Ґ «оЎ®Ґ б®®ЎйҐЁҐ ў PRESENT
PERFECT - ®ў®бвм ¤«п б«ги вҐ«п. Џ®нв®¬г ®ў®бвЁ ЇаҐЇ®¤®бпв ў
PRESENT PERFECT, ®Ўбг¦¤ ов ў PAST SIMPLE.

I've bought a new hat. - I can see that. Where did you buy it?
She has gone out.(the important thing is that now she is not here)
I've heard the doctors' opinion. ( and now I know it )
They have given up hope. ( now they don't hope at all )
We've spent the last dollar. ( now we have no money )
He has never seen an elephant. (he doesn't know what it looks like )

Њ®¦® в Є¦Ґ ўл¤Ґ«Ёвм ЇҐаҐе®¤л© б«гз © ( a-b ). ‘®ЎлвЁҐ Їа®Ё§®и«®
ҐбЄ®«мЄ® а § Ё ¬®¦Ґв Ї®ўв®аЁвмбп ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬, Ё«Ё ҐЈ® § зҐЁҐ
бгйҐбвўҐ® ¤«п бв®пйҐЈ®.
I have seen him several times since he moved here.
He has had a lot of pleasures in his life.
I've been in love four times.
He has been in Rome many times. ( and he knows it well.)
They have seen blacks before. ( and they know what they are like)

- 14 -

NB !!! ‚ PRESENT PERFECT ЁЄ®Ј¤ Ґ ЁбЇ®«м§говбп ®Ўбв®пвҐ«мбвў
ўаҐ¬ҐЁ, ®в®бпйЁҐбп Є Їа®и«®¬г, ¤ ¦Ґ Ґб«Ё зв®-в®
Їа®Ё§®и«® "a minute ago". ќв® ЇаҐа®Ј вЁў PAST SIMPLE.
’ ЄЁ¬ ®Ўа §®¬, "ЇҐадҐЄв п" да § "Ђ г б бҐЈ®¤п Є®иЄ
а®¤Ё« ўзҐа Є®впв" в Є ¦Ґ Ґ§ Є® ў Ј«Ё©бЄ®¬, Є Є Ё
ў агббЄ®¬ (ЇаЁ ЎгЄў «м®¬ ЇҐаҐў®¤Ґ, Є®Ґз®).
…¤ЁбвўҐ®Ґ ЁбЄ«озҐЁҐ - "just" (I've just seen a face),
® бЄ«®лҐ Є бв ¤ авЁ§ жЁЁ ¬ҐаЁЄ жл Ё §¤Ґбм бЄ ¦гв "I
just saw a face".

* Ex. live, play, sit, have, love, respect

‚ Їа®вЁў®Ї®«®¦®бвм Ј« Ј®« ¬, ®Ў®§ з ойЁ¬ ®¤® ЄвлҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп
( terminative verbs ): close, kill, bring, refuse, recall, take.
Ѓ®«миЁбвў® Ј« Ј®«®ў ¬®¦Ґв Ё¬Ґвм Ё в®в, Ё ¤агЈ®© б¬лб«: see, know
etc.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE б®зҐв Ґв ў бҐЎҐ ўаҐ¬Ґ®© ЁвҐаў « Ё
§ зЁ¬®бвм ¤«п бв®пйҐЈ® ¬®¬Ґв PRESENT PERFECT c
Ґ§ ўҐаиҐ®бвмо Ё ЁвҐбЁў®бвмо PRESENT PROGRESSIVE. Њ®¦®
ўл¤Ґ«Ёвм ҐбЄ®«мЄ® б«гз Ґў.

ДДДДДД(*******.)ДДДДДД> аЁб.5
now t

a) „«п durative verbs б®ўЇ ¤ Ґв б PRESENT PERFECT a),
® б Ў®«миҐ© ЁвҐбЁў®бвмо ¤Ґ©бвўЁп бгЎкҐЄв .

I've been studying for an hour now.
All these years she's been looking for another man.
We've been dancing all night.

„«п terminative verbs в®«мЄ® PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
Ё гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп ў нв®¬ б¬лб«Ґ.

For two years he's been bringing flowers to her.
(‚ вҐзҐЁҐ ¤ўге «Ґв ® ЇҐаЁ®¤ЁзҐбЄЁ ЇаЁ®бЁв Ґ© жўҐвл.
‚ б«гз Ґ PRESENT PERFECT:
He has brought flowers to her -
- ® ЇаЁҐб Ґ© жўҐвл, Ё ў®в ®Ё - ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ б аҐ§г«мв в®¬)
She's been coming more often lately.

b) Џ®е®¦Ґ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE, ® ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ Їа®Ёбе®¤Ё«® Ґ¤ ў®
Ё бҐ©з б § Є®зҐ®.

She's been washing her hair but it may be dry now.
What have you been doing?
Have I been behaving unconventionally?
I can't believe the things you've been saying.

c) To ¦Ґ б ¬®Ґ б ®ввҐЄ®¬ Ё¬ҐойҐЈ®бп аҐ§г«мв в .
Ex: What happened to your face? I know you have been
fighting!
Oh, John! You can't stand. You've been drinking!

ЏҐаҐ©¤Ґ¬ Є "TENSES" Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ( Ё¦пп бва®Є в Ў«Ёжл 2 ).

PAST SIMPLE: ўаҐ¬п-«Ґв®ЇЁбҐж. „Ґ©бвўЁп, ®ЇЁб лҐ ў нв®¬ TENSE,
¦ҐбвЄ® ЇаЁўп§ л Є Є®ЄаҐв®¬г ¬®¬Ґвг Ё«Ё ЇҐаЁ®¤г ў Їа®и«®¬. ‚бҐ
ўлбЄ § ®Ґ ў PAST SIMPLE бв ®ўЁвбп ¤®бв®пЁҐ¬ Ёбв®аЁЁ Ё Є

- 15 -

бв®пйҐ¬г ®в®иҐЁп Ґ Ё¬ҐҐв ( ЇбЁе®«®ЈЁзҐбЄ п г¤ «Ґ®бвм ).
‚ла ¦ҐЁҐ ў PAST SIMPLE Ї®б«Ґ¤®ў вҐ«мле б®ЎлвЁ©, Є®в®алҐ б ¬Ё Ї®
бҐЎҐ бв вЁзл ўаҐ¬Ґ®© ®бЁ, ¬®¤Ґ«ЁагҐв вҐзҐЁҐ ўаҐ¬ҐЁ (а ббЄ §).

) Ћв¤Ґ«м®Ґ § ¬Ґз ЁҐ ( ўҐ Є®вҐЄбв ), ў Є®в®а®¬ ўаҐ¬п ¤Ґ©бвўЁп
гЄ § ® пў® Ё«Ё Ї®¤а §г¬Ґў Ґвбп.

Ex: George Washington was born in 1732.
Tennessee Williams died two years ago.
I didn't go to school when I was a child.
During this year I worked with Gulf & Western Corp.
When every other youth had fun I never woke up after
five o'clock in the morning and went to bed after
ten p.m.
She sang beautifully. ( Ё Ј®ў®апйЁ© Ё б«ги ойЁ© § ов,
зв® аҐзм Ё¤Ґв ®Ў ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®¬ Є®жҐавҐ, ¤ ®¬ ў
®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®Ґ ўаҐ¬п )
The thing you told him made him shake.
( Ј®ў®апйЁ© Ё¬ҐҐв ў ўЁ¤г ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґго бЁвг жЁо.)

b) Џ®б«Ґ¤®ў вҐ«м®бвм б®ЎлвЁ© ў а ббЄ §Ґ б®§¤ Ґв нддҐЄв вҐзҐЁп
ўаҐ¬ҐЁ.

I went up the stairs. I bathed. I changed. I made myself up like
the Queen of Sheba. Then I went downstairs and served dinner
for three. Then I entertained Mr. Sent. Then I wished him a
very good night. Then I wished John good-bye. Then I took my
suitcase and walked out.

He found some matches, climbed on the table, lit the gas lamp
and settled down to read.

ЋЎа вЁвҐ ўЁ¬ ЁҐ а §Ёжг ¬Ґ¦¤г PAST SIMPLE Ё PRESENT PERFECT:

He has lived in London for quite a long time. ( He is still there. )
He lived in London for quite a long time. ( He's no longer
there. He could be even dead. The period of his living in
London belongs to history.)
I've been to Hollywood several times.( I'm still in California
and, who knows, may be I'll go there some more times.)
I went to Hollywood several times. (Perhaps my trips to
Hollywood are finished and belong to the past. Very likely I
no longer live in California.)

PAST PROGRESSIVE ®в«Ёз Ґвбп ®в PRESENT PROGRESSIVE вҐ¬, зв®
¬®¬Ґв, ў ®ЄаҐбв®бвЁ Є®в®а®Ј® Їа®Ёбе®¤Ёв ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ (relevant
point), Ґбвм Ґ Ја Ёж ¬Ґ¦¤г Їа®и«л¬ Ё Ўг¤гйЁ¬,    в®зЄ ,
е®¤пй пбп ў Їа®и«®¬. Ћ ¬®¦Ґв Ўлвм § ¤ пў® ( гЄ § ЁҐ¬
ўаҐ¬ҐЁ ), ЇаЁ Ї®¬®йЁ PAST SIMPLE Ё«Ё Ї®¤а §г¬Ґў вмбп.

ДД(*******.********)ДДД.ДДДДД> аЁб.6.
relevant point now t

Ex: That night they were staying in London.
Little Mary came in. She was eating an ice-cream cone.
When he returned she was wandering from room to room.
Yet he was speaking with absolute nakedness.

- 16 -

€вҐаҐб® а бб¬®ваҐвм б®зҐв ЁҐ PAST SIMPLE Ё PAST PROGRESSIVE.
Њл а §ЎҐаҐ¬ в®«мЄ® ЁЎ®«ҐҐ ЇаЁ¬Ґз вҐ«млҐ б«гз Ё:
1. „Ґ©бвўЁп Їа®Ёбе®¤пв ®¤®ўаҐ¬Ґ®.
) ЋЎ Ј« Ј®« ў PAST SIMPLE:
I watched him as he drank.
Mary and John talked little as they drove home.
b) ѓ« Ј®«л ў а §ле "TENSES":
‚ нв®¬ б«гз Ґ б¬лб«®ў®© ЄжҐв ¤Ґ©бвўЁЁ, ўла ¦Ґ®¬ ў
PAST PROGRESSIVE:
As we walked along the country footpath I was sorting
out my thoughts collecting what I could safely say to
Drawbell.
As I poured her a glass of sherry she was saying:
" I always imagined you darker than Martin."
2. ‚ Їа®¤®«¦ ойҐҐбп ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ, ўла ¦Ґ®Ґ ў PAST PROGRESSIVE,
ў¬ҐиЁў Ґвбп ®¤®¬®¬Ґв®Ґ ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ, ўла ¦Ґ®Ґ ў PAST SIMPLE.
Ex: I was walking to the station last Monday when I fell.
As they were having tea her husband unexpectedly came in.

PAST PERFECT ( аЁб.7 ) ўбваҐз Ґвбп Ј« ўл¬ ®Ўа §®¬ ў а ббЄ § е.

Џ®бЄ®«мЄг PAST SIMPLE б®§¤ Ґв Ёвм а ббЄ § Ё Є ¦¤®Ґ ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ ў
PAST SIMPLE ў®бЇаЁЁ¬ Ґвбп Є Є "б«Ґ¤гойҐҐ Ї®б«Ґ ЇаҐ¤л¤гйҐЈ®" ( §
ЁбЄ«озҐЁҐ¬ ®ЎйЁе § ¬Ґз Ё©, «®ЈЁзле PRESENT SIMPLE, ® ¤«п
ўаҐ¬ҐЁ а ббЄ § :

He went out for a walk. He liked walking alone.),

в® Ї®пў«пҐвбп Ґ®Ўе®¤Ё¬®бвм ў Ја ¬¬ вЁзҐбЄ®© д®а¬Ґ, Є®в®а п
ўла ¦ « Ўл ¤Ґ©бвўЁп, ЇаҐ¤иҐбвўгойЁҐ в®зЄҐ ®вбзҐв ў Їа®и«®¬. ќв®
ЇаҐ¤иҐбвў®ў ЁҐ ¬®¬Ґвг, Є®в®ал© ¬®¦Ґв Ўлвм гЄ § пў® Ё«Ё
Ї®¤а §г¬Ґў вмбп, Ё ўла ¦ Ґвбп PAST PERFECT. Њ®¦® бЄ § вм, зв®
PAST PERFECT ¤«п в®зЄЁ ®вбзҐв ў Їа®и«®¬ ўлЇ®«пҐв дгЄжЁЁ,
«®ЈЁзлҐ дгЄжЁп¬ PRESENT PERFECT Ё PAST SIMPLE ¤«п бв®пйҐЈ®.

*************.ДДДДДДДДДДД.ДДДДДДДДД> аЁб.7.
relevant point now t

Ex: She was no fool. She had read much in several languages,
and she could talk of the books she had read with a
good sense.
She was in a dressing gown and her hair was dishevel led.
She had evidently just got out of bed.
Yesterday I exchanged the suit I had bought on Monday.
She began to do all the things she had wanted to do for
years.
For three years he had been in France on his own.
(гЄ §лў Ґвбп Є®Ґж нв®Ј® ЇҐаЁ®¤ .)

€®Ј¤ б ¬® ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ гЄ« ¤лў Ґвбп ў Ї®б«Ґ¤®ў вҐ«м®бвм, ® б
ЁвҐаҐбгҐв ҐЈ® § ўҐаиҐ®бвм Ё«Ё аҐ§г«мв в.

Ex: The doctor looked in his eyes. John had become deeply
serious.
I was terrified that some disaster was waiting for me.
In an instant dread had pounced me out of the dark.

- 17 -

‡ ¬ҐвмвҐ, зв® PAST PERFECT Ґ ўбҐЈ¤ ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп ¤«п ®ЇЁб Ёп
¤ўге а §®ўаҐ¬Ґле б®ЎлвЁ© ў Їа®и«®¬. Њл ЁбЇ®«м§гҐ¬ ҐЈ® в®«мЄ®
в®Ј¤ , Є®Ј¤ , дЁЄбЁагпбм ҐЄ®в®а®¬ б®ЎлвЁЁ ў Їа®и«®¬ (PAST
SIMPLE), е®вЁ¬ " бҐЄг¤г" ў®§ўа вЁвмбп Є ҐйҐ Ў®«ҐҐ а Ґ¬г
б®ЎлвЁо. ‘а ўЁвҐ:

Mary said some rather horrible things to me; I felt pretty
upset, but tried not to think about it too much.

Ё I felt pretty upset because of what Mary had said, but I tried
not to think about it too much.

‡ Ў ўл© ЇаЁ¬Ґа:
I opened my eyes again. The snake dissapeared.
(„ўгб¬лб«Ґ®бвм - в® «Ё §¬Ґп ЁбЇгЈ « бм ҐЈ® ў§Ј«п¤ , в® «Ё
Ґ§ ўЁбЁ¬® гЇ®«§« Ї® бў®Ё¬ ¤Ґ« ¬. Ља®¬Ґ в®Ј®, ҐЇ®пв®,
Є Є®Ґ Ё§ б®ЎлвЁ© Їа®Ё§®и«® а миҐ.)

„«п ®¤®§ з®бвЁ ЁбЇ®«м§гҐ¬ PAST PERFECT - Ё ба §г бв ®ўЁвбп
пб®, Єв® Є®Ј® ЁбЇгЈ «бп Ё зв® Їа®Ё§®и«® а миҐ - ®вЄалвЁҐ Ј« §
Ё«Ё ЁбзҐ§®ўҐЁҐ §¬ҐЁ.

I opened my eyes again. The snake had dissapeared.

…б«Ё ¦Ґ б®ЎлвЁп, ¬Ґ¦¤г Є®в®ал¬Ё бгйҐбвўгҐв ЇаЁзЁ®-б«Ґ¤бвўҐ п
бўп§м, Їа®Ёбе®¤пв Їа ЄвЁзҐбЄЁ ®¤®ўаҐ¬Ґ®, в® ¤«п Ёе ®ЇЁб Ёп
¤®бв в®з® PAST SIMPLE:

When she saw the mouse, she screamed.

NB!!! ђҐ§о¬Ёагп, ¬®¦® бЄ § вм, зв® PAST PERFECT гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп
в®Ј¤ , Є®Ј¤ ¬Ґ¦¤г ¤ўг¬п а §®ўаҐ¬Ґл¬Ё б®ЎлвЁп¬Ё ў
Їа®и«®¬ бгйҐбвўгҐв ЇаЁзЁ®-б«Ґ¤бвўҐ п Ё«Ё «®ЈЁзҐбЄ п
бўп§м.

Ex: She didn't feel the same after her cat had died.
When I had written all my letters, I did some gardening.
I could see from his face that he had received bad news.

PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE. ‘¬лб« PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE в®в ¦Ґ,
зв® Ё г PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, ® ў¬Ґбв® бв®пйҐЈ® ¬®¬Ґв
ўлбвгЇ Ґв в®зЄ ®вбзҐв ў Їа®и«®¬.

(**************.)ДДДДДДДДДДДД.ДДДДДДДДДДДД> аЁб.8.
relevant point now t

Ex: She suddenly realized that it was now completely dark
and that she had been walking for a long while.

Jane rose from the chair in which she had been sitting.
I explained that I had been looking for it for the last
two hours.

He had just come from one of the radio committees where
he had been arguing with someone he called a "stuffed
shirt".

The young man who had been turning his head from side to
side became transfixed.

- 18 -

PASSIVE VOICE ( ’ Ў«Ёж 4 )
-------------------
1) ‚ PASSIVE VOICE ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв, ¤ Є®в®ал¬ б®ўҐаи ов ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ,
ўлбвгЇ Ґв ў ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ ў Є зҐбвўҐ Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐЈ®. Љ Є Їа ўЁ«®,
нв® Ўлў Ґв, Є®Ј¤ ЁбЇ®«ЁвҐ«м ¤Ґ©бвўЁп Ґ бгйҐбвўгҐв,
ваг¤®®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ё¬, Ё«Ё Ґв Ґ®Ўе®¤Ё¬®бвЁ ҐЈ® гЄ §лў вм. ‚
PASSIVE VOICE а®«м б¬лб«®ў®Ј® Ј« Ј®« ЁЈа Ґв Є®¬Ї«ҐЄб " be
taken ". ЏаЁ нв®¬ "be" ¬ҐпҐвбп ў б®®вўҐвбвўЁЁ б TENSE. ‚¬Ґбв®
to be Ё®Ј¤ ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп to get.

‚ PRESENT/PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES бвагЄвга PASSIVE VOICE
гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп аҐ¤Є® ( б«ЁиЄ®¬ ¬®Ј® to be ).
Ex: The butler was murdered.
The stolen car has been found.
Mohammad Aly had never been beaten before he met Joe
Freser.
The question has been discussed at the conference.

…б«Ё ¬л ўбҐ ¦Ґ е®вЁ¬ ўўҐбвЁ ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв, б®ўҐаи ойЁ© ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ
( actor ) Ё«Ё ¬Ґв®¤ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп, в® нв® ¬®¦® б¤Ґ« вм ЇаҐ¤«®Ј®¬ by :

John was praised by the teacher.
Peter got punished by his father.
The books are being distributed by one of the students.
This fact was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.

Oаг¤ЁҐ, б Ї®¬®имо Є®в®а®Ј® ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ б®ўҐаи Ґвбп ( instrument ) ,
ўў®¤Ёвбп ЇаҐ¤«®Ј®¬ with :
The gangster was killed by the policeman with a revolver.
‘а ўЁвҐ:
He was killed by a heavy stone.
(Ћ Ўл« гЎЁв бў «ЁўиЁ¬бп ҐЈ® Є ¬Ґ¬ -
Ґбз бвл© б«гз ©. Љ ¬Ґм - гЎЁ©ж .)
He was killed with a heavy stone.
(“ЎЁ©бвў®. Љ ¬Ґм - ®аг¤ЁҐ.)

‚ ЈагЇЇҐ SIMPLE PASSIVE VOICE ¬®¦Ґв ®Ў®§ з вм Є Є ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ, в Є
Ё б®бв®пЁҐ ў аҐ§г«мв вҐ б®ўҐаиҐ®Ј® ¤Ґ©бвўЁп. ‘а ўЁвҐ:

The door is closed. ( „ўҐам § Єалв )
This door is closed at five p.m. every day.
( ќвг ¤ўҐам Є ¦¤л© ¤Ґм § Єалў ов ў Їпвм з б®ў. )
The house was very solidly built.
At that time the houses were built without bathrooms.

“Ї®ваҐЎ«ҐЁҐ to get ¤«п ®Ўа §®ў Ёп PASSIVE VOICE ўбваҐз Ґвбп
Ј« ўл¬ ®Ўа §®¬ ў а §Ј®ў®а®¬ п§лЄҐ Ё «ЁЎ®   ЄжҐвЁагҐв иҐ
ўЁ¬ ЁҐ аҐ§г«мв вҐ в®«мЄ® зв® Їа®ЁбиҐ¤иҐЈ® ¤Ґ©бвўЁп, «ЁЎ®
е а ЄвҐаЁ§гҐв ҐЈ® ў®§ўа вл© е а ЄвҐа:

The criminal got caught.
Get dressed! ( Ћ¤Ґў ©бп! )

‘а ўЁвҐ в Є¦Ґ: (1) Sammy was married.
(2) Sammy got married.

…б«Ё (1) ¬®¦Ґв § зЁвм Є Є "‘н¬¬Ё ¦ҐЁ«бп", в Є Ё "‘н¬¬Ё Ўл«
¦Ґ в", в® (2) ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ® § зЁв "‘н¬¬Ё ¦ҐЁ«бп".

- 19 -

’ Ў«Ёж 4 ”ЋђЊ› PASSIVE VOICE
ЪДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї
і і SIMPLE і PROGRESSIVE і PERFECT і PERFECT і
і і і і і PROGRESSIVE і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і P і I am і I am і I ДДї і і
і R і you Дї і you Дї і you і і have (has) і
і E і we areДї і we areДї і we haveДї і been і
і S і theyДЩ і і theyДЩ іbeingі theyДЩ іbeenі being і
і E і ГДtaken і іtakenі takenі taken і
і N і he Дї і і he Дї і і he Дї і і і
і T і she is ДЩ і she is ДЩ і she has ДЩ і(possible, but і
і і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і it ДЩ і rarely used ) і
ГДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ
і і I Дї і I Дї і I ДДї і і
і і he іwasДї і he ГДwasДї і he і і had і
і P і she і і і she і і і she і і been і
і A і it ДЩ і і it ДЩ beingі it і і being і
і S і іtaken і takenі іhad beenі taken і
і T і you Дї і і you Дї і і you і takenі і
і і we wereДЩ і we wereДЩ і we і і(possible, but і
і і theyДЩ і theyДЩ і theyДЩ і rarely used ) і
АДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ

2) „агЈ п Ја ¬¬ вЁзҐбЄ п аҐ «Ё§ жЁп ¤Ґ©бвўЁ© Ґ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґле
ЇаҐ¤¬Ґв®ў - ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп б dummy subject (Ґ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«Ґ®-«ЁзлҐ).
1. It. It is cold. It's snowing.
2. They. They say John is in town.
2a.People. People drink a lot of wine in Italy.
3. You. You never know when you are in love.
If you want to learn a foreign language, you have to
practise speaking.
4. One. One has to be prepared for bad weather when he plans on
outdoor affair.

3) ЌҐ ўбҐ Ј« Ј®«л ¬®Јгв Ўлвм ЁбЇ®«м§®ў л ў PASSIVE VOICE.
Џ®Їа®Ўг©вҐ:

They have a nice house.
Her mother lacks tact.

‘ ¤агЈ®© бв®а®л, ҐЄ®в®алҐ Ј« Ј®«л ЄвЁў®Ј® § «®Ј (ACTIVE
VOICE) Ё¬Ґов "Ї ббЁўл©" б¬лб«, ЇаЁ¬Ґа:

The new Ford is selling badly.
Your report reads well.
This material washes easily. Ё в.¤.

€, Є®Ґж, ЇаЁ ЁбЇ®«м§®ў ЁЁ ў PASSIVE VOICE Ј« Ј®«®ў б ¤ўг¬п
®ЎкҐЄв ¬Ё, ®¤Ё Ё§ Є®в®але ®¤гиҐў«Ґл©, ¤агЈ®© -
Ґ®¤гиҐў«Ґл©, ў Є зҐбвўҐ Ї®¤«Ґ¦ йҐЈ® ®Ўлз® ЁбЇ®«м§гҐвбп
®¤гиҐў«Ґл© ®ЎкҐЄв:

We were lent ten thousand pound this year.
We were shown all the possible ways of making whisky.

- 20 -

ЊЋ„Ђ‹њЌ›… ѓ‹ЂѓЋ‹›
---------------------

1) ‚ нв®¬ а §¤Ґ«Ґ ¬л ¤ ¤Ё¬ Єа вЄго бў®¤Єг ЇаЁ¬ҐҐЁп ¬®¤ «мле
Ј« Ј®«®ў.

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
ЌҐ©ва «м®Ґ Ўг¤гйҐҐ - Tomorrow will be wonderful.
†Ґ« ЁҐ, ў бв®пйҐ¬ - The match won't light.
WILL Ё«Ё Ўг¤гйҐ¬ - I will stop smoke.
”®а¬ «м®Ґ ЇаЁЄ § ЁҐ - You will attack at dawn, colonel.
• а ЄвҐалҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп
ў бв®пйҐ¬ - He will sit for hours without
saying a word.

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
"Ѓг¤гйҐҐ ¤«п Їа®иҐ¤иҐЈ®"- Napoleon knew Kutuzov would win in
the end.
†Ґ« ЁҐ ў бв®пйҐ¬ - I would like a cup of coffee.
WOULD Ё«Ё Їа®и«®¬ - She wouldn't marry me.
• а ЄвҐалҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ў Їа®и«®¬ - He would walk along the
5th Avenue.

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
ЏаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁҐ Ї®¬®йЁ - Shall I help you?
SHALL “Ја®§ Ё«Ё аҐиЁ¬®бвм - You shall suffer for this!
Ї® ®в®иҐЁо Є® 2
Ё«Ё 3-Ґ¬г «Ёжг

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
SHOULD „®«¦Ґбвў®ў ЁҐ, б - You should have known better
than to drink.
®ввҐЄ®¬ бгЎ'ҐЄвЁў®бвЁ - I should stop smoke.

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
”Ё§ЁзҐбЄ п Ё«Ё г¬бвўҐ п ў®§¬®¦®бвм ў бв®пйҐ¬ -
I can do that job.
CAN Ё«Ё Ўг¤гйҐ¬ - Can we settle it tomorrow?
Џа®бмЎл Ё а §аҐиҐЁп - Can I smoke? Of course you can.

ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
”Ё§ЁзҐбЄ п Ё«Ё г¬бвўҐ п ў®§¬®¦®бвм ў Їа®и«®¬ -
My grandfather could speak 1Ћ languages.
COULD Ё Ўг¤гйҐ¬ - We could go to the movies tomorrow.
‚Ґ¦«ЁўлҐ Їа®бмЎл - Could you lend me a pound, please.
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
Џа®бмЎл Ё а §аҐиҐЁп - May I come in?
MAY ”®а¬ «мл© бвЁ«м
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
Џа®бмЎл Ё а §аҐиҐЁп
MIGHT ”®а¬ «мл© бвЁ«м - Might I take the liberty of smoking?
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
ЋзҐм бЁ«м®Ґ ¤®«¦Ґбвў®ў ЁҐ, - I must go.
MUST Ґ®Ўе®¤Ё¬®бвм You mustn't waste time, too.
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
„®«¦Ґбвў®ў ЁҐ,
OUGHT TO б ®ввҐЄ®¬
®Ў'ҐЄвЁў®бвЁ - Shop-assistants ought to be
more polite.
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД

- 21 -

‚ б®зҐв Ёпе б TENSES ¬®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л ¬®Јгв ®Ўа §®ўлў вм б ¬лҐ
а §®®Ўа §лҐ Ё ЇаЁзг¤«ЁўлҐ бвагЄвгал, Ґ ўбҐ Ё§ Є®в®але, ўЇа®зҐ¬,
ЇаЁ¬Ґповбп ў п§лЄҐ. Њ®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л з бв® Є®¬ЎЁЁаговбп б
PERFECT, ўла ¦ п ¬ҐЁҐ Ј®ў®апйҐЈ® Ї® Ї®ў®¤г б®ЎлвЁп, Є®в®а®Ґ Ґ
¤®«¦® Ўл«® Їа®Ё§®©вЁ, ® Їа®Ё§®и«® Ё«Ё ®Ў®а®в:

You shouldn't have gone there with him.
(•®¤Ёвм Ґ б«Ґ¤®ў «®, ® Ї®иҐ«.)
You could have told me earlier.
(‘«Ґ¤®ў «® ЇаҐ¤гЇаҐ¤Ёвм, ® Ґ ЇаҐ¤гЇаҐ¤Ё«.)

2) Ља®¬Ґ Ј« ўле § зҐЁ© ( primary uses ), ЇаЁўҐ¤Ґле ў в Ў«ЁжҐ,
ўбҐ ¬®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л ¬®Јгв ўла ¦ вм ¬ҐЁҐ Ј®ў®апйҐЈ® ® бвҐЇҐЁ
ўҐа®пв®бвЁ в®Ј® Ё«Ё Ё®Ј® б®ЎлвЁп ў бв®пйҐ¬, Їа®и«®¬ Ё«Ё
Ўг¤гйҐ¬ ( secondary uses ). ЏаЁўҐ¤Ґ¬ ®¤Ё Ё§ ў аЁ в®ў Ёе
а ббв ®ўЄЁ Ї® ў®§а бв Ёо бвҐЇҐЁ гўҐаҐ®бвЁ.

Somebody's knocking at the door.

Uncertain That might be Teddy.
і may
і could
і can
і should
і ought to
і would
V will
Certain That must be Teddy.

ЏЋ„•Ћ„› Љ Ѓ“„“™…Њ“ ‚ђ…Њ…Ќ€
----------------------------
’ҐЇҐам, Є®Ј¤ ¬л Є®Ґж "Ё§гзЁ«Ё" ¬®¤ «млҐ Ј« Ј®«л, Ґ®Ўе®¤Ё¬®
Є Є-в® аҐ§о¬Ёа®ў вм ўбҐ, зв® Є б Ґвбп ®ЎЁ¦Ґ®Ј® Ўг¤гйҐЈ® ўаҐ¬ҐЁ.
€в Є:

1. Џа®бв®Ґ Ўг¤гйҐҐ. ЏаҐ¤бЄ § ЁҐ б ҐЄ®в®а®© гўҐаҐ®бвмо.
will/shall - The letter will arrive tomorrow. I won't be here
then.
2. Џ« л Ўг¤гйҐҐ ( Ї®¦Ґ« Ёп, ¬ҐаҐЁп ), ЇаҐ¤бЄ § Ёп.
be going to - I'm going to beat Mohammad Aly. Prices are going
to rise.

be going to Ё will Їа ЄвЁзҐбЄЁ нЄўЁў «Ґвл, ® will Ў®«ҐҐ
е а ЄвҐа® ¤«п д®а¬ «м®Ј®, be going to - ¤«п а §Ј®ў®а®Ј® п§лЄ .

3. Џ« л Ўг¤гйҐҐ ( ўбҐ c¤Ґ« ® ¤«п Ёе ®бгйҐбвў«ҐЁп ).
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - We are moving next week.
4. Ѓг¤гйҐҐ Є Є а бЇЁб ЁҐ.
PRESENT SIMPLE - The plane starts at 5 a.m. John leaves
tomorrow.

‚ ¦® ®в¬ҐвЁвм, зв® 1 Ё 2 бЇ®б®Ўл гЇ®ваҐЎ«повбп ¤«п ®ЇЁб Ёп б®ЎлвЁ©
Ё«Ё б®бв®пЁ© Є Є § ўЁбпйЁе, в Є Ё Ґ § ўЁбпйЁе ®в ў®«Ё зҐ«®ўҐЄ ,
ў в® ўаҐ¬п Є Є 3 Ё 4 - в®«мЄ® ¤«п ®ЇЁб Ёп Є®ва®«ЁагҐ¬ле зҐ«®ўҐЄ®¬
б®ЎлвЁ©/б®бв®пЁ©.

- 22 -

…йҐ ваЁ бЇ®б®Ў :
5. Ѓг¤гйҐҐ Є Є б«Ґ¤бвўЁҐ гбв ®ўЁўиҐЈ®бп е®¤ б®ЎлвЁ©, Ї®ап¤Є ўҐйҐ©.
will/shall+ - I'll be seeing you soon.
+ PROGRESSIVE
6. ђ §ўЁвЁҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬.
will/shall+ - The astronauts will be sleeping at 11 p.m.
+ PROGRESSIVE
7. ‡ ўҐаиҐЁҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁп ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬.
will/shall+ - The lunar module will have landed by then.
+ PERFECT

“‘‹Ћ‚Ќ›… Џђ…„‹Ћ†…Ќ€џ
--------------------------

“б«®ўл¬Ё §лў ов б«®¦®Ї®¤зЁҐлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп, б®¤Ґа¦ йЁҐ
conditional clause, в® Ґбвм н«Ґ¬Ґв а®Ґ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁҐ, ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«пойҐҐ
ҐЄ®в®а®Ґ гб«®ўЁҐ. Conditional clause, Є Є Їа ўЁ«® ( Ґб«Ё Ґв ЁўҐабЁЁ ),
ўў®¤Ёвбп б®о§ ¬Ё if, when, before, until, as soon as, unless Ё в.¤.
Њ®¦® ўл¤Ґ«Ёвм ҐбЄ®«мЄ® вЁЇ®ў гб«®ўле ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁ©.
Њл зҐ¬ б Ё¬ҐойЁе ЁЎ®«ҐҐ зҐвЄго бвагЄвгаг, ўбҐ¬ Ё§ўҐбвле,
® ўл§лў ойЁе ЁЎ®«миЁҐ ваг¤®бвЁ ў ЇаЁ¬ҐҐЁЁ.

“б«®ўлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп I вЁЇ Ё¬Ґов б«Ґ¤гойго бвагЄвгаг:
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
PRESENT TENSE ў conditional clause, (will+infinitive) Ё«Ё imperative
ў main clause (Ј« ў®¬ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁЁ).

Ex: If you go to Rome, you'll see the Colosseum.
If you go to London, see the Queen and give her my best regards.
If (as soon as) I have money enough, I will buy a car.
If you have money enough, buy a car.

‡¤Ґбм ў conditional clause ®ЇаҐ¤Ґ«пҐвбп гб«®ўЁҐ, ЇаЁ ўлЇ®«ҐЁЁ Є®в®а®Ј®
¤®«¦® б®ўҐаиЁвмбп ( Ё§ ®ЎйЁе б®®Ўа ¦ҐЁ© Ё«Ё "б®Ј« б® ЇаЁЄ § " ) ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ
ў Ўг¤гйҐ¬, ®ЇЁблў Ґ¬®Ґ ў main clause. ЏаЁ нв®¬ Ј®ў®апйЁ© Ё¬ҐҐв ў ўЁ¤г,
зв® гб«®ўЁҐ ўЇ®«Ґ ¬®¦Ґв бв вм аҐ «м®бвмо.

‚®§¬®¦л ¬®¤ЁдЁЄ жЁЁ нв®Ј® вЁЇ , ЇаЁ¬Ґа:

Leave me, and I'll kill you. ( If you leave me, I'll kill you. )
Leave me, or I'll kill you. ( If you don't leave me, I'll kill you.)
Should you go to London, see the Queen. ( I don't consider it very
likely that you will go to London, so I use "should".)

“б«®ўлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп II вЁЇ . ‘вагЄвга :
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД
PAST TENSE ў conditional clause, would + infinitive ( ЎҐ§ з бвЁжл to )
ў main clause.

Ex: If I had money enough, I would buy a car.
If I were you, I would keep quiet.

‡¤Ґбм ў гб«®ўЁЁ Ј®ў®аЁвбп ® ¬ «®ўҐа®пв®¬ Ё«Ё ҐаҐ «м®¬ бв®пйЁ© ¬®¬Ґв
д ЄвҐ ( Present Non-fact ). "Eб«Ё Ўл ¤ Є Ўл...", ® Ё Ўл, Ё Є Ўл Ґ
ўлЇ®«Ґл, Ї®нв®¬г main clause ўла ¦ Ґв Ў« Ј®Ґ ¬ҐаҐЁҐ Ё«Ё Ї®¦Ґ« ЁҐ.

NB !!! …б«Ё б¬лб«®ўл¬ Ј« Ј®«®¬ ў conditional clause пў«пҐвбп to be
в® ¤«п ўбҐе «Ёж гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп д®а¬ were.

- 23 -

€ўҐабЁп ўбваҐз Ґвбп Ё ў нв®¬ вЁЇҐ:
Were it not for the fact that Vladivostok is 8ЋЋЋ miles away,
I would walk there.

“б«®ўлҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп III вЁЇ . ‘вагЄвга :
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД

PAST PERFECT TENSE ў conditional clause, would + PERFECT INFINITIVE
ў main clause.

Ex: If I had had money enough, I would have bought a car.
If I had been in your place, I would have kept quiet.

Ј ў Їа®и«®Ґ Ї® ба ўҐЁо б® II вЁЇ®¬. “б«®ўЁҐ, ® Є®в®а®¬ Ё¤Ґв аҐзм,
г¦Ґ Ґ Ўл«® ўлЇ®«Ґ® Є г¦®¬г ¬®¬Ґвг ў Їа®и«®¬ (Past Non-fact),
Ё ў аҐ§г«мв вҐ ¤Ґ©бвўЁҐ, ®ЇЁб ®Ґ ў main clause, Ґ Їа®Ё§®и«®.
…б«Ё Ўл п Ё¬Ґ« (в®Ј¤ ) ¤®бв в®зго бг¬¬г ¤ҐҐЈ ( ® п ҐҐ Ґ Ё¬Ґ« ),
п Ўл (в®Ј¤ ) ЄгЇЁ« ¬ иЁг ( ® п ҐҐ Ґ ЄгЇЁ« ).

‚ III вЁЇҐ ®б®ЎҐ® з бв® ўбваҐз Ґвбп ЁўҐабЁп :
Had I been in your place, I would have kept quiet.
(‘а ўЁвҐ: Ѓг¤м п в®Ј¤ вў®Ґ¬ ¬ҐбвҐ, п Ўл б¬®«з «. )

‘ўҐ¤Ґ¬ нвЁ ваЁ вЁЇ ў в Ў«ЁзЄг, зв®Ўл Ї®и Ј®ў®Ґ Ё§¬ҐҐЁҐ д®а¬л Ј« Ј®«®ў
бв «® ®зҐўЁ¤л¬:

I - If you kiss me, I will be happy.
II - If you kissed me, I would be happy.
III - If you had kissed me, I would have been happy.

„агЈЁҐ вЁЇл гб«®ўле ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁ©.
ДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДД

‡¤Ґбм ¬®¦® ўл¤Ґ«Ёвм Ґ©ва «мл© вЁЇ - ў ®Ў®Ёе clauses TENSES
б®ўЇ ¤ ов:

If the wind blows from the north, this room is very cold.
If the wind blew from the north, we moved into the other room. ,

в Є¦Ґ б¬Ґи л© вЁЇ, Ј¤Ґ ¬®¦Ґв ЁбЇ®«м§®ў вмбп «оЎ®Ґ ¤агЈ®Ґ
б®зҐв ЁҐ TENSES Ё ASPECTS:

Ex: If you would write me a letter, I would be most grateful.

{ where is it now ?
If you parked your car there, { you were very foolish.
{ the police would have removed it. ;

® б®Ј« б®ў ЁҐ ўаҐ¬Ґ ў нвЁе вЁЇ е ®Ўлз® пб® Ё§ ®ЎйЁе б®®Ўа ¦ҐЁ©,
Ї®¬Ё Ґв б®Ј« б®ў ЁҐ ўаҐ¬Ґ ў агббЄ®¬ п§лЄҐ Ё Ґ ўл§лў Ґв ®б®Ўле
§ ваг¤ҐЁ©.

- 24 -

‡ Є«озҐЁҐ
________________

Ќ нв®¬ ¬л Ї®Є § Є®зЁ¬ бў®© нЄбЄгаб ў Ј«Ё©бЄго Ја ¬¬ вЁЄг Ё
Ї®¦Ґ« Ґ¬ ўбҐ¬ гбЇҐе®ў ў ҐҐ Ё§гзҐЁЁ. X®вЁ¬ в Є¦Ґ ўла §Ёвм бў®о
ЇаЁ§ вҐ«м®бвм ўбҐ¬ вҐ¬, Єв® ўҐб Ї®бЁ«мл© Ё ҐЇ®бЁ«мл© ўЄ« ¤
ў в®, зв®Ўл нв® Ё§¤ ЁҐ гўЁ¤Ґ«® бўҐв.

ђҐЄ®¬Ґ¤гҐ¬ п «ЁвҐа вга
----------------------------

1. " A Practical English Grammar " , E.W.Brockman ed. , M, 1978

ЏаҐў®бе®¤®Ґ з «м®Ґ ўўҐ¤ҐЁҐ ў Ја ¬¬ вЁЄг.

2. " A Reference English Grammar " , R.Close , M, 1979

“ЁЄ «мл© Ї® Ї®«®вҐ ®еў в , « Є®Ёз®бвЁ, Їа®§а з®бвЁ
ЁҐа аеЁзҐбЄ®© бЁбвҐ¬л Ї®бва®ҐЁп бЇа ў®зЁЄ.

3. " Practical English Usage " , M.Swan , M, 1984

ЋзҐм ¦Ёў®©, б® ¬®¦Ґбвў®¬ ЇаЁ¬Ґа®ў, бЇа ў®зЁЄ Ї® б®ўаҐ¬Ґ®¬г
б«®ў®гЇ®ваҐЎ«ҐЁо.

4. " Communicative Grammar of English ", G.Leech, J.Svartvik,
M, 1983

€бЇ®«м§гп ®аЁЈЁ «мл© Ї®¤е®¤, ўв®ал ¤Ґ« ов Ї®ЇлвЄг аҐиЁвм
ба §г ¤ўҐ § ¤ зЁ - ЄЁЈ [2] Ё [3].

5. " Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary of Current English ",
A.S.Hornby , M, 1982

‹гзиЁ©, и ў§Ј«п¤, Ё§ гзҐЎле б«®ў аҐ©. Ља®¬Ґ ¬®¦Ґбвў
ЇаЁ¬Ґа®ў ў б«®ў але бв вмпе, б®¤Ґа¦Ёв беҐ¬л - patterns,
Ї® Є®в®ал¬ бва®пвбп Ј«Ё©бЄЁҐ ЇаҐ¤«®¦ҐЁп, Ё гЄ § Ёп, ў
Є Є®¬ pattern гЇ®ваҐЎ«пҐвбп в®в Ё«Ё Ё®© Ј« Ј®«.

‚бп аҐЄ®¬Ґ¤®ў п «ЁвҐа вга ¤®бвгЇ ў агббЄЁе Ё§¤ Ёпе ў
Їа ЄвЁзҐбЄЁ д ЄбЁ¬Ё«м®¬ ўЁ¤Ґ. ѓ®¤л Ё§¤ Ёп гЄ § л Ї® Њ®бЄўҐ.